Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2012-11"
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Item Resistance against Western Cultural Imperialism inThe Tree Bride(Faculty Arts in English, 2012-11) Karki, ShivaThe main purpose of this research is to show the resistance against western cultural imperialism in Bharati Mukherjee’s The Tree Bride. Bharati Mukherjee presents the counter discourse just opposite than colonial literature in the representation of west and east. The text is a story of Tara Chatterjee, the protagonist as well as the narrator of the novel, who is shaped according to ancient Indian myths, customs, and traditions. Her cultural identity is formed according to the belief and religion of her native country India though she has been living in America. She picks up the story of heroism from her own legend Tara Lata, from her own cultural heritage and native place connecting with own identity and cultural and national glory. Mukherjee even shows the pitiful life of English street life through John Mist as if it is like the representation of non- western people in colonial literature as the counter discourse against western supremacy in literature. The politic of picking the story from San Francisco to Bengal by focusing and valorizing the Indian rituals and tradition as well as by giving the counter discourse against western literature in the representation of west and east is the manifestation of Mukherjee’s cultural awareness as well as a challenge against the cultural imperialism of west. This research shows how Bharati Mukherjee has resisted against cultural imperialism throughout the text The Tree Bride. As this research is studied through post colonial method it captures the various issues, dimension and study areas of post colonial literature such as cultural diversity, hybridity, Diasporas, identity crisis, ethnical and racial issues etc.Item CALL BLOCKING ANALYSIS IN WCDMA CELL(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-11) Giri, KiritWCDMA is the air interface for UMTS which is a 3G standard technology. When traffic offered to the system increases there would come a situation that the system cannot handle any more call, this is known as call blocking. Analysis of call blocking is very necessary to plan new network as well as for the upgrade of existing network. In WCDMA, different services like emergency call, voice call, video call and data are categorized in different service classes with different priorities. In this study three classes of traffic is taken into consideration. Blocking analysis in terms of probability has been done in this research by introducing a term known as BBU (Basic Bandwidth Unit) which is the basis for dimensioning of traffic as well as capacity of the system. In this thesis “Call blocking analysis in WCDMA cell”, change in blocking probability has been studied by fully-availability group approximation of WCDMA cell with change in offered traffic per BBU. The result shows that FAG approximation of WCDMA cell is an easy tool to analyze the capacity of a WCDMA cell.Item Risk and Return Analysis on Common Stock Investment between Kumari Bank Ltd And Everest Bank Ltd(Office of the Dean Faculty of Management Tribhuvan University, 2012-11) Shahi, UjawalItem A Study On Financial Perfomance Analysis Of Machhapuchhre Bank Limied In The Framework of Camel(Faculty of Management, 2012-11) Giri, Sudha LaxmiN/AItem “CONNECTED DIGIT RECOGNITION IN LOW BIT RATE CODING”(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-11) Kathayat, DevendraThis thesis deals with the recognition of digits uttered in continuous manner in noisy coded environment (i.e uttering a telephonic data like phone number). Experiments are carried out in Nepali language, but limited to ten digits (0-9). First acoustic training model with clean data is constructed. Testing for clean data shows 100% recognition. With noisy, coded and noisy coded conditions recognition performance degraded significantly. But with spectral preprocessing method it yields better recognition performance. Three different noises (babble, factory and machine gun) with three different signal to noise ratio (10dB, 15dB and 20dB) are used for noise addition. Babble noise with 10 dB SNR (signal to noise ratio) has lowest recognition rate whereas machine gun noise with 20 dB SNR has highest recognition percentage. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) and CELP (Code Book Excited Linear Prediction) are used for coding.Item PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF COMP (COORDINATED MULTI POINT TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION) IN LTE ADVANCED(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-11) Dulal, RajendraThird Generation Mobile standards are not sufficient to cater the ever increasing bandwidth demand of subscribers in the long run. LTE-Advanced being one of the contender for fourth generation Mobile network standard (IMT-Advanced), uses different techniques to enhance LTE in terms of throughput, coverage and latency. COMP (coordinated multipoint transmission and reception) is one of the key technologies, to be used in LTE-Advanced for better performance. In this thesis entitled “Performance simulation of COMP in LTE-Advanced”, I aim to measure the performance of COMP in LTE-Advanced in terms of better cell edge coverage and throughput.Item RF and Microwave Radiation Safety Study and Assessments(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-11) Chaudhary, Naresh KumarThis thesis entitled “RF and Microwave Radiation Safety Study and Assessments” is aimed to study microwave radiation (namely, from cellular base stations around some pin areas of Kathmandu valley) exposures and its analysis comparing with some major safety standards. The thesis first identifies the problem related to the health