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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/17046

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3D RECONSTRUCTION BASED VIRTUAL TOUR
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) KOJU, BISHAD; JYAKHWA, GAURAV; NYOUPANE, KRITI; MANANDHAR, LUNA
Number of research and several methods have been proposed for 3D reconstruction from 2D images. The first is a triangulation approach based on determining the same points in images taken from different angles to approximate a point cloud in 3D space and then reconstructing the mesh. This is purely a computation-based approach. Another approach is to redefine 3D reconstruction problems as recognition problems and use the existing knowledge about 3D space and projection to reconstruct, much like how humans do. This knowledge is approximated using deep learning models. However, in these approaches, the mesh reconstruction part is extremely expensive. This cost can be reduced by trying to reconstruct the view rather than trying to reconstruct the mesh. Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) has been used to generate novel views. NeRF represents a scene using a fullyconnected deep network, whose input is a spatial location and viewing direction and output is the volume density and view-dependent emitted radiance at that spatial location. We synthesize views by querying 5D coordinates along camera rays and use classic volume rendering techniques to project the output colors and densities into an image. In this project, we have used the latter approach.
AAWAJ : AUGMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION SUPPORT FOR THE VOCALLY IMPAIRED USING NEPALI TEXT-TO-SPEECH
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) BASNET, MAUSAM; POUDEL, NISHAN; DAHAL, SAMPANNA; SUBEDI, SUKRITI
As of 2016, more than 147,000 of the Nepali population suffer from some variant of speech or hearing impairments. Similarly, there has been a visible scarcity of reliable Text-to- Speech (TTS) engines in the context of the Nepali language. Aawaj is a dedicated mobile application that addresses these impediments to create augmentative communication support for the vocally impaired populace of Nepal using a Nepali TTS engine. BIt utilizes vocal features such as timbre, prosody, rhythm, etc., to create a natural-sounding TTS engine, based on the open-source Tacotron2 TTS architecture published by Google. Rare conditions such as cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have also led to a physical impediment in speech generation for a large population. This report further proposes an Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) platform using accessibility features such as text prompt generation that provides accessibility to the intended populace of this mobile application.
‘ABATTOIR’ A HEALTHY MEAT PLANT IN THE CITY
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023) NEPAL, SAMIP
Health is our wealth. We must be concerned about the food we eat and where do we get out food from. One such essential food industry is the meat industry. In Nepal, the meat we get from the local Abattoirs is dirty, unchecked and full of diseases. We, the stakeholders don’t care about how the meat we are having is brought from the meat animals and how it is being brought into the market without a proper reviewed system. So, we must know about how the slaughter is being done inside our slaughterhouses, how the functioning of different areas takes place and how the produced wastes are being treated. People must be aware about the meat we are buying and what we are having as our food. This study sheds light on the different slaughtering process, the spaces layout and function inside the slaughterhouse. Not only that how a proper humane slaughter can be done respecting all the animal welfare guidelines is being presented in this study. The methodology being implied during this report involves: i) literature review and data collection from secondary sources like journals, news articles, books, research papers and internet websites. ii) national case studies on abattoir and data and information regarding it.
ACTIVE CELL BALANCING APPROACH FOR EFFICIENT BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-06) Sharma, Aakriti; Adhikari, Anusha; Adhikari, Bibek; Pandey, Pratik
This project proposes a novel approach for improving the efficiency of battery management systems through active cell balancing using the Kalman filter algorithm and build a hardware prototype model for testing and validation of the results. The goal of this project is to develop a system that can extend the lifespan of batteries by ensuring that each cell is charged and discharged evenly. The proposed system includes an active balancing circuit that uses the Kalman filter algorithm to estimate the state of each battery cell and determine the optimal charging and discharging currents. This approach is designed to reduce the energy loss associated with passive balancing circuits, which can be a significant source of inefficiency in battery management systems. The project includes simulation studies using MATLAB and Simulink and experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system. The simulation studies will be conducted to optimize the design of active balancing circuit and Kalman filter. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the Kalman filter algorithm in estimating the state of each battery cell and optimizing the charging and discharging currents. The experimental studies will involve testing hardware prototype model using actual battery cells and the developed active balancing system.
