Architecture Engineering

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Possible impact of Planning Intervention on City River Corridors
(Pulchowk Campus, 2002-12) CHITRAKAR, KICHAH
City river corridors of the Kathmandu valley have a significant role to play on urban planning and urban development. Unlike others, these rivers flow through the middle of the city; therefore, it's high time to study and plan these river corridors before they are encroached and rundown into messy slum riversides by the haphazard urban growth. Dhobi-Khola, though the discharge is low and small, is a perennial river and flows through the heart of the city. The built up area which was 4% in 1954 within the 200 meter band of Dhobi-Khola River has now been increased to 31 %. Net river area has been decreased to 9% now from 18% in 1964. Against this backdrop, this study has been carried out with the aim to investigate the existing situation and changes; to review proposed projects namely DKCIP and GAIAUPP; to find out possible impacts focusing on the transportation networks, socio cultural aspect, people's response, environmental aspects like sewage and solid waste; and land development etc. A descriptive and interpretive approach has been adopted including data analysis of primary survey namely 'river use survey' and "Household questionnaire survey". Chronological studies of river corridor with the help of aerial photographs, Satellite Images and field visits have been made. Urban land availability, environmental degradation, easy to layout roads and sewers as corridors, less cultural and religious linkage to the river, financial viability for development as road corridor too has encouraged authorities to intervene this river corridor. Unlike Bagmati and Bishnumati, less archaeologically important sites and monuments have been found in this river. Less cultural and religious linkage to the river of the surrounding people is also due to the changes on river alignment naturally and artificially in the past. Lacks of facilities to perform their cremation works and other religious function have kept them far from this river. Nearly 5.5 m3 solid wastes per day has been found to be deposited at the entire river corridor from Bagmati confluence to Chabahil (Section 1 to section 7) which should be added to the 350 - 400 m3 per day being managed for KMC today if planning intervention is to made at the corridor. Through the urban planning perspective, the 'Dhobi Khola Link Road' (DKLR) is justifiable. Less cultural impacts, significant improvement over river environment, immediate functioning of the innermost ring road and Dhobi Khola ring road along with existing ring road among four concentric ring roads of the valley envisioned with the huge relief of traffic from city core, decongestion at Thapathali junction, Gaushala and Chabahil Chowks, establishment of connector road between the rapidly growing urban fringe Kapan area and Patan core area and large vacant plots going to be developed at Chabahil, Ghattekulo etc. are the justifications of the construction of DK.LR. Comparative chart made in this study for various origin and destinations have also proved this road to be significant. The corridor may be converted into a large institutional and commercial center of the city combining the characteristics of both the river corridor and the major transport corridor. If not intervened, the proposed land development pockets at Ghattekulo and Chabahil areas, which are the river banks of last 100 years, is most likely to develop as the present area of GAIAUPP, which was also a river bank in the past. The large spaces remained at the corridor as the household courtyards and vacant plots have positively indicated the land readjustment schemes necessity. Still, around 60% area of the corridor has found to be vacant including roads. The prospect of appreciation of land value, with reference to the lands of Bishnumati corridor, where the price hike was almost 10 times after construction of Bishnumati link Road, has been found to be sufficient to finance the proposed planning intervention at the corridor if minimum of 25 meter land is acquired and developed. The proposed ratio of contribution for separate land development schemes and the peoples will for contribution have found significantly different. The necessity of partnership programs with people have been recommended Finally, smce the different nvers of Kathmandu Valley have their own characteristics and require different approach for intervention, the study will definitely help the future researchers specifically for them who want to study in rivers like Manohara, Nakhu etc. Hence, the strategy to develop river corridors should be synchronizing its potentiality with the potentialities of the surrounding areas of the river.