hazards due to the Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR). Limiting exposures to harmful EMR are then studied in both theoretical and observational approaches. The research then focuses on the analysis of the actual measurements taken on different sites, namely of Lalitpur District. The different places were chooses on the basis of Radio Frequency (RF) sources and public access. RF field strength probe along with a Global Position System (GPS) were used to map the radiation intensities over the corresponding geo-location and record the EMR levels. The obtained results are presented in the form of both digital maps and statistics. Also, in a separate study, a spectrum analysis is performed to quantify the EMR of each local radio transmitters. The obtained observational statistics are analyzed comparing with different international standards; and radiations over the observed domain found within the safety margins. Analytical analysis however shows some excessively radiating zones where safety precautions are necessary especially for longer exposures. The study finally, outlines some recommendations that need to be formulated by concerned authority to standardize and regulate RF radiation safety exposures.Item “Analysis and Prediction Of Sales Of The Company Using Data Mining”(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-11) Khadka, SumitThis thesis helps us to predict the future sales of the company on the basis of historical data and also to analyze the sales of the company. In this thesis different prediction or forecasting model is used to predict the future sales of the company and analyze the sales values given by the corresponding model and also, which prediction based model perform and predict better when no of training data increases and check dependencies of model with number of data sets in database and also which algorithm perform better on short term forecasting, mid term forecasting and long term forecasting on the basis of performance indices.Item DECENTRALIZED TDMA SCHEDULING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-11) Palikhel, LaxmanEnergy conservation is a major issue in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). In order to obtain energy conservation, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) has been discussed as one of the potential solution. Many researchers proposed TDMA as a Media Access Control (MAC) in order to conserve energy. The main advantage to using TDMA MAC is avoidance of collision of data packets during transmission and the added facility to use sleep modes. The use of sleep mode enables switching off the radio antennas thus reducing the energy conservation. Prior to usage of TDMA MAC, scheduling of the sensor nodes, i.e. providing time slot to the sensor nodes must be performed. Efficient scheduling of transmitting time slot in a TDMA is important for low power Wireless Sensor Network. This thesis deals with the issue of scheduling. In this thesis, two decentralized scheduling algorithms “Distributed Randomized TDMA (DRAND)” and “Deterministic Distributed TDMA (DDTDMA)” are compared. In these algorithms, flowing the messages among the sensor nodes the scheduling is performed by assigning transmitting time slot to each node. So, their efficiency is analyzed based on schedule length, message complexity and convergence time to obtain scheduling. It is shown that DDTDMA is efficient algorithm than DRAND in terms of schedule length, message complexity and convergence time.Item DIRTY PAPER CODE DESIGN FOR MULTIUSER MIMO BROADCAST CHANNEL(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-11) Phelu, Krishna PrasadDirty paper code (DPC) can be used to presubtract interference non-causally known to the transmitter and to achieve capacity as if no interference is present at all. In this thesis, DPC based on nested trellis code is designed using Trellis coded quantizaion/trellis coded modulation (TCQ/TCM) scheme. Rate 1/2 convolutional code is cascaded with rate 2/3 Trellis coded modulation (TCM) to form DPC. TCM code acts as channel code to protect transmitted signal against channel noise where as cascading of both convolutional and TCM codes act as source code which implements vector quantization using Viterbi algorithm. Gain obtained from DPC can be increased using stronger source and channel codes which can be achieved by increasing number of states, because gain of both channel code and source code increases with states of encoder. DPC is the best candidate for precoding in multiuser multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) broadcast scenario. In MU-MIMO broadcast channel, signal transmitted to a user acts as interference for other users and this interference is non-causally available to base station because code for all users is encoded by same base station. So, in MU-MIMO broadcast channel interference to a user due to signal transmitted to another user can be nullify using DPC. This thesis implements DPC for MU-MIMO broadcast channel with base station containing multiple antennas and multiple receivers each equipped with single antenna.Item Wavelet Transform Method for the Analysis of ECG Signals for Ambulatory Cases(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-11) Thapa, RitaThe electrocardiograph (ECG) is a common clinical and biomedical tool used for diagnosis of heart patients. The thesis is aimed towards the development of beat detection algorithm with high level of accuracy for ambulatory monitoring of arrhythmia patients. The thesis has been inspired by the need to find an efficient method for ECG signal analysis which is simple and has good accuracy. The initial task for efficient analysis is the removal of effect of noise. It actually involves the use of wavelet filters which extract the required cardiac components by rejecting the background