Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2022-08-29"
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Item RESPONSE OF CARBON AND TUNGSTEN SURFACE TO DEUTERIUM AND TRITIUM PLASMAS(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) Jha, RupeshThe average Particulate Matter AQI of PM2.5 within the period of real time observation of the month of October 2020 of Simara Airport is 79.42, according to the WHO this values lies in the AQI range between (51 to 100). During this real time AQI, the Maximum AQI of PM2.5 is 165 and the Minimum AQI of PM2.5 is found 48. Similarly, the average Particulate Matter AQI of PM10 of Simara Airport of real time observation of the month of October 2020 is 40.03 and according to the WHO this value lies in the AQI range between (0 to 50). During this real time AQI, the Maximum AQI of PM10 is 115 and the Minimum AQI of PM10 is found 17.Item Breeding performance...........(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) Gurung, SoniyaThe study of breeding performance and rearing of Catla catla was done in Pure Line Fish Breed Conservation and Promotion Resource Centre, Rupendehi, Nepal from July to November 2020. Fishes were spawned successfully following a single dose of ovaprim with 0.5ml/kg for female and 0.25ml/kg for male. The spawning behaviour was observed after 8 hours of hormone treatment at temperature ranges from 29-31°C. The hatching occurred after 13 hours of fertilization. The experiment was conducted in three replicas of 1×1×1m3 hapa. The fecundity was 142,400 to 324,800 while Gonado somatic index was 5.12-8.88%. The fertilization, hatching and survival rate were 77.78%, 65.25% and 44.1% respectively. The pH ranges from 7.6 to 9.8, dissolved oxygen 5.0mg/lt to 8.6 mg/lt and temperature 25.8-37.1°C. The water quality parameters were suitable for breeding and rearing of Catla catla and the ideal weight of female was found 4.5 kg.Item Plant diversity and free carbon stock in Swyambhu and Dakshinkali........(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) Budhathoki, SamritaSpecies diversity is the combination of species evenness and species richness. Sacred groves play significant role in conservation of rare and endemic species due to taboos and prohibitions. Nepal has centuries old traditions of establishing sacred groves of various size devoted to a particular deity. The relationship of tree diversity and carbon stock, an important concern of climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation has been less studied in sacred groves of Nepal. This study aimed to assess the plant diversity and carbon stock in Swayambhu sacred grove (SSG) and Dakshinkali sacred grove (DSG) of Kathmandu district. To study diversity, IVI, regeneration, tree and soil carbon stock, altogether 77 plots were sampled in 9 parallel transects in SSG (30 plots) and 10 parallel transects in DSG (47 plots) by using systematic random sampling method. Circular plot of 10 m radius was laid for trees and within it, one concentric plot of 5 m radii for shrubs and 3 subplots of 1 m radius for herbs was laid. Soil samples were collected from surface upto 15 cm depth using core sampler (volume 356.5179 cm3 ) from the plot centre for estimation of bulk density and composite soil sample (one in the plot centre while other four in N, E, W and S directions) for estimation of soil organic carbon. Regeneration was assessed by using Density-Diameter (D-D) curve and calculating density of each tree species in seedling, sapling and tree phases. Tree biomass was calculated using allometric equation developed for moist forest and later converted into carbon stock using default factor. Altogether 115 species belonging to 57 families and 104 genera were recorded in the SSG and in DSG total 184 species belonging to 77 families and 159 genera were recorded. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H) of plant species was found to be higher in DSG (H = 3.975) than in SSG (H = 3.213). The D-D curve showed reverse J shaped size class distribution in DSG. Density of seedling, sapling and tree was higher in DSG than that of SSG. Tree carbon stock (113.76 t/ha) and soil carbon stock (18.31 t/ha) of SSG (113.76 t/ha) was found higher than tree carbon stock (79.87 t/ha) and soil carbon stock (17.93 t/ha) of DSG. Tree carbon stock showed non-signicant weak positive correlation with species richness (r = 0.290, p = 0.120) and diversity index (r = 0.219, p = 0.246) in SSG but it showed non-significant weak negative correlation with species richness (r = - 0.077, p = 0.607) and diversity index (r = - 0.201, p = 0.177) in DSG. The findings of this study will be helpful to direct implication for the management and policies related to sacred groves for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation.Item Impact of invasive plant..................