PLANNING FOR URBAN EXPANSION OF THE KATHMANDU VALLEY- A THRESHOLD APPROACH
(Pulchowk Campus, 2003-02) JOSHI, KIRTI KUSUM
The socio-economical and political value of the Kathmandu Valley has never been challenged in the history of Nepal. Even the victory by King Prithivi Narayan Shah of Gorkha over the Valley did not change the status but only highlighted the place of the Valley in the map of Nepal, with the capital city of unified Nepal in its heart. But times changed, and the modem addition in traditional cities of the Valley tarnished the glory which had been so fondly treasured. Today, the Valley faces a number of problems- poor environment, water scarcity, traffic congestion, ugly built-up areas and so on. The list seems endless. But these problems have not stopped the high rate of urbanization of the Valley with annual population growth rate of over 4 %. In fact, the urban problems are the unwanted by• products of uncontrolled urbanization. So to prevent further deterioration of the Valley, which in near future will be a conglomeration of settlements, analysis of population, including migrants, needs to be carried out to figure out under certain circumstances, how many people the Valley can accommodate and at the same time, provide adequate urban services. The physical boundary of the Valley with high hills around it, puts a limit on the urban growth beyond the foothills. Even for the area within the boundary, there is agricultural land to be preserved for ecological reasons, and there are open spaces to be left for seismic safety. There are people, and many are added each year. Services have to be provided to them, and among all, water stands as the most-crucial one. The Melamchi Project is at the doorway, but it needs to be examined for how long it can satisfy the thirst of the Valley people. Of all the perspectives, physical space and drinking water requirements are particularly important in suggesting the threshold capacity of the Valley. Definitely, the carrying capacity is not a static value and changes with change in social and technological changes. But for a country which cannot carry out dramatic development works, planning works have to be based on the realistic limitations and constraints. This study attempts to define the carrying capacity of the Valley based on selected factors, and recommends strategies based on threshold approach.
Physical and Social Transformation of the urban fringe of the Kathmandu Valley
(Pulchowk Campus, 2003-12) Upadhyay, Anir Kumar
Urban areas are continuously gaining population and urban activities overspill from central cities to peripheries rapidly. Urban fringe areas are the localities where the cities are expanding. These areas reflect urban dynamics and the.. non agricultural land uses which are trying to adjust in an urban complex. In the wake of urbanization, fringe areas have both threats and opportunities due to the expansion of urban areas. On one hand, when agricultural land converts into urban land use, it certainly provides economic opportunities and on the other hand decrease in agricultural land causes serious problems to the farmers who do not have other skills than agriculture. Kathmandu Valley is experiencing rapid land use conversion. Twenty two percent of the agricultural land was converted for non-agricultural purposes in the last two decades. Conversion rate was more than 950 hectares per year in the last decade only. Agricultural land is gradually converting into other land uses. The study aims to know how the farmers and the landowners of urban fringe are affected by the • ongoing rapid urbanization. This study concentrates on physical, social and economic ., transformation of the local farmers and the landowners. I Two case study areas are selected along two major arterial roads of the Kathmandu Valley. These two areas represent both planned intervention and unorganised development. Saibu Land pooling area is planned by the government to accommodate growing housing demand of Kathmandu. Sunakothi VDC is an unorganised development led by informal market. The literature review and information gathered during the field survey, consists of information on physical, social and economic aspects of the farmers and landowners of both the case study areas. Considering the physical aspect, findings from the iv study suggest that people are deprived of proper access due to haphazard and incoherent land fragmentation in an unorganised development. In both the cases, land holding capacity of landowners has reduced significantly. Physical displacement of the local residents is also observed and some more households are at the verge of displacement in near future. Socially the relationship that has been developed through agricultural activity has - reduced significantly and people are facing difficulties to continue with agriculture. Mutual help among friends and relatives is found to have been maintained in the unorganised development while the similar relationship has decreased in the planned area. Considering the economic aspects, it was observed that the people are changing their professions from primary (agriculture) to secondary (business) and tertiary (services) sectors but the transformation process is rather slow and most of the households are still dependent on agriculture. Those who are practicing multiple professions are earning better than those who are practicing agriculture only. Due to the lower income, people are forced to sell their property whenever they get attractive price. They spend the money thus received for the needs of the family. Comparative study of both the planned intervention and unorganised development divulge some strengths and weaknesses • of these two different developments. Strengths of both the cases should be incorporated and weaknesses should be mitigated while planning in the urban fringe areas. Strengths of unorganised developments are good social relationship in the community, incremental land use change etc. Good social relationships could be maintained through infrastructure sharing among local residents and the migrants in the community. Staged and pocket wise development of infrastructures would help in preserving agricultural land while supplying the building parcels at the same time. This would help farmers to continue with their profession for a longer period of time.