AERIAL MAPPING OF PARTICULATE MATTERS (PM 2.5 AND PM 10) USING UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM (UAS)
(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-03) Khadka, Abhimanyu; Karki, Ashma; Shrestha, Kalbina
Air pollution has become one of the largest threats to the environment and human health globally. However, the conventional approach of measuring air quality relies on a limited number of stationary monitoring stations. This project aims to address this issue and proposes building an air pollution measurement system based on an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). The project is divided into three parts: UAS design and fabrication, sensor integration and testing. Firstly, a fixed-wing UAS was designed and fabricated. The design and analysis were performed respectively and after the analysis a detailed CAD model was developed, and the fabrication process was started. After its construction, manual and autonomous flight tests were performed to ensure its functionality. Secondly, the PMS5003 sensor was selected for measuring the particulate matter while DHT-22 was selected for temperature and humidity measurement. The sensors were calibrated using the reference device Laser-egg 201 with the assumption that the data provided by laser-egg are accurate. A single-point calibration method, which just adjusts the offset, was implemented. The final test was performed with the sensor integrated into the UAS and the results obtained demonstrates the potential of using UAS for air pollution measurement
AGRO MARKET HUB
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) OJHA, SAKUL
Markets have been vital elements of cities for thousands of years to provide shelters for the buyers and sellers and to protect and promote the trade in fresh food. Markets have existed for millennia as an important part of cities not only for economic purposes but also as a place for social interaction. In the context of Nepal, the architecture of famers’ market remains unexplored and lacks permanency. So, there is need to explore the architectural possibilities of farmers’ market in accordance to very demanding population of present scenario. The research aims to touches on issues such as rethinking of the roles of markets in the urban structures as the new type of social area, supporting urban traditions and being the exchanging medium between communities not only economically, but also socially. The actual research is determined by the pursuit of new forms of market and functional programming corresponding to the request of a modern consumer. This report was prepared to document the research carried out to discover and understand the design of markets related to food procurement. Research on the history and trend of markets, food procurement, market mechanisms, issues, market culture, physical realms of market and placemaking through various case studies and literature. The study provides the design guidelines, technical foundations, spatial relations, and functional requirement that are to be realized in the farmers’ market.
AGRO-TECH
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) PANTHI, AKASH; ARYAL, AMRIT; KOIRALA, BIGYAN; KHANAL, BIPIN
The mid-term report for our project titled ”Agro-Tech” provides an update on our progress and outlines the remaining tasks. Our platform aims to connect retailers and farmers for the efficient buying and selling of vegetables, with a focus on reducing post-harvest loss and ensuring food safety and freshness.We have made significant strides in developing the platform, including creating a user-friendly interface for retailers and farmers, and establishing partnerships with local farmers. We have also conducted market research and identified key areas for improvement, such as increasing the variety of vegetables available and expanding our reach to more retailers and farmers.Moving forward, we plan to focus on increasing the number of farmers on our platform and improving the logistical system for transporting vegetables from the farm to the retailer. We will also continue to prioritize food safety and freshness through the use of cooling infrastructure and adherence to global logistical standards. Overall, we are confident that our project has the potential to make a positive impact on the agro-based industry in Nepal, contributing to the overall development of the economy, reducing poverty and unemployment, and promoting equality
AIRCRAFT ADS-B OUT PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS: ACCURACY, INTEGRITY AND AVAILABILITY
(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-03) Mandal, Bijaya; Bhattarai, Prasid; Sah, Rakesh Kumar
Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) is an avionic in the aircraft that periodically broadcasts state vector estimates and additional information of the aircraft to the traffic control centers and other nearby airspace users. The sate vector estimates are based on the navigation system such as the GNSS and multitude of avionic sensors, which means that the quality of ADS-B broadcast is highly based on the quality of aircraft navigation and communication systems. This project aims to analyze the performances of relevant matrix such as the navigation accuracy, integrity, source integrity level and avionics system assurance level. Besides, the project also focuses on characterizing the quality and pattern in the ADSB data and identifying any errors or anomalies coming from potential failure modes. Statistical analysis is used to correlate the data with Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Specification, flight levels and flight phases. As the global uptake of the ADSB in the airspace is ever increasing, it is important to understand the quality and performance of the ADSB surveillance in various airspace where aircraft types and supporting ATM/CNS services are different. For this reason, the data retrieved by installing a low cost ADSB ground station in the Flight Information Region in Kathmandu, Nepal is compared against highly advanced airspace in Munich, Germany. Based on the mechanisms developed for ADSB data retrieval, monitoring, performance analysis and anomalies detection, the project envisages to develop a low-cost product prototype which offers the features to support aviation stakeholders in the decision-making process.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF EV PENETRATION ON PROTECTION COORDINATION
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) Yadav, Prem Kumar; Yadav, Ram Pukar; Sah, Sachidanand; Jha, Sashish
The global electric vehicle (EV) market has witnessed significant growth in recent years, driven by concerns over climate change, advances in battery technology, and supportive government policies. To address environmental pollution and the increasing energy consumption associated with conventional transportation systems, the adoption of EVs has emerged as a more sustainable alternative. However, the rapid increase in EV charging loads has raised significant operational challenges for power grids. This research project focuses on the impact of EV integration on relay and protection coordination in distribution systems. Relay and protection coordination plays a crucial role in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of distribution systems by detecting abnormal conditions, such as faults or abnormal load conditions, and isolating the affected section to prevent further damage or outages. With the proliferation of EVs, the increased charging load introduces harmonic currents that can disrupt the operational parameters of the power grid. This study utilizes the IEEE standard 33 bus distribution system as a testbed to evaluate protection coordination using genetic optimization techniques. By adding EV chargers at various nodes of the distribution system, the project assesses the time required for circuit breakers to trip in the event of a fault, evaluating the effectiveness of protection coordination techniques in the presence of EVs. The findings reveal that while the replacement of standard loads with EV chargers leads to a slight increase in the net RMS value of current and introduces harmonic currents, the sequence of relay operation remains unaltered. However, the relay operation time is affected, and in scenarios with bulk penetration of EV chargers, the increased harmonic current can cause overloading and other faults, resulting in relay trips. To ensure the proper protection of the system, it is recommended to increase the pickup current for the relays. By adjusting the pickup current level, the relays will trip at higher current levels, mitigating false tripping caused by harmonic currents from EV chargers. The study emphasizes that meticulous design and planning are essential to maintain the reliability and protection of power distribution systems when integrating EV chargers.
ANOMALY DETECTION IN SURVILLENCE VIDEOS
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) GURAGAIN, JIWAN PRASAD; SHRESTHA, KUSHAL; KUNWAR, LAXMAN; SUBEDI, YAMAN
Anomaly detection with weakly supervised video-level labels is typically formulated as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem, in which we aim to identify snippets containing abnormal events, with each video represented as a bag of video snippets. Although current methods show effective detection performance, their recognition of the positive instances, i.e., rare abnormal snippets in the abnormal videos, is largely biased by the dominant negative instances, especially when the abnormal events are subtle anomalies that exhibit only small differences compared with normal events. This issue is exacerbated in many methods that ignore important video temporal dependencies. To address this issue, we use add information from the optical flow which captures the temporal relation between successive frames in a video. In this project, we explored the field of video anomaly detection and reviewed existing literature on the subject, as well as related topics such as action recognition and optical flow extraction.