(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) Pandey, RakshyaItem PHYSICO-CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS AND AQUATIC PLANT DIVERSITY OF DIPANG LAKE, POKHARA, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) Thapa, ArjunDipang lake is the important but vulnerable lake of Pokhara valley due to mainly natural causes and other human activities. Understanding of different water properties is helpful in sustainable management of lake. The present investigation deals with the characterization of water quality parameters of Dipang lake situated in Pokhara- Lekhnath Metropolitan city, Kaski. The investigation was carried out on physical parameters like colour, odour, temperature and transparency while chemical parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, alkalinity, total hardness, nitrate and ammonia both seasonally (rainy, winter and summer) as well as source wise (inlet, middle and outlet). Present study highlights the natural variation of the different water quality parameters of the lake water seasonally as well as water source wise. But parameters were within the permissible limit for fishing, agricultural and domestic purposes. Statistically the recorded mean values of water parameters especially temperature i.e (27±1.76 °C in rainy to 10.95±0.55 °C in winter) and total hardness i.e (92±11.06 ppm in dry summer to 32.30 ± 6 ppm in winter) varies significantly (p<0.05) according to the season. Likewise, other parameters show slight fluctuations seasonally. The water parameters also affect the growth of some plant species especially Nelumbo lutea (Yellow lotus) which was found only towards the water inlet where the amount of ammonia is high 18±14.03 ppm.Item Jagadish(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) Upadhaya, Jagadish0.5M Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nano-particle thin films were deposited on cleaned glass substrates by dip coating technique with 350 mm/min dipping speed. These films were optically characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The band gap of film was found to be 3.11 eV having thickness 903.176 nm. Thickness was measured using a Swanepoel method. The refractive index of ZnO was also measured and its value was found to be 2.091 -1.532 in the wavelength of 350- 800 nm. The prepared ZnO thin film was used to detect ethanol vapor in the temperature range 180 to 300 ºC. The highest response of 3.4 was found at the operating temperature of 240 ºC for 500 ppm of ethanol vapor. Corresponding response and recovery times were found as 9.82 and 16.33 sec respectively.Item ALKALOID EXTRACT OF ALNUS NEPALENSIS BARK AS GREEN INHIBITOR FOR MILD STEEL CORROSION IN 1 M H2SO4 SOLUTION(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) Dhakal, KamalaExtraction of alkaloids from Alnus nepalensis bark has been successfully carried out, and used as green inhibitor for mild steel corrosion exposed to 1 M H2SO4 solutoin. Corrosion inhibition has been monitored by weight loss measurement and electrochemical methods (open circuit potential method and potentiodynamic polarization method). Alkaloids have been tested by two qualitative chemical analysis: Mayers test and FTIR spectroscpic test. Weight loss measurement was employed to study the inhibitor concentration and immersion time effect. Similarly, temperature effect on inhibition efficiency was also carried out by this method. The corrosion inhibition efficiency with concentration at the various time showed that the maximum efficiency occurs at 3 h for 1000 ppm solution is 71.94 % at 25 C. These results concluded that the inhibition efficiency was incresed with inhibitor concentration. Potentiodynamic polarization for 3 h immersed samples in the presence and absence of inhibitors has been carried out. The maximum efficiency of immersed sample is 90.00 % for 1000 ppm solution. The corrosion potential density was decreased with increase in concentration. The OCP measurement revealed that alkaloids acted as a mixed type of inhibitor. The adsorption isotherm and theromdynamic parameters are calculated and energy of