IMPROVING THE ROLE OF INFORMAL LAND DEVELOPERS IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF GREATER KATHMANDU
(Pulchowk Campus, 2004-12) SHRESTHA, KEDAR MAN
Kathmandu Valley is a rapidly urbanizing capital region. The urban population 1 million in 200 I is growing at the rate of 5.81 % per year. As a result land plot demand in the valley is increasing. Main causes of demand pressure are migrants from outside, household member numbers decreasing in valley, and people living in rent. ie 54%. These rent living people are the most potential buyer of informal land transaction. Huge money from remittance is invested in land. Formal private companies and government has supplied only less than 380 ha lands in more than one decade. It is very less significant quantity compared to the demand of l 80ha per year (table 8). This means it is obvious that the rest of the demands are fulfilled by the informal sector. However there is lack of adequate knowledge about their performance. This study has made an attempt to study informal land developers. This study was based on checklist interview with the land developers at the sites and their document review. During discussion they have mentioned the procedure, difficulties and suggestion to improve the work. In procedure, location choosing, document verification, rate negotiation, advance payment. subdivision and selling advertisement are main steps. Risk of advance payment without legal status is the main procedural problem. There has some technical weakness in subdivision quality. Plots without basic infrastructure demands more investment to rectify the problems. The work is more profit motive in short period. There exist financial and legal problems in the business. Some legal problems in land development are, impracticable land ceiling, private sector have no right to. land acquisition, no public private partnership land development approach, no legal encouragement to real state business and no legal status of advance payment and agreement before transferring ownership. No institutional financial support to developers. Data recording, filing and map updating is poor. Weak coordination between line agencies, complicated land administration and registration, vacant land issues, encouragement and facility not provided to the land developers. Improvement of informal land development can achieve through clear government policy, simplification of land administration, institutional finance support, training, awareness and regular monitoring. Periodic land market survey and dissemination of information is necessary to minimize the speculation. Engineer's input in subdivision planning and accountability helps' to improve the product. So, timely monitoring mechanism is essential.
IMPACT OF PROPSED OUTER RING ROAD ON TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT OF KATHMANDU VALLEY - LUBHU
(Pulchowk Campus, 2005-12) ROKA, GANESH BAHADUR
The Kathmandu metropolitan city (KMC) is the capital and largest city in Nepal. Almost 700,000 people live here amidst a swirl of business, industry, politics, old temples and colorful festivals. Kathmandu has expanded into a modem international metropolis while still preserving its ancient culture and architectural heritage. Similarly Kathmandu attracts people from different part of the country in search of various opportunities. Regardless of the various planning efforts initiated by different governmental or non-governmental agencies, the urban development has been creating urban sprawl in unplanned and haphazard fashion, thereby making difficulties in urban service provision. Similarly, unplanned settlements and density of vehicles and pedestrians are increasing enormously at the periphery of existing ring road, which was constructed in the early seventies by the technical and financial assistance from China. In this thesis report, the topic itself reflect the main theme of the study. Here basically the economic impact and hence the transformation possibility has been incorporated due to the proposed outer ring road. This thesis report tries to consider mainly the land use, housing pattern and the economic activities that are going to change due to concept outer ring road in the case of Lubhu. Since the outer ring road is still in conceptual stage, it is not sure that outer ring road would exist and the experiences that have been drawn from the case studies would cater the similar properties. Beside the major economic indicators, major part of the impact parameters have been considered. To fulfill the requirement to mitigate the economic transformation the similar case of impact of ring road in Balaju has been considered. The abstract of this thesis report stands with the view of change occur in particular place after the construction of the ring road. Since the study area here is Lubhu, which is traditional settlement of the Katmandu valley, the possible impacts have been assessed with careful scrutiny based on the primary as well as secondary data
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT AT THE LAND POOLING AREA
(Pulchowk Campus, 2007-01) BAJRACHARYA, RINA DEVI
In the context of rapid urbanisation of Kathmandu, the resulting growth of haphazard urban settlements without provisions of even basic amenities such as access road, sewage and drainage system, water supply, etc., numerous land pooling projects implemented in the past seems to successful as it provides serviced plots with vehicular access to each plot. However, looking at the land pooling project with respect to the surrounding areas and in a wider city context in terms of broader development framework, the way land pooling projects are planned and implemented in the Kathmandu Valley have many shortcomings. Such land pooling projects are yet to address the broader concept of continuity of neighbourhood character, new urbanism and the built environment. This Thesis project presents opportunity as well as challenges due to many reasons. It can utilise the lessons learned from the past experience of land pooling projects. This project prepares Housing Development at Land Pooling area focusing on the residential neighbourhood design through literature reviews of urban design. It proposes numerous land use activities, urban morphology, street network, open space system, building typology and other detailing. It reviews the literature and case study in a broader perspective to identify the salient features of good residential neighbourhood especially for the Land Pooling areas. It also proposes some guidelines for the development, management and implementation method without going into detail. In the land-pooling site, it is more concerned on planning, design and detailing rather than calculating each plot, which are for the return to the landowners. Nonetheless, this project aims to provide a new setting on Land Pooling area for urban expansion.