ARCHITECTURAL MUSEUM:“Centre for Architecture enthusiasts”
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) THAPALIYA, SHIVARAM
Although Architecture has a lot of impact on the daily life of people, it is not celebrated widely here in Nepal. Architecture is not only the design of a building, it’s a lot more than that. There’s a huge gap between the architecture fraternity and the common people. People are not aware how architecture is shaping their day to day life and how important architecture is for the humans. So,this project Architectural Museum: Center for architecture enthusiasts is envisaged to be an innotative and compelling center of architecture which aims to bridge the gap between architecture and the people by experiencing and seeing different forms of architecture and the supporting features. This thesis presents the design and implementation of an architectural museum, which serves as a destination for architecture and design enthusiasts to learn, engage, and be inspired. The museum is organized into several galleries, each with its own unique theme and focus, including contemporary, past, and future architecture, art, product design, and more. The museum also features outdoor areas, including a public plaza, exhibition space, and a play area for children. The thesis outlines the design process, including the conceptualization, planning, and execution of the museum, as well as the materials and technologies used in its construction. The report also details the visitor experience, including the circulation within the museum, as well as the various exhibits and galleries.The conclusion of the thesis summarizes the key findings and outcomes of the project, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the museum design and implementation.
ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON CROP YIELD: A CASE OF TULSIPUR, DANG
(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) Lekhak, Bhakti; Bastola, Bishal; Karna, Chandra Jyoti; Banjade, Dipesh; Zuber, Md.; Kalauni, Nabin
Climate change has created a serious concern for food security, extreme hydrological conditions, environment, ecology, health, and even entire human civilization. A developing country like Nepal is even more vulnerable to climate change impacts due to our weak infrastructure. Climate change is projected to have devastating impacts on crop yield. This study aims to assess the impacts of climate change on crop water requirements and crop yield in Tulsipur, Dang. It also aims to aid climate research in Nepal by the development of climate information system and projection of future climate in the region using Global Climate Models (GCMs). Temperature and precipitation data from stations all over Nepal were acquired in a gridded format by Kriging with External Drift (KED) interpolation. For the projection of future data, five CMIP6 based GCM models were used, and bias corrected to form an ensemble. Future climatic data was obtained under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Scenarios (SSPs): SSP245 and SSP585. The multi-model ensemble (MME) approach was used to minimize uncertainty associated with model predictions, and GCMs proposed were selected. The quantile mapping (QM) method was used for correcting the biases in the GCMs, and the RQUANT method was chosen for rainfall data, while the ‘PTF: linear method’ was used for temperature data. A crop simulation model (AquaCrop) was calibrated and validated using cultivar-specific and less conservative parameters obtained from farmer surveys, input climatic daily data, and soil properties. The calibrated model was then used to predict future crop yield scenarios for rice and wheat under different irrigation strategies and fertility stress levels. The data acquired from the climate information system has shown a good fit (R2 = 0.913) with nearby station data in Tulsipur and hence shows promising utility in replacing station data as starting point for future climate studies. Additionally, climate projection studies show that Dang is expected to experience progressive warming and increased rainfall in future (2021-2100). Wet seasons are projected to continue receiving more rainfall and rising temperatures which is likely to induce extreme events such as flooding. Conversely, dry winter seasons are likely to be drier and hotter in the future, which is detrimental to winter crops. The results of our study show a positive response of crop yield to climate change. Rice yield is projected to increase by as much as 112% by 2100 under extreme carbon emission scenarios. Similarly, wheat yield is projected to increase as much as 165% under similar ideal conditions. On the other hand, crop water requirements are projected to increase for both rice and wheat. The study also provides useful information for climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in Nepal and recommends further research to improve the accuracy and reliability of crop simulation.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CAVITATION MODELS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MOTORBOAT PROPELLERS: A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-03) PAUDEL, ADARSHA; HITANG, AMIT; ADHIKARI, SAMEER
This paper presents simulation of cavitating flows on a motorboat propeller and the performance changes brought by two cavitation models. K-ω SST was used as the turbulence model and effect of cavitation was introduced via cavitation models. The cavitation models are based on multiphase mixture model. Singhal cavitation model and Schnerr-Sauer cavitation models are some of the widely used cavitation models in literature. Both cavitation models were compared based on vapor fraction and performance parameters. The major difference in the two models is the inclusion of effects of non-condensable gases on Singhal cavitation model. The difficulty in setup and convergence of Singhal cavitation model has put forward other cavitation models as its alternatives. According to the results of this paper, both cavitation models show similar nature of cavitation in the propeller, with slight variation in performance parameters. If model parameters can accurately set according to properties of water, accuracy of these models can be further improved. Unless the effects of non-condensable gases are significant, the Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model is a good alternative to Singhal cavitation model to save computational costs.