noise and the second task is that of R peak detection. Efficiency of the method is measured in terms of sensitivity and positive predictivity. The development, simulation and the evaluation of the methodology is done in MATLAB environment and the database of MIT-BIH is used for the purpose of the evaluation. The accuracy of the algorithm is evaluated against the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, giving an average sensitivity of 99.71% and positive predictivity of 99.64% respectively.Item MIMO DETECTION SCHEMES FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-11) Satyal, SanjivanMultiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system is one where multiple antennas are employed at transmitter side as well as receiver side in order to improve the spectral efficiency in wireless communication. Since transmitting side, receiving side and channel, all are responsible for the overall performance in MIMO technology however this thesis focus on MIMO detecting part. Based on the bit error rate, the performance of various detections schemes in Rayleigh and Rician Channel have shown. Different aspects have been considered in the evaluation of performance such as; channel characterization, signal to noise ratio, transmitter and receiver antenna number. From comparative analysis of various detection methods, it is found that Maximum Likelihood has better performance however it has complexity issues with the number of transmitting antenna increased. Hence to mitigate such a problem low complexity detection algorithms such as zero forcing, minimum mean square error detection methods along with Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) and bell labs layered space time architecture are used to manage complexity. Among these detections algorithm, it is observed that vertical bell labs layered space time with minimum mean square error has optimal solution.Item Performance Analysis and Enhancement of Adaptive modulation in WiMAX System/ IEEE 802.16 physical layer(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-11) Adhikari, Rajib BikramWiMAX is an eminent technology that provides broadband and IP connectivity on “last mile” scenario. It offers both line of sight and non-line of sight wireless communication. Orthogonal Frequency division multiple access is used by WiMAX. Orthogonal frequency division multiple accesses use adaptive modulation technique such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Quadrature amplitude Modulation (QAM). The signal is transmitted through the channel and it is received at the receiver end. Then the receiver removes these additional bits in order to minimize the inter symbol interference, to improve the bit error rate and to reduce the power spectrum. This analysis is useful for performance evaluation of different Modulation technique used in WIMAX. Cyclic prefix is used to reduce the data errors caused by multipath reception. Here we estimate the channel to know the condition for adaptation in data rate. Channel estimation is used because amplitude and phase shift causes error in wireless channel. Then using Adaptive equalizer bit error rate for all modulation techniques are improved. Here we used with and without decision feedback equalizer to change the bit error rate. Least mean square algorithm is used for implementation of equalizer. LMS algorithm is used with decision feedback and without decision feedback. Here we used adaptive modulation technique analyzing the channel condition by investigating the received data. We just change the modulation technique by analyzing the received bits and accordingly changing the modulation technique as the code bits sent through feedback channel.Item ANALYSIS OF SPECTRUM SENSING TECHNIQUES IN COGNITIVE RADIO FOR SPECTRUM S(Pulchowk Campus, 2012-11) ROY, SANJAY KUMARWith the advancement of wireless communications, recent researches by the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) shows that large portion of the available licensed spectrum band lies unused, that is only used by licensed users (primary users). The bandwidth becomes expensive due to a shortage of frequencies. Therefore for efficient utilization of the spectrum band, FCC allowed secondary (unlicensed) users to utilize the licensed band without interfering the primary (licensed) users when it is not in use by primary user named it as Cognitive Radio. Cognitive Radio (CR) defined as:”A radio system employing technology that allows the system: to obtain knowledge of its operational and geographical environment, established policies and its internal state; to dynamically and autonomously adjust its operational parameters and protocols according to its obtained knowledge in order to achieve predefined objectives; and to learn from the results obtained. This thesis work analyses the performance of the energy detector based on MAP for identifying the status of the primary user. Matlab simulation is used for received signal from Cognitive radio networks and energy detector to find whether the spectrum being used or not by the primary user and later thesis tries to establish relationship between signal to noise ratio and the detection of primary user signal by using maximum a posteriori energy detection method. This thesis work also analyzes the spectrum detection schemes based on dynamic threshold algorithm. Spectrum detection based on fixed threshold are sensitive to noise uncertainty, the energy detection and the matched filter detection are analyzed for the case of noise uncertainty and dynamic threshold algorithm and found that energy detection based on dynamic threshold can improve the antagonism of noise uncertainty; get good performance of detection without increasing the computer complexity and improves the detection performance for the schemes that are sensitive to noise uncertainty.