URBAN FRINGE DEVELOPMENT PATTERN IN KATHMANDU VALLEY
(Pulchowk Campus, 2008-02) RANA, MANISHA
We live in democratic society, wherein people's expectations are high. Urban centre are magnets that promise to meet these expectations. This urbanization has brought a significant change in the physical, social and environment of the urban area. To cope up with the urbanization pressure, people have started to migrate towards the fringe area. Urban fringe areas are the localities where cities are expanding. The urban expansions towards the fringe areas have both positive and negative impacts. The urbanization in the fringe area provides economic opportunities to the local inhabitants and discourages the migration pressure of urban area. On the other hand, it is also creating problems due to haphazard growth and rapid changes to the agricultural land. Similarly it weakens the essence of traditional settlement pattern and life styles. Urban fringe areas are categorized as the alternative places of settlement as an alternative to the urban core. The study has concentrated on the physical, social and economic development pattern of the urban fringe area, with its reasons, characteristics, impacts etc. in connection with other fringe area. There is ample evidence that areas are developing along the major arterial road (Ring Road). Imadol VDC in Lalitpur and Sitapaila VDC in Kathmandu, both are experiencing urban pressure and undergoing changes, through various phases of developmental process. The present population growth is attracted towards the fringe area because of low land price (preferably provision of further investment etc) and easy rules and regulation of VDC. Also, people are motivated towards the fringe area for better environment. Major finding indicates that the development is happening fast but in an unplanned way. The major impact is on the land use pattern. Buildings are emerging on the agriculture land without proper infrastructural services are another characteristic of the urban fringe. Private developers' plays a vital role in raising the prices of the land of the fringe area. The development patterns are categorized into three main components, namely, physical, social and environment. The physical development is through the change in the land use, and is marked by a reduction of land holding, development of roads and availability of infrastructure services. In social development, it is the change in the tradition, and occupation. With regards to the economic aspect, it is the change in the income level, status and commercialization of the area. Basically, the scenario indicates that government has so far, little direct participation in the whole context of development process. People themselves are developing the area on their own ways. Consequently, there are unregulated plots, deteriorating infrastructure services, lack of social interaction, social integrity etc. Hence, upon analyzing the development pattern of the urban fringe, there are indication that there is a need for plans and policies to stop the haphazard growth. The infrastructure provision should be formulated and the land use pattern has to be designated with development control. Strong implementation and monitoring system should be formulated for the further control of haphazard growth of the urban fringe.