activation (Ea) is found to be 74.48 kJ/mol. The positive value of enthalpy indicated that the reaction involves is endothermic in nature.Item Response of carbon and tungsten surface to deuterium and tritium plasmas(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) Paudel, S.P.The interaction between plasma and confining material surface is crucial for better understanding of plasma-wall interactions. In this work, we have studied the interactions of carbon and tungsten surfaces in an oblique magnetic field with deuterium and tritium plasmas using Kinetic Trajectory Simulation (KTS) approach not considering the induced emissions of electrons by incident ions. The parameters including ion reflection coefficient, ion absorption coefficient, total charge density and Thomas Fermi reduced energy at various ion temperatures has been calculated. The choice of plasma facing material surface is also important to study plasma-wall interaction phenomenon. It has been observed that ion reflection coefficient decreases with the increase in ion temperature and its value is comparatively higher on tungsten wall and in tritium plasma respectively. On the other hand the ion absorption coefficient increases due to increase in projectile energy as the ion temperature increases. The total charge density increases linearly with the temperature. The Thomas Fermi reduced energy by carbon and tungsten surface are higher in deuterium plasma and also increases linearly with ion temperatures. For carbon wall the ion reflection coefficient is found to be 0.0076 at 0.5 eV and decreases to 0.0010 at 2.5 eV in deuterium plasma which slightly increases to 0.0085 and 0.0012 at the respective temperatures. Similarly for tungsten wall the ion reflection coefficient is 0.2576 and 0.1164 in deuterium plasma but is slightly higher in tritium plasma which is found to be 0.2582 and 0.1170 at 0.5 eV and 2.5 eV respectively.Item DIVERSITY OF GROUND DWELLING ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN JITPURPHEDI, TARKESHWOR OF KATHMANDU, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) Pandey, SangeetaAnts (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are the mostdiverse and successful insects on theEarth. Ant diversity is likely high, but there have been few studies on the ant diversity distribution in Nepal. This study evaluated the ants diversity habitats wise and seasonally through different methods in Jitpurphedi, Tarkeshwor. Samples were collected in three different habitats viz. forests, cultivated land and grassland in rainy (2019), autumn (2019) and winter (2019 and 2020) using pitfall traps, bait traps and opportunistic manual collection. Altogether 1748 ants were collecte d including five subfamilies, 19 genera and 27morphospecies.SubfamilyFormicinae wasthe most dominant and Dorylinaewasthe least. Camponotous was the most abundant genus as well as most specious genus in all seasons. Among the three different habitats, the similarity index (0.77) was found highest between cultivated land and grassland. Forests were the species rich habitat wit h Shannon diversityindex3.11andevennessindex1.1.Similarly,highestnumberof antspecieswas collected in autumn season with Shannon diversity (2.96) and evenness index (0.9). The One-way ANOVA concluded that relationships between habitats and ant diversity as well as with seasons were statitistically insignificant as the p<0.05. Pitfall traps was the most effective technique for ant collection over bait traps and manual collection in all habitats and seasons.Item FISH DIVERSITY OF SHUKLAPHANTA NATIONAL PARK, KANCHANPUR, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) POUDYAL, BISHALShuklaphanta National Park lies in the extreme south far western terai region in Kanchanpur district, Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal. This study was conducted between 2076/12/06-2076/12/16 (first survey) and 2077/06/23-2077/07/02 (second survey). The study area was divided into ten stations for fish sampling and physicochemical parameters were also analyzed. Cast net of different mesh size, scoop net, hook and line, flow modification, trap and gill net were used for fish collection. A total of 1,848 fish were captured belonging to 6 orders, 17 families, 31 genera and 53 species. Cypriniformes was the dominant order comprising 60% of species, Anabantiformes had second highest species composition (17%) that is, 4 families, 4 genera and 9 species followed by order Siluriformes (15% species