Browsing by Author "Thapa, Santosh"

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    Comparision of Ziehl-Neelsen and Fluorescence Microscopyfor Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
    (Central Department of Microbiology, 2010) Thapa, Santosh
    Tuberculosis(TB) is a serious threat to human health and is a global concern.Nepal isone of the endemic countries to TB and hence early detection of cases can be milestoneto limit the spread of disease.A comparative study was conducted inMicrobiologyLaboratory, Bir Hospital to develop improved strategy for laboratorydiagnosisof AcidFast Bacilli (AFB) in suspectedTB patients. A total of 2,592 different specimens(pulmonary 2,492, extra pulmonary 100) from 1,019 suspects visiting Bir Hospital,were included in the study.ZN and Fluorescence microscopy methodswereapplied ineach specimen for acidfaststaining. The total positive yield from the 2,592specimenswas slightly higher by Fluorescence microscopy160 (6.17%) as against 140(5.4%)positive by the Z-N microscopy. The higher proportion of positive results seen influorescence microscopy than in ZN microscopy was found statistically significantdifference (p < 0.05). Among suspects of 2,492 different specimens for pulmonary tuberculosis, 155werefound AFB positive byeitherof the method. Out of 155positive cases of TB, 133caseswere found to be positive by ZN microscopyand 153by Fluorescence microscopy.Whereas among 100 suspects of extra pulmonary tuberculosis, both ZN microscopy andFluorescence microscopy gave same results (i.e. 7 positive cases). It was found that the sensitivity of Fluorescence microscopygreatly improves thediagnosis of TB.Furthermore, this method is also simple, easy andfast for low incomelaboratories with high sample load. Keywords: AFB, ZN microscopy, Fluorescence microscopy, Tuberculosis,Diagnosis.
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    DESIGN, FABRICATION AND BENCH TEST OF FLAPPING WING AERIAL VEHICLE
    (I.O.E, 2024-03-13) Yadav, Anil Kumar; Timsina, Ashmit; Magar, Gopal Thada; Thapa, Santosh; Kayastha, Rajesh Kaji
    This project presents the comprehensive development and completion of a flapping wing mechanism, encompassing critical aspects including CAD modeling, gearbox design, wing structure design, tail design and overall body fabrication. Our efforts have culminated in the successful realization of a large-scale ornithopter, colloquially termed the flapping wing bird, intended to serve as a platform for the study of flapping wing flight control. On moving forward, our project has successfully performed bench tests including wind tunnel experiments for lift analysis through the load cell, smoke flow visualization and tuft flow analysis to validate the functionality, performance and aerodynamics of the developed flapping wing mechanism. The successful completion of this project marks a significant milestone in the advancement of flapping wing technology, demonstrating its potential for various applications in aerodynamics, bio-mimicry, and unmanned aerial vehicles
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    Electricity Demand Creation in Industrial Sector of Nepal
    (IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-08) Thapa, Santosh
    Nepal is also transforming into renewable form of energy in form of electricity as source of energy consumption. Nepal accounts only 8.87% of electricity consumption in of energy sector which is very less in comparison to developed nations. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targeted that the industrial sector has to increase the share of energy consumption up to 25% and uplift the nation from least developed country to middle by 2030. The electricity demand is projected from base year 2021 to 2050 using the LEAP energy model tool. Here, Business-as-usual and Policy scenarios with low growth rate, medium growth rate, and high growth rate are taken into account to electricity demand projection with 2021 as base year. For industrial sector overall electricity demand increase from 2,800.70 GWh in the base year to 57,172.17 GWh, 43,047.05 GWh and 32,408.31 GWh for high (6.52 %), medium (5.46%) and low (4.41%) growth rate respectively at Business-as-Usual Scenario by 2050. For policy scenario, overall demand increases from 2,800.70 GWh in the base year to 1,01,080.91 GWh, 76,107.57 GWh and 57,298.19 GWh for high, medium and low growth rate by 2050. Overall, in industrial sector is observed that the increment in electricity demand in policy scenario compared to BAU scenario for high, medium and low growth are 43,908.74 GWh, 33,060.52 GWh and 24,889.88 GWh in 2050 respectively. In Food, beverage & tobacco manufacturing it is observed that there is more electricity demand and less demand in electrical & electronic products manufacturing industry. In policy scenario with high growth, medium growth, and low growth the electricity consumption values in 2022 are 3,722.72 GWh, 3,685.49 GWh, and 3,648.61 GWh respectively. In Business-as-usual scenario, with high growth, medium growth, and low growth rates, the electricity consumption values in 2022 are 3,231.57 GWh, 3,199.26 GWh, and 3,167.24 GWh respectively. The actual electricity consumption for the industrial sector in 2022, as reported by the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), is 3,448.00 GWh. It is noted that the Business-as-Usual scenario with a high growth rate and the Policy Scenario with a low growth rate are quite close to the actual electricity consumption by the industrial sector in 2022. This suggests that these particular scenarios are more accurate or representative of the real-world consumption patterns in the industrial sector of Nepal.
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    Richness and distribution pattern of palatable and unpalatable plant species in subalpine-nival gradient in Chameliya valley, North-West Nepal,
    (Department of Botany, 2017) Thapa, Santosh
    Richness and distribution pattern of palatable, un-palatable and poisonous plant species in subalpine-alpine gradient were studied in Api-Nampa Conservation Area (ANCA), upper Chamelia valley, Darchula, Nepal. Plant species were sampled in four mountain summits, along elevation gradient (4000 to 4650 m asl), and having same local climate. Vegetation sampling was carried out applying standard method of Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environment (GLORIA). The main objective of study was to assess the transhumance system, diversity and distribution of vascular plants, different life forms, bio-geographical patterns and services provided by pastureland under current condition along the elevation gradient. Analysis revealed the unimodal pattern of plant species richness in summits along elevation gradient. Aspect, slope, and substrate types were the major environmental variables that correlated with species richness. As a result of great topographic variation, the study area harbored significant proportion of range restricted and rare plant species. Himalayan endemic species were recorded in highest percentage, followed by species distributed on Pan-Himalayan. Among life form, chamaephytes were dominant, followed by hemicryptophytes. The study area is greatly influenced by Western Himalayan floristic elements with number of unique species recorded in the plant families like Poaceae, Apiaceae, Gentinaceae and Orobanchaceae. Plant resources contributed direct and indirect ecosystem services, among the services, forbs and sedge grasses were the most common usage for plants for livestock farming. Study showed (60.33%) palatable species, (29.60%) un-palatable species and (10.05%) poisonous species. Local people gain about 9.6018 million per year from the ecosystem through livestock farming in the area. The subalpine-alpine life zone, which bears high proportion of Himalayan endemics, is fragile and may experience decline of variety of such species due to change in the local environmental conditions and if increasing human encroachment is not properly checked. The result of the present study can be used as base line for future monitoring of change in species distribution pattern in alpine-nival zone of Himalaya.