Housing for the Urban poor : The case of the Kathmandu Valley
(Institute of Engineering, Architecture Urban planning, 2011) Shrestha, Mahesh
Not available
Rehabilitation of Squatter Settlement
(Pulchowk Campus, 2011-03) Nyaichyai, Kanchana
Growing of Population in urban areas is likely to continue and there is no sign of retardation of this process. Along with urbanization, urban areas are also experiencing growing incidence of poverty. Number of squatter settlements are increasing it is mainly due to push factor to migrate in Kathmandu valley. It does indicate the poverty level of the Nepal. Cause of squatter settlement is not only due to lack of financial resources but also due to lack of proper policy. The Manohara Squatter Settlement is the largest and newly formed settlement. This report would represent the life of squatter settlement and shows how residents are facing problems.This report attempts at rehabilitation of squatter settlement in Manohara with appropriate models and view to also highlight the socio-economic life of urban squatter society. The study also shows the recent trend of squatter settlement and their concern to have a secure tenure on the land. Primary Data collection was done through the questionnaire survey and secondary information and data were collected from related organization and documents. It is hoped that data and description included in this report will prove useful and overall scenario of conditions in squatters. Review of policies for slum and squatter settlements are studied. Likewise review and recommendation of different model to rehabilitate the squatters are also presented here. By knowing the existing scenario and condition, the appropriate model has been adopted. Out of numerous issues and problems faced by the areas, lack of basic infrastructure, social recreation are one of them, resulting in degradation of all type environment, as a result of deterioration of living condition. As the settlement is previously proposed for the Land Pooling and the policy to provide 10% land for the urban poor is under discussion, the possible intervention for the rehabilitation is to locate them in that area is one of the Model recommendations. On Site Upgradation through rearrangement of Housing Units is another model recommendation as this settlement is less vulnerable than other similar settlements so it can be rehabilited within that area by providing minimum land area. Land Sharing is one of the models recommended by sharing the land with private developer and develop the land with low rise high Density apartment.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LAND POOLING AREAS IN GONGABU, LIWALI AND NAYA BAZAAR, KATHMANDU VALLEY
(Pulchowk Campus, 2011-11) Adhikari, Khushi Ram
Land pooling is a widely practiced and successful land development technique. It provides housing parameters which have varying standards according to locations. Different countries are making policies favoring low income groups through land pooling. Korea takes high percentage of contribution from land owners to provide land to low income groups for housing. Land pooling in public land to supply serviced land to poor can be very effective in our case. Comparative study shows that feasibility study before deciding a project is necessary for its success. From the research problem of road is regarding its strength which cannot bear heavy load which needs proper attention. Services provision should be according to forecasted population and join to main city networks. Deep boring is against the right of other neighbors who cannot install. Unless and until policies are not in favor of poor, land pooling with 50% agreement is not scientific.
POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION OF SAIBHU BHAINSEPATI LAND POOLING PROJECTS
(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-10) SHRESTHA, NIYANTA
Urbanization is intense in Kathmandu valley in last few decades and it has been spilling over the surrounding areas. Thus land development schemes have been conducted to control it. Among these Land development, LP plays a 'very vital role to control the haphazard growth. But Monitoring and post evaluation has not yet formed implementation. So, not much is known about the occupancy rate, nature and pace of development and also to what extent the general objectives of land pooling has been realized is yet to be established .important aspect are being looked such as what is going on in the project after the implementation, what development need to be considered such as nature and pace of development, occupancy rate, infrastructure and services provided, their use and condition, land value before and after the project, characteristics of people living in and their perception on the LP project. This research gives a comprehensible picture of the development trend which will be helpful in adding a clear concept about the development pattern and also, how far Saibhu land pooling project implemented have been successful, in the realization of its broader objectives such as providing planned housing plots, sufficient open space and provision to accommodate more people in few land development rate, rampant escalation of land value, etc is a common phenomenon. Thus, through identification of the issues, problem and its impact, policies and action for mitigation of urban problems will be proposed. It also includes suggestion and recommendation for incorporation in project implemented at present as well as for future and land pooling projects through this research thesis.
