Gastro-Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Risk Factors in Buffaloes Under Different Farming Systems in Butwal, Nepal

Abstract

Infections caused by gastro-intestinal parasites (GIPs) are a major hurdle in livestock farming, compromising animal performance and contributing to financial strain for farmers. This study investigates GIPs prevalence and associated risk factors in buffaloes under commercial and subsistence farming systems in Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal, a region witnessing rapid growth in dairy production and where livestock contributes significantly to livelihoods and the economy. From July to September, 2023, a total of 224 fecal samples (112 from each farming systems) were collected from female buffaloes aged ≥3 years and analyzed microscopically for parasite identification. Associated factors were obtained all together using structured questionnaires and field observations. Results revealed an overall GIP prevalence of 58.9%, with protozoan (Entamoeba spp., Balantidium spp., coccidian), nematode (Strongyloides spp., Toxocara spp., Strongyle spp.), and trematode (Fasciola spp., Paramphistomum spp., Schistosoma sp.) infections observed. Fasciola spp. (30.8%) and Entamoeba spp. (26.3%) were the most prevalent parasites. Commercial farms exhibited significantly higher nematode infections (10.7% vs. 2.7%, p=0.029), while subsistence farms had marginally higher protozoan infections (33.9% vs. 25.9%). Risk factors such as free-ranging rearing style [adjusted odd ratio (aOR) =3.11, 95% CI:1.15–8.43] and irregular health checkups (aOR=2.92, 95% CI:1.05–8.12) were strongly associated with infections. Farm management practices, including bedding type, water sources, and treatment protocols, also influenced infection rates. The findings highlight critical gaps in parasite management across both systems. Targeted interventions such as rotational grazing, structured deworming protocols, and farmer education on zoonotic risks are urgently needed to enhance productivity and reduce economic losses. This study provides actionable insights for policymakers and farmers to optimize buffalo health in Nepal’s evolving dairy sector. Keywords: Buffalo, gastrointestinal parasites, prevalence, risk factors, farming systems, Butwal, Nepal