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    Psychological Interaction in Transitional Phase between Childhood to Adulthood in Sandra Cisneros's The House on Mango Street and Stephen Chbosky's The Perks of Being a Wallflower
    (Central Department of English, Tribhuvan University, 2023-05) Sandeshori Maharjan; Prof. Dr. Dhruva Karki ; Supervisor
    This work has explored psychological interaction and transformation of young between child to adult period which is transitional phase of individual life. The novels, Stephen Chbosky’s The Perks of Being a Wallflower and Sandra Cisneros’s The House on Mango Street, present child characters who are in between childhood to adulthood phase and experience complicated world after they are connected in external world. The crucial phase of life is in continual change and everyone experiences physical, psychological and intellectual shifting. The phase relates to external world and experiences them but it determines personal choice, familial influence and socio-cultural learning. The theoretical insight coming age of narrative introduces idea that childhood to adulthood phase is considered as identity formation. In course of creating and forming personal self, both psychological aspect and external factor have perpetual influence. During the phase, an individual experiences physical, psychological and ideological change and it is difficult to manipulate them. Esperanza and Charlie in the novels are unable to interact with external factors and find contradictory reality as they have wished or dreamed. Without have sufficient interaction and communication, both of them experience suffocated and isolated. Though having similar group, both of them have different socio-cultural context and as the context their experiences are different. The transformation results in both of the characters differently. Esperanza realizes the discrimination over the girls. Similarly, she finds how girls endeavor to live in their world of dream that turns into reality at a time in life. However, she seeks to come out of that world so that she can live and survive alone in the apartment. The transformation of Charlie presents him as a different character.
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    Water Quality Assessment and Microphyte Diversity Of Satyawati Lake, Lumbini Province, Nepal
    (Amrit Campus, 2023-07-26) Nabina Reshmi; Dr. Lal B. Thapa
    Available Full Text
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    Study Of Ethnoecology And Phytosociology Of Vegetation With Its Use Value And Conservation Status Of Bhanu Municipality, Central Nepal.
    (Amrit Campus, 2023-09-29) Dinesh Acharya; Dr. Laxmi Joshi Shrestha
    Available Full Text
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    THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF AEGLE MARMELOS (L.) CORREA AND HR-LCMS BASED METABOLITES PROFILING
    (Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2023-10-11) Giri, Swikar; Co-Supervisor, Bodh Baby Bhattarai, Ph.D.(Asst. Prof.); Ganga Raj Pokharel, Ph.D. , (Associate Prof.)
    The Biological Properties as well as HR-LCMS analysis was carried out on the methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos (L.)Correa Leaves.Extract of the leaves was prepared using Soxhlet extractor. The leaves of Aegle marmelos has been employed as therapeutics for various kinds of disease traditionally over the years. This study employed the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, a sustainable and cost-effective method, to assess the antioxidant properties of the plant extract. This plant extractwas evaluated across six biological samples, namely S. typhi, E.Coli, K. pneumonia, P. aureginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus, revealing a substantial inhibition of growth in all of these biological specimens. To investigate further insights into the plant extract,Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) and DPPH scavenging activitiesweremeasured using a double-beam UV-visible spectrophotometer. This analysis unveiled the antioxidant and antimicrobial activitiesinherent in the selected plant parts. Additionally, High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HR-LCMS) analysis of the sample was carried out for the selected plant parts.TheRotary evaporator was used to evaporate the solvent from the extract and18.45% yield extract was obtained from the dried leaves. The methanolic extract was subjected on the analysis of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) (59.307 ± 1.058 mg GAE/g dryweight extract), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) (132.8±1mg QR/g dry weightextract), Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA)(309.444±2.341mg AAE/g dryweight extract) and IC50 value of DPPH scavenging activity was found to be 238 μg/mL Notably, antibacterial activity of the extract against Bacillus subtilisand Salmonella typhiwas found to be with zone of inhibition (ZOI)of 26±4.242mm and 14±1.414mm respectively.Intriguingly, the High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HRLCMS) analysis of the crude extract identified a total of 60 compounds among them 45 are known and 15v are unknown compounds. Some of these compounds have potential applications. So that the plant extract can be used for the preparation of medicine and natural product-based therapeutics. 3-beta,6-betaDihydroxynortropane, Manumycin A, Cepharenthine, Ritterazine A, and Saphenamycin has potential effect for the treatment of diseases like leukemia, cell cancer, constipation, skin allergy, inflammatory diseases etc. To sum up, plant extract has 15 unknown compounds that may exhibit potential biological activities. So further works are necessary for the characterization of these unknown molecules and precisely disclose their biological activity. Keywords: HR-LCMS, Anti-microbial, TAC, TFC, TPC, Phytochemical screening.