IMPACT OF BAGMATI CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT ON LOCAL LAND USE AND ENVIRONMENT
(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-10) RAJBHANDARI, ASHA SHREE
Urban river corridors are considered to be prolific areas for development. They not only have numerous commercial potential but also are usually considered potentially attractive and ecologically interesting urban spaces. They have become prime targets for redevelopment in Western and European countries, offering the opportunity to create mixed use, high-density and high-quality communities and further adding to city beautification and environmental protection. The Bagmati River flowing through the core has very high environmental, social, historical and cultural value. However haphazard and tremendous urban growth as a result of improper planning, management and numerous problems has resulted in the degradation of the river converting it into virtually an open sewer. This has degraded not only the environment but also affected the economic opportunities of the surrounding land. In this aspect the research tries to identify the existing situation of the study area in relation to road development and the land use and environmental problems encountered as a result. This research examines the changes that have occurred in the study area over a period of four decades mainly focusing on the land use and river environment aspect, ultimately analyzing the present scenario. A descriptive approach including several field observations, questionnaire survey of buildings along the river corridor road and analysis of aerial and satellite images through digitization was applied in the study. In the existing situation commercialization is inevitable in the area and so should be further promoted in a planned manner together with keeping the river environment in mind. Ultimately the main aim of this study is to help in guiding future urban river corridor road developments in order to realize their full potentials, to learn from the existing problems encountered by the Bagmati River Corridor Road and so to provide the necessary guidelines and recommendations for proper development in future cases.
A study on thermal performance of traditional residential buildings in Kathmandu Valley
(Institute of Engineering, Architecture, 2013) Bajracharya, Sushil B.
Available with full text
Development Pattern of Urban Fringe in Kathmandu valley
(Pulchowk Campus, 2013-10) DUWAL, SUNITA
The recent rise in urban growth and decentralization of economic activities has made urban fringe topical issues in both local and international debates. There are lots of transformations in the urban fringe landscape in the last two decades that makes it highly vulnerable to risks as much as expected of the city itself owing to large agglomeration of people and economic activities in this area. Lack of depe1:_dable institutions and absence of government has caused problems on jurisdictional administration of these urban hinterlands. Kathmandu valley, which is the most populous metropolitan region in Nepal, is the main political and administrative centre, a major tourist Centre and an economically strategic location in the country. High population growth, dramatic land use changes, and socioeconomic transformations have brought the paradox of rapid urbanization and environmental consequences to the valley. Along with new developments within the city fringes and rural villages, shifts in the natural environment and newly developed socioeconomic strains between residents are emerging. Such rapid demographic and environmental changes and weak land use planning practices in the past decades have resulted in environmental deterioration, haphazard landscape development, and stress on the ecosystem structure. Consequently, more and more agricultural lands and forest lands have been converted into urban areas and human settlements over the past few decades (Thapa & Murayama, 2009). This research will discuss physical changes in the urban fringe of Kathmandu valley and the socioeconomic factors and other pressures underlying these changes. The rapid urbanization in Kathmandu is stretching municipal boundaries and converting open spaces and agricultural fields into concrete jungles. Between 1984 and 2000, agricultural land in the Valley decreased from 62 to 42%. If this trend continues, by 2025 there will be no agricultural fields left in this once fertile Valley" (Subba, 2008).The research explores the reasons for this type of development pattern and recommends the conservation of urban fringe through the adoption of proper planning approach involving a mixture of urban and agricultural land uses.
Occupancy Issues of Apartment Housing in Kathmandu Valley
(Pulchowk Campus, 2015-11) Singh, Nagendra Kumar
Nepal is urbanizing at a rapid pace. Kathmandu Valley shares the highest urban population. Growing population has per immense pressure on land and housing situation in Kathmandu Valley. Apartment came into picture to accommodate large no. of people in less horizontal space but all income groups of people could not afford to utilize the facilities of it. Considering the particular features of high rise; it should be managed and constructed in proper way. It saves our land to provide more greenery and open spaces for other infrastructural activities. Apartment plays vital role to optimize high-dense area, expensive and scarcity of land. The objective of the report is to understand the occupancy level of apartments, causing factors behind the vacancy of apartments, and others related occupancy issues of apartment and its practicality in Kathmandu Valley. Case study approach has been adopted through selecting some apartments of Kathmandu Valley. It was found that only higher income group (HIG) and middle income group (MIG) are residing in apartment and most of them are businessman. The developers make investments in the construction of apartments as a commercial activity rather than to upgrade housing scenario. Despite, due to the high interest rate, formal collateral in the form of land and house and high income of people to repay loans proffered by commercial banks, economically weaker section and lower income group of people are not able to get excess for loan because they don’t have enough collateral for loan. Apartment is far beyond EWS and LIG to afford. Before earthquake, apartment like Rio, Kuleshwor, Guna…etc had very nice occupancy rate more than 85%; but it decreased highly after earthquake except few apartment. High-rises should be for all income groups. Cross subsidy schemes as well as encouraging private developers by providing incentives can maximize the EWS and LIG dwelling units. Government with the collaboration of private sectors can play vital role for its flourish through the improvements in policy and incentives by making long term plan to establish actual image of vertical living.