AUGMENTING SELF-LEARNING AGENT IN FIRST-PERSON SHOOTER GAME USING REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04-30) SINGH, SAMRAT; NEUPANE, SKEIN; PANDEY, SUSHANT; JOSHI, YACHU RAJA
This group project highlights the effectiveness of utilizing reinforcement learning (RL) along with the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm to train an agent to play aWolfenstein3Dlike game with multiple levels. The agent exhibited exceptional performance in relation to reward, time efficiency, and overall effectiveness. An in-depth analysis of its performance indicated marked enhancements in the reward curves, strategic navigation throughout the game levels, and expeditious completion of each level. The study highlights the potential of RL and PPO for training agents in complex video games with multiple levels, as well as in other applications such as agent-based modeling and machine learning.
AUTOMATIC MUSIC GENERATION
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) KHANAL, PRAVESH; BHANDARI, SANJEEV; LAMICHHANE, SRIJANA; TAMANG, SUDIP
‘Automatic Music Generation’ composes short pieces of music using different parameters like notes, pitch interval, and chords. This project uses the concept of RNN (Recurrent Neural Network) and LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) to generate music using models. The traditional way of composing music requires much trial and error. With automatic music generation, we can predict suitable follow-up music using AI rather than testing music in a studio, effectively saving time. The main focus of this project is to use the LSTM-NN model and algorithm approach to generate music while ensuring that the output is synchronized between two separate outputs. The dataset used in this project was sourced from the ESAC Folk database[1]. The original format of the dataset was in .kern file format, which was converted into MIDI format for use in this project. MIDI files were used as a music data source, encoded into a time-series notation format, and used to train the model. This project uses the concept of dependencies on the time series music sequence to train a model. The trained model can generate time series notation and decode our generated music to obtain a music file.
BARKITECTURE
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) Pradhan, Yujal Man Singh
Dogs have been so integrated into human life over the past few decades that they have literally become a part of our lives. Because dogs are the most dependable and sociable animals on the world, people have domesticated them for use in a variety of settings. This became one of the main drivers of economic growth as well as the improvement of one's physical and mental health. They can help in therapy and treatment of the person suffering from various disorders. Like people, dogs have a long list of needs based on their physical and psychological characteristics, making it conceivable to construct a home specifically for a dog to live in. This paper would be an effort to build spaces for dogs to improve their relationship with people and the environment. Architecture is all about designing a life. Physiology and Psychology of the dogs are very important factors while considering the design for them. We must also understand how humans, animals and the environment are related to each other and how they interact to create interactive spaces for them. Proper site selection, building layouts and adoption procedures considerations are to be followed while designing the shelter along with the outside landscape as well.