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    BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CALLICARPA MACROPHYLLA VAHL. LEAF EXTRACT AND ITS HRLCMS BASED PROFILING
    (Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2023-10-11) THAPA, SABI; Co Supervisor Ganga Raj Pokharel, Ph.D. (Associate Prof.); Bodh Banu Bhattarai,Ph.D. Asst. Prof.
    Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. is a traditional medicinal plant that belongs to Verbaceaceae family growing in Nepal, India, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. The leaves of Callicarpa macrophylla were collected from Tanahun district in the month of October. The leaves were then air dried, crushed into powder using kitchen mixer. The powdered sample was extracted with methanol by maceration, concentrated using Rota vapor and analyzed the concentrated extract for the presence of different bioactive compounds, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant activity (TAC), effectiveness against microbes along with HR-LCMS analysis. The antibacterial activity was tested against 6 bacterial strains like B.subtilis, S.aureus (gram positive strains) and K.pneumonia, E.coli, S.typhi, P.aureginosa (gram negative strain). The TAC was quantitated using Phosphomolybdenum assay. TPC and TFC were evaluated using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent assay and Aluminum Chloride assay methods, respectively. The semi-solid methanol extract of leaves of the C.macrophylla obtained was 10.8% w/w of the dried powder. The qualitative analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, amino acid, coumarins, gums and resins, fixed oils and fats. The anti-bacterial test showed the following inhibition zones: B.subtilis- 17.333 mm, S.aureus- 14.167 mm and K.pneumonia- 9.667 mm but no activity was shown in E.coli, S.typhi, and P.aeruginosa. The TPC was observed to be 43.489±0.175 mg GAE/g of dry material while TFC was 189.8287±0.429 mg RE/g of dry material. The TAC was found to be 63.953±0.271 mg AAE/g of dry material.The HR-LCMS analysis showed total of 70 known compounds and 5 unknown compounds. Some of the useful phytochemicals observed were Trimeprazine, Methotrimeprazine, Flurandrenolide Oxazepan, Sakacin, Antimycin A, Ritterazine A, Pleuromutilins etc. The most abundant compound was Trimeprazine, an antipruritic and analgesic agent. These compounds are of high medicinal value and employed in the treatment of various cancers (colon, prostate, breast), antibacterial diseases, multiple sclerosis, seizure disorder, inflammation, swelling and also used as sedative. Since ancient, the plant has been used as remedy by local people to treat different disorders. The HR-LCMS data provided the evidence of the presence of different medicinal bioactive constituents in the plants, which was further assisted by antibacterial activity, TPC, TFC and TAC values. However, it also contained some unknown compounds that may have remedial properties suggesting the further analysis of these compounds. Keywords: phytochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, phenolic, flavonoid, HR-LCMS
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    Effect Of Ageratina Adenophora Invasion On Litter Decomposition, Fine Root Production And Mycelial Growth Of Selected Saprophytic Fungi
    (Amrit Campus, 2024-06-30) Deepa Gharti Magar; Dr. Laxmi Joshi Shrestha
    Available Full Text
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    Soskhaa Tos, Performance and Economy in Kirat Nachhiring Rai
    (Central Department of English, Tribhuvan University,, 2024-07) Smita Rai; Dr. ShivaRijal ; Supervisor
    This research work is based on Soskhaa Tos, a ritual performed by Kirat Nachhiring Rai.Soskhaa Tosis celebrated in the Nepali month of Fagun. On this occasion, Kirat Nachhiring Rai worship the land, nature for the better growth of crops and prepare themselves accordingly and also they worship their manesat the same time for their benediction bestowing upon the clan. This research attempts to show the performative andthe economic significance of Soskhaa Tos related with the pragmatic aspects of the clan. Ritual and economy have interdependent relationship with each-other so,both of them impact each-other. For the economic growth, production of agricultural products plays vital role and the production is impossible without the land and the skills to cultivate. Land is the main source of survival. Worshiping the land and nature means worshiping the components of environment. The community perform the ritual to worship the nature and the performance brings the ritual into its existence. So, environment is worshiped