“Regional Development Strategy: A Case of Hetauda”
(Pulchowk Campus, 2016-05) Shrestha, Ashish
Hetauda was established as a growth center in Central Development Region. It consists one of the largest industrial district in the country. It is located at the cross point of Tribhuvan Highway and Mahendra Highway and is the major link between Kathmandu and Birgunj. Despite of these advantages, Hetauda has not grown as a city with regional influence. This research is concentrated on determining the urbanization trend of Hetauda and its effect on the surrounding areas, influence of Hetauda on its hinterland and to come up with strategies to develop Hetauda as a city with regional influence. The research has determined zone of influence of Hetauda, region for the study. Surveys were conducted in 18 VDCs, 9 surrounding VDCs & 9 VDCs at border of the district, customer survey were also conducted to collect additional data. These data and information available were analyzed to determine the development linkage between Hetauda and its influence zones. Trend analysis and SWOT analysis was conducted as part of this study. Hetauda has performed the role of growth center to surrounding VDCs but its relation with farther VDCs is dependent on presence of other growth center. The farther VDCs are dependent on other growth centers for heath, education and trade, as better services and facilities are available in those centers. To strengthen the linkage with rural areas, strategies recommended mainly focused on upgrading of already existing social and physical infrastructure, prioritizing development of industrial district and new facilities.
Study Of Emerging Gentrification In Core Settlement Case Of Patan
(Pulchowk Campus, 2017-11) Bajracharya, Palistha
With the growing population and change in sector of economy, tourism plays a vital role in the city’s income. Patan having its unique background in cultural heritage has great potential in tourism due to its tangible and intangible heritage and the lifestyle of people. There is also large percentage of people dependent on tourist based businesses who are contributing to the cultural heritage tourism. However, in the path of gaining income from tourism, there is a threat of commercialization not only in business but also the lifestyle and cultural heritage of Patan. While planning for tourism development in Patan, the negative consequences of tourism should also be kept in mind. Development oriented for tourism has started to bring some changes in the core area of Patan that are irreversible. This research tries to study the change that is emerging in the streets of Patan that unknowingly sows seeds of gentrification in this city. It is a research to describe what sorts of character of the Patan are we losing or going to lose with the narrow perspective of development of tourism without consideration of gentrification it is likely to bring. This research also tries to describe how the changes are occurring whether people are aware of this situation or not. It is an attempt to know the perspective of local people living and involved in tourist based businesses in this city.
Role of Public Private Partnership in Infrastructure Financing: A Case of Bharatpur Metropolitan City
(Pulchowk Campus, 2017-11) Pradhan, Priyanka
A public–private partnership (PPP) is a cooperative arrangement between two or more public and private sectors, typically of a long-term nature. Public-private partnerships between a government agency and private-sector company can be used to finance, build and operate projects, such as public transportation networks, parks and convention centers. Financing a project through a public-private partnership can allow a project to be completed sooner or make it a possibility in the first place. Bharatpur Municipality in the last 4 years have been promoted to Sub- Metropolitan and then to Metropolitan City. After being metropolitan city, Bharatpur needs to invest huge amount of budget in infrastructure and development programs. As the source of revenue is limited in the municipality, Public Private Partnership (PPP) can be a tool to mobilize the resources, skills and technologies available in private sector. It is necessary to attract private sector for development activities to be effective. This research will try to find out the ways to incorporate private sector along with the public party in financing the infrastructure of Bharatpur Metropolitan City. It will review and study about the gaps in the existing policies and implementation in PPP in the context of Nepal, especially in Bharatpur. The research will look upon the ideas among different stakeholders like government authorities, municipality, private companies, local people etc. and try to find out a way forward in this case. Similarly, it will also study about the changing financial mechanism of Bharatpur Metropolitan City and try to find out the solution of the problems they are facing in this case.