composition) belonging to 5 families, 6 genera and 8 species and the order Synbranchiformes, Perciformes and Beloniformes had lowest species composition (4%, 2% and 2%) respectively. During the study the smallest fish species; Botia geto, the biggest sized fish species; Labeo rohita and longest; Sperata seenghala was reported. Among the recorded species, Puntius chola had highest frequency (6.11%). Among the recorded species, twelve species were Least Concern (UN), six species were Data deficient/pristine rare ornamental species (PRO), three species were vulnerable species (VU), two species were Endangered (EN) and one species Rare and threatened (R). An analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) indicated that there is a significant difference between the fish assemblage structure in study seasons (R= -0.833, P= 0.985). Throughout the study period, water temperature ranged from 18-29 0C, pH value ranged in between 7.9- 9.8, DO ranged from 3.5 to 13.6 mg/l, TDS was 20- 432 ppm. CCA ordination was analyzed to find the relation between fish species with environment variables. Comparing the station wise fish diversity, species richness and evenness were highest in Station 2 and 1 and results from the CCA hinted that water parameters DO and TDS were the influencing factors to determine fish community structure in water bodies of Shuklaphanta National Park.Item DIVERSITY OF GROUND DWELLING ANTS (HYMENOPETRA: FORMICIDAE) IN RAJBIRAJ, SAPTARI, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) Yadav, KopilaAnts are important in terms of biodiversity as they are the most diverse, abundant and ecologically significant organisms onearth. Ants werecollected usingpitfall traps, baittraps and manual collection in three different habitats viz. forest, cultivated land and grass land in springandwinterseasons.Thisstudy documentedtheant’sgeneraandassessspeciesrichness and their diversity in different habitats and seasons using different methods. Altogether 1350 antswerecollectedrepresentingfoursubfamilies,17genera and36morphspecies.Formicinae was the most dominant sub-family (62.59%), followed by Myrmicinae (22.59%), Ponerinae (13.92%),Pseudomyrmicinae(0.89%).Camponotous was themostabundantgenusaswellas themostadaptedgenuswhichwasmostspeciousgenus(12 morphospecies).Amongthethree sites, the similarity index (0.85) was found highest between forest and grassland. Species richness (10), Shannon diversity index (0.97) and abundance (448) were higher in spring in comparison to winter season. Similarly species richness (17), Shannon diversity index (1.03) and evenness (0.36) were found highest in forest, while species abundance was least in cultivate land. The One-way ANOVA concluded that relationships between habitats and ant diversity as well as with seasons were statitistically insignificant as the p<0.05. Pitfall trap was most effective method for ants collection as the ants collected through this method was maximum (946) as compared to bait trap (404) and manual hand collection in all habitats and seasons.Item EFFECT OF LIVE FISH FEED: Artemia sp. ON EARLY GROWTH STAGES OF GRASS CARP (Ctenopharyngodon idella) IN AQUARIUM CULTURE(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) GHIMIRE, SUYATRABrine shrimp (Artemia sp.) has been a popular live fish feed in many countries for a long time. However, use of Artemia nauplii in earlier stage growth of fish in Nepal had not been properly carried out. So, growth of Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) larvae 7 DAH was tested on three diets; control diet D1 (Artemia nauplii plus hen’s egg yolk), D2 (egg yolk) and D3 (Artemia nauplii), with three replicates each from 5/10/2021 to 6/21/2021. Diet was provided once a day at 4 pm at 5% their body weight. The physicochemical parameters (pH, DO, TDS, Conductivity, Salinity, and atmospheric pressure) were measured every day and the tanks were set at a temperature of 25 ˚C with aquarium heater. The weight of larvae was measured every 7 days. At the end of the study on 42nd day, larvae were dissected and their hepatosomatic index (HSI) was measured. A significant difference (p<0.05) among the groups in experiment was seen in feed conversion ratio (FCR), % weight gain, survival percentage, and protein intake. Highest growth, hepatosomatic index (HSI), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and survival was recorded in the group fed diet D2 (egg yolk) and least was observed in the group fed diet D3 (Artemia).