in this ritual, Soskhaa Tos. For the development of the country, economy plays the main role and economic development is not possible forgetting the environment and ritual. The medium is performance that gives life to the ritual, Soskhaa Tos.I have brought the performance theory by Richard Scheherazade Victor Turnerto analyze the ritualism the perspective of performance and Michel Callon's Performativity theory in economics isuses to support the idea of relation between ritual and economy. As this researcher talks about the economy, I have also brought the idea of Japanese economist Hiwaki Kensei's idea of culture and economics about sustainable development. Interviews with Mr. Bhupadhoj Thomoros, Mr. Tek Nachhiring and Mr. Balu Kubir Nachhiring who are working in the field of Kirat culture have done several times. I have taken reference from different books and watched online video on Soskhaa Tosand the ritual is analyzed from the perspective of economy. For the development of the country economy plays the main role and economic development is not possible forgetting the ritual and environment-is the conclusion of this re-research. Key Words: Soskhaa Tos, Ritual, Nachhiring, Clan, Manes, Worship, Performance, Environment,Crops, Economy, Pragmatic Life
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    NUTRIENT ELEMENTS AND HR-LCMS ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES PRESENT IN METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF Colocasia esculenta (L.) SCHOTT (cocoyam)
    (Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, 2025-02-06) MAHATO, AJAYA; Dr. Ganga Raj Pokhrel
    Nutrient Elements and HR-LCMS Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Present in Methanolic Extracts of (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Cocoyam) is still not understood clearly. Methanolic extracts of three different parts (tuber, petiole and leaf) of plants from different sampling spots (Palung, Upperdangadhi and Padampur) were utilized to assay antioxidants activities through 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and phosphomolybdate assay (TAA), total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and total carbohydrate content (TCC) using spectrophotometer (T80+, PG Instruments, UK). The antimicrobial susceptibility test of methanolic extracts of plant samples was conducted on seven microorganisms i.e. E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, S. aureus, A. baumannii and S. typhi, Pseudomonas and Salmonella species. Nutrient elements and toxic metals quantification and HR-LCMS analysis of plant tuber, petiole and leaf from Upperdangadhi were carried out at Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science (CRNTS), Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF), Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, 400076, India, using ICP-AES and HR-LCMS spectroscope model G6550A respectively.IC50 value of plant extracts was found in between 240.45-1018.44 µg/mL. TAA by phosphomolybdate assay was found 1.25±0.01 to 28.29±0.01 mg AAE/g DS. TPC was found in between 6.38±0.004 and 19.96±0.01 mg GAE/g DS. TFC was found in the range of 10.46±0.0007 and 89.1±0.006 mg QE/g DS. TCC was found in between 1.78±0.0 and 112±0.0 mg GE/g DS. Concentrations of elements were found in the order of tuber, petiole and leaf as: Ca (8910.0, 303.0, 355.0 mg/Kg), Cr (0.476, 0.252, 0.427 mg/Kg), Cu (1.226, 0.670, 0.727 mg/Kg), Fe (15.6, 1.241, 2.41 mg/Kg), Mg (96.8, 43.6, 104.0 mg/Kg), Zn (128.0, 0.685, 1.942 mg/Kg) and As (15.7, 9.8, 65.6 mg/Kg). Concentration of Pb was below the detection limit(1ppb).HR-LCMS analysis of tuber, petiole and leaf revealed that the extract contained 200, 140 unidentified, 60 identified- 11 alkaloids, 4 phenolic, 5 flavonoids, 3 glycosides, 5 steroids, 32 others, 200, 85 unidentified, 115 identified- 12 alkaloids, 15 phenolic, 26 flavonoids, 9 glycosides, 53 others, 197, 106 unidentified, 91 identified- 13 alkaloids, 17 flavonoids, 3 terpenoids, 1 steroid, 12 pharmaceutical drugs, 45 others respectively. Neuraminic acid, Amprenavir, Butin, catechin, cyclopamine,disopyramide, Funtumine, gentamycin, Jervin, Kaemferol, ketamine, retapamulin, swertiamarin, syringic acid, usambarensine etc. are potentially bioactive. Key words: Cocoyam, Phytochemical screening, Antioxidant activity, Antimicrobial Activity, DPPH, HR-LCMS
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    माधवी उपन्यासमा जाति, पर्यावरण र क्षण {Madhavi Upanyasma Jati, Paryawaran ra kshan}
    (2081) दीपक प्रसाद दाहाल Dipak Prasad Dahal; प्रा.डा. कृष्णप्रसाद न्यौपाने; शोधनिर्देशक
    उपलब्ध छैन l
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