Community Participation for Solid Waste Management - A case of Traditional Core of Kathmandu City
(Pulchowk Campus, 2017-11) Prajapati, Mita
Urbanization in Nepal is taking place rapidly. Kathmandu is the capital city which is one of the fastest growing metropolis in south Asia. Increasing population puts immense pressure on the services provided my municipality including the solid waste management. Solid waste management in Nepal is one of the major urban issues and unmanaged solid waste has direct impact over people and environment. There is a huge gap between demand and supply of solid waste management and this gap can be filled by active participation from community and public. Thus this paper focused on the community participation for solid waste management in Kathmandu city. The core areas are the densest place of the city so the waste generation is also high. Most of the core areas are serviced by only KMC for solid waste management and in absence of this service, the waste are disposed in the public arears. The study area of my research paper is ward no. 27 of KMC which is the historical part of KMC and located in the inner city and divided into different toles. The SWM service is provided by municipality only. There is no other stakeholders like NGO/INGO, private sector or CBOs. Currently the waste is collected by municipal vehicle and street sweeper and street sweeper collect charge for waste collection. Household questionnaire and interviews were used as the research tools and a total of 100 respondents were interviewed. The paper uses both qualitative and quantitative approach to analyze the information. Waste reduction is generally not practiced in this ward. The major waste that is generated in this ward is organic but very few household practice composting remaining waste is dumped in municipal vehicle. Also the scrap waste are disposed with other waste and not segregated for recycle purpose. Street sweeper plays important role in waste collection and cleaning in this ward and informal sector are important for waste reduction. The ward office and CBOs plays no role for the solid waste management of the ward. The people of the ward had not received any training programs regarding SWM. If proper assistance is received, people of this ward is willing to participate in waste management which help to reduce the waste that is carried by municipal vehicle to landfill site.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PLANNING AND MODEL DESIGN WITH INCLUSION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY: A CASE OF RESIDENTIA SECTOR AT KIRTIPUR MUNICIPALITY
(Pulchowk Campus, 2019-05-18) Maharjan, Jenish
Rapid urbanization has made Kathmandu Valley one of the fastest growing metropolitan cities in South Asia, resulting to higher energy demand. Kirtipur municipality has the highest population growth rate of 4.47% leading to higher energy demand in near future. The recent blockade has revealed the current energy security of Nepal. This research deals with the current energy consumption pattern and energy demand of Kirtipur municipality and Sustainable energy planning with inclusion of Renewable energy. A primary survey was conducted with the household questionnaire and the secondary data were collected from various resources. Data collected were further analyzed on Microsoft-Excel to find out the current energy consumption in the case area. And further analyzed on the Long- Range Energy Alternative Planning System with the energy model with bottom to top approach. The total energy consumption of Kirtipur municipality was 261.5 TJ in 2018. Cooking was the most energy intensive end use and use of import fuel Liquefied Petroleum Gas has the higher demand. If none of the interventions are made in near future and the current energy consumption trend is continued the sustainable goal for multitier matrix cannot be meet by 2030 i.e. electricity consumption per household per year should be more than 3000Kwh. Two scenarios Electrification by Hydro Electricity (EHE) and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) were developed with the fuel switching to clean energy and energy efficient technology i.e. Hydro Electricity, Solar electricity and Solar energy. The SDG scenario moreover focuses on the electricity generation from the Rooftop Solar PV resulting to 54% of Total Electricity demand can be substituted by the electricity generated through the rooftop solar PV. The self- generation of electricity from the Solar PV not only minimize the Grid Load but also provides the energy security and reduce Green House Gas emission. Electricity can be self-generated with the Solar roof Photovoltaics so for the further development of the Roof top Solar home system model design of Solar roof Photovoltaics has been done as per the building bye laws of Kirtipur municipality. The social use of the roof of the house has also been taken as the factors affecting for the model design of Roof top Solar PV. The policies should be driven by strategies for utilization of indigenous renewable resources instead of importing petroleum products. With the effective policy intervention, the energy demand and the emissions and the economic aspects can be minimized for the sustainable energy planning.

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