CENTRE FOR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023) GUPTA, DIKSHYA
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disability caused due to differences in the brain. People with ASD often have problems with social communication and interaction, and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. People with ASD may also have different ways of learning, moving, or paying attention. The cases of autism spectrum disorder are increasing at an exponential rate. In April 2018, the CDC reported that 1 in 59 children in the US had a diagnosis of autism. The current study, however, updates this figure and estimates that roughly 1 in 40 children in the US have a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 1 in 160 children worldwide has ASD. According to a report by the Autism Care Nepal Society, about 300,000 children suffer from autism in Nepal. Awareness about autism is very scarce and next to nonexistent in most parts of the nation. ASD affects the way people communicate, behave, or interact with others, and generally, these symptoms manifest at the young age of 12 months to 2 years. In lack of awareness and diagnosis of ASD these young children when in need of more attention and help are shunned and isolated from the community. There is a very limited number of NGOs working for the welfare and rehabilitation of children with autism, which are not properly designed. The focus is given only on the therapies and skill development while the environmental factors are considered to be neglected. The study will explore the physical and psychological needs of children with autism.
CENTRE FOR CULINARY ARTS: WHERE FOOD MEETS ARCITECTURE
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) BAUDDHACHARYA, SHREEYA
Food remains an important placemaking quality in the city. Since the presence of food in public spaces provides a draw that supports other city functions and boosts the social life of public spaces. Thus, food is a great placemaker that draws people too plazas and streetscapes, and people draw more people , and so on, until a space that might normally be quiet and underutilized is suddenly full of life. Food and architecture are complementary creative fields due to the abundance of art in both. These similar projections are excited to investigate a newer perspective, one that could add value to our cities and engage a diverse range of citizens. It's captivating to see how food and architecture have always brought people together and encouraged social interactions and activities. Both branches of study, given their similar natures and characteristics of different parameters, encouraged me to explore new perspectives, engage the public, and provide a sense of place. The Culinary Arts Centre functions as a driving force for the revitalization of the surrounding neighborhoods, exemplifying one of the intricate urban relationships between architecture and food. It is envisioned as a hybrid of formal and informal spaces.
CHATBOT FOR PULCHOWK CAMPUS
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) BASNET, BEENAY; JAYSWAL, DILIP KR.; SARAOGI, DIMPLE; PAUDEL, EROSHA
Our project focuses on creating a chatbot for students to use to easily get answers to their questions from the college website. A chatbot is a program that can engage in real conversations with textual methods. Using artificial intelligence (AI), chatbots can simulate human conversations. There are two categories of chatbots. One category is command-based chatbots, where the chatbots are based on a database of responses and heuristics. The user must be very specific when asking the questions so that the bot can answer. Therefore, these bots can answer a limited set of questions and cannot perform functions outside of code. The other category is based on AI-based chatbots or automatic apprenticeship algorithms, these robots can answer ambiguous questions, which means that the user does not have the right pose questions. Therefore, these bots create responses to user queries using natural language processing (NLP).
COMPENSATION FOR REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONIC CURRENTS DRAWN BY NON-LINEAR LOAD IN PV-MICRO HYDRO GRID
(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-04) Thapa, Ajay; Karmacharya, Raisha; Nepal, Raj Krishna; Khatiwada, Sanket
This project proposes a method to improve the power quality of a PV micro hydro grid by utilizing instant PQ theory and hysteresis current control band logic. The main goal is to mitigate harmonics and ensure reliable utility power supply. This is achieved through the use of a shunt active power filter, which acts as a current source and cancels out harmonics by injecting equal and opposite harmonic components at the grid connection point. The proposed system includes a shunt active power filter with an inverter that employs the instantaneous PQ theory algorithm to generate reference current. The hysteresis band current control logic utilizes the reference current in the a-b-c frame to generate appropriate gate signals for the inverter, ensuring that the current drawn from the inverter tracks the reference currents within a specified band, thereby compensating for the non-linear load. The MATLAB-Simulink Toolbox is used to simulate the shunt active power filter in order to demonstrate its efficiency and adaptability. The simulation considers two different types of loads to validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The simulation results are analyzed and evaluated. Overall, the project aims to design a system that can compensate for reactive power and harmonic current consumed by the load. By ensuring nearly sinusoidal current in proportion to the active power, the system aims to improve the power quality of the PV micro hydro grid.

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