Browsing by Author "Manandhar, Naresh"

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    Determinants of Primary school dropout in Chitwan and Nawalparasi
    (Faculty of Statistics, 2012) Manandhar, Naresh
    Nepal’s school education is structured as early childhood development (ECD)/ pre-primary level (PPC), primary level, lower secondary, secondary and higher secondary education.Primary level provides five years of education to the 5-9 years of school-going age children andconsists of five grades I-V.The primary school dropout is defined as “any student who leaves school for any reason before graduation or completion of a program of studies without transferring to another elementary or secondary school.” The objective of research is to find out the causes of dropout in primary schools of the study districts. The null hypotheses based on objectives are there is no significant difference between the primary school dropout children of boys and girls,at various grades andgovernment andprivate school. A cross-sectional tracer design study was conducted in 30 sampled schools of Chitwanand Nawalparasi districts.The pre-designed questionnaire was used for interview method tocollect information about dropout and studying children from one of the parent. The interviewed were taken from one of parents of 101 and 109 actual dropout children respectively from Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts.To fit the logistic regression model,250 parents of studying children were selected by using stratified random sampling and the interviews were taken. The highest actual dropout rate was found to be 6.69 percent in grade I and followed by5.24percent, 3.66 percent, 2.48 percent and 3.66 percent in grades II, III, IV and V respectively.The dropout rate for girl (4.04%) was less than boys (4.50%). The boys (52.6%) were more dropped out than girls (47.6%).The overall primary school dropout rate was found to be 4.26 percent in these study districts. The mean age of primary school dropout children is 8.74 years with standard deviation of 2.021 years.Dalit caste comprised of around 30.5 percent of dropped out children and they have higher chances of dropped out. The majority (73.3%) of dropout children were found to be Hindu by religion followed by Buddhist (21.4%) and Muslim and others (5.2%).The maximum (42.2%) of the actual dropout was due to illiteracy and negligenceof parents in the education of their children. Other causes of dropout were household work(38.5%) and poor economic status of parents (26.6%). Education status of the father plays animportant role in children education and if he is illiterate the chances of dropout is very high. Fromlogistic regression analysis of child related variables, grade, age and work at homewere found to be significant variable and among family related variables, parent’s apathy towards their children education, education status of father, education status of mother,occupation status of father and number of children in family were found to be significant. Government of Nepal should make the provision of automatic upgradation at primary grades so that any child will not dropout due to failure in examination or repetition. Decreasingthe dropout rate requires attraction for dropped out children,active participation of parents, local communities and government working in conjunction with one another.
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    Optimal Network Reconfiguration and Distributed Generation Integration for Power Loss Minimization and Voltage Profile Enhancement in Radial Distribution System
    (I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2022-09) Manandhar, Naresh
    Network Reconfiguration with Distributed Generation (DG) integration can significantly reduce power loss and improve the system voltage. This thesis explores the approach for reduction in power loss and improvement in system voltage through a combination of network reconfiguration and DG installation in radial distribution systems. Initially, the approach was verified in a typical 33 and 69 Test Bus system in MATLAB using the Backward/Forward Propagation Load Flow approach. Voltage Stability Index (VSI) technique has been applied to determine the most sensitive bus to locate for DG integration. Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm was used to determine the optimal solution. Six scenarios for different combinations of system reconfiguration and DG installation were analyzed by using NEA 63-Bus real distribution network of the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), Kirtipur Distribution Center. The simulated results were compared with the base case scenario and were validated with results from the previous studies for DGs injecting active power only. Among them, Scenario VI (simultaneous network reconfiguration and DG integration) gave the best result for power loss reduction and voltage profile improvement. The results obtained in this study show that, for DGs generating active power only, the percentage reduction in active or real power has been improved by 72.19%, 83.52%, and 57.69% for the IEEE 33, IEEE 69, and NEA 63-Bus system respectively. Similarly, for DGs generating both real and reactive power, the power loss has been reduced by 91.61%, 96.53%, and 90.54% for the IEEE 33,