Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2023-05"
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Item EASY READ(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) D.C., NIKESH; PANDEY, RAVI; CHHETRY, ROHAN; BANSAL, YUKTAMost of the information we perceive is through our vision. Visual impairment can hamper day to day task performing capability of an individual and among one of such crucial task is learning. On this note, to provide an aid in independent learning for visually impaired person, the system has been developed. The system captures image of textual documents using a mobile application. As the image is captured by people who are visually challenged, the image is likely to have distortions such as shadows and uneven illuminations. The captured image is sent to a remote server for pre-processing, involving binarization, noise reduction, and layout analysis to make it suitable for OCR processing.The pre-processed image is fed to an OCR engine to obtain textual format. The extracted text is then used to generate speech as final output, enabling people to hear the text in the captured image.Item VIDEO UPSAMPLING OF CCTV FOOTAGES(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) ARYAL, NIKHIL; POKHREL, SANDESH; BHANDARI, SANJAY; PANGENI, SANTOSHThe idea of super resolution and image upsampling have taken the field of computer vision by storm. New methods to upsample a grainy and low resolution videos are now the new chase. Our research is focused on upsampling a CCTV video through the use of deep learning techniques. Video superresolution often show sub-par results because they tend to have more components to process than their image counterparts, namely temporal dimension apart from the usual spatial dimension. In this research, we have studied these components and developed a pipeline that effectively processes the spatio-temporal information through optical flow, backed up by novel deep learning based VSR practices such as feature alignment, aggregation and upsampling. We examined and improved the pipeline based on the BasicVSR architecture and developed a model of our own by introducing residual in residual dense blocks. The new model RD-BasicVSR, was successful in surpassing the results of BasicVSR in both PSNR and SSIM metrics at same experimental settings.Item आधार:AN OPPORTUNITY CENTER FOR WOMEN(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) BAN, YURIKAThis report presents a thesis on the topic of "Aadhar: An Opportunity Center for Women", which aims to uplift Indigenous women in Nepal. The Chepang community has been selected as the focus of the study and survey. The project named "Aadhar" aims to provide a platform for women who require empowerment and are severely underrepresented. It seeks to create opportunities for them and help uplift their status, enabling them to understand their own identity. Nepal is a nation that exhibits promise for advancement, although it does not exist without social disparities. While a certain segment enjoys ample prospects, there are those who are situated beneath the poverty threshold. Likewise, while a particular group of individuals possesses the means to access fundamental human rights, nation’s priorities, justice, and amenities, there are others who are dispersed and in search of a livelihood. It is a pronounced gender stereotype and societal concern that continues to pervade numerous communities, despite remaining unacknowledged and underreported. Thus, Gender being one of the factors representing the social disparities in our society, with a highly marginalized ethnic group ‘Chepang’ being another factor reflecting the need of upliftment and opportunities, holds together the overall objectives of the thesis project.Item URBAN AGRICULTURE CENTRE: AN INTEGRATED SPACE FOR URBAN FARMING, RESEARCH AND INTERACTION(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) Awal, SalinaAgriculture is an important key to human development. The social relation between human and agriculture, that was developed from initial phase of human development, is getting weaker. Everything around us has changed a lot including available natural resources, technological advancements, climatic conditions, population density and their demands. But, agriculture hasn't changed much in thousands of years. We are still going above acres of crop land, far from the people who eat it. In Kathmandu valley, urban and peri-urban agriculture have been practiced from ancient time and is traditional way of life. Like many cities in the world, Kathmandu is pushing the agriculture and nature away from settlement. The current unsustainable system of agriculture including massive amount of food imports and malpractice of chemicals in food production have created severe threats to health, environment and economy of the valley. It is no longer economically viable because of population growth, crop failures, urbanization, and dealing with a changing external environment. Building a farm and a research unit close to the people it serves is the only option to deliver a sustainable approach to food crises and food security in the future. Considering drastic decrease in the available farm land and current demand of food, the better alternative to prevailing tradition system of agriculture can be vertical farming, indoor high-tech farming and roof farming. Promoting and extending the urban agriculture in the city through adoption of vertical farming is the major aim of the project. The project will also contribute to strengthen intricate relation between agriculture and people. The concept is to design a hi-tech urban farm and necessary research and training units for the urban farm that provides theoretical and practical knowledge about various growing technologies of urban farming, along with the fresh, healthy and disease-free fruits and vegetables grown in the farm to people of the city. Therefore, the project emphasizes symbiosis of agriculture and architecture through modern agricultural systems to reconnect people with nature and solve major issues of food crisis at the same time.Item Nepali OCR(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) Bhusal, Abish; Chhetri, Gopal Baidawar; Bhattarai, Kiran; Pandey, Manjeethandwritten Nepali texts. Our system’s architecture consists of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for feature extraction and a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) for sequence recognition. The training dataset consists of around 80,000 Nepali handwritten images, which are preprocessed and augmented to increase the system’s robustness. NepaliOCR can be used to convert printed or handwritten Nepali text into editable digital formats, making it useful for a range of applications such as document digitization, language learning, and natural language processing. This paper presents an overview of the NepaliOCR system, including its architecture, training methodology, and performance evaluation. The lack of a reliable tool for Nepali handwriting recognition motivated us to develop this system. The system is developed as a part of the Bachelor in Computer Engineering Major Project. Machine learning has been used in the system to overcome the limitations of traditional computer systems. Our attempt to develop a tool for Nepali Handwriting Recognition using Machine Learning is discussed in this report. With the recent advancement in machine learning, our system shows great potential for practical applications in the digitization of Nepali handwriting.Item SHRUTI - A NEPALI BOOK READER(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) PAUDEL, PRABIN; SHAH, RAHUL; G.C., RANJU; KHADKA, SUPRIYAThe use of audiobook technology in the classroom has long been a viable instructional intervention for struggling readers. Shruti, an AI-generated Nepali book reader, is an application that generates a voice for the book. It is a text-to-speech(TTS) system that takes an input book in a PDF format. The PDF is extracted to text using Optical Character Recognition(OCR) and sent to the text-to-speech pipeline. The speech synthesis acts in two phases: spectrogram generation and vocoder output. The text is extracted, preprocessed, tokenized and sent to the modified Tacotron2 model for generating Mel spectrograms. The output in the form of Mel spectrograms is sent to the HifiGAN vocoder, which produces the sound. The synthesized sample of speech attained a Mean Opinion Score of 4.04 on the basis of naturalness, when audio samples were subjected to 28 volunteers. This sound is post-processed as a final output. The model has been deployed and integrated with a mobile application.Item SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) MAGAR, ANIL BUDHAThe main aim of this project is to inform the future design of learning spaces, interior arrangement, and building typologies associated with the school of architecture, in order to facilitate the changing pedagogical practices needed to support a mass higher education system with its greater student diversity. Architectural education itself is a student-centered course; learning by doing, project-based learning. Design studios should be seen as both personal and collaborative spaces. Interaction and exchange are integral parts of architectural education. This report examines how architecture schools are closed boxes that can function as integrated communities by balancing their main functions such as learning, socializing, and sharing ideas. One size does not fit all. Therefore, one environment is not suitable for different student merit processes. New learning environments such as technology-integrated immersive individual and group learning environments are important. The main goal is therefore to create a flexible new learning environment that respects student freedom and encourages them to be more creative.Item RETHINKING PUBLIC LIBRARY(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) KHADKA, LAWRISHALibrary and information science have been part of society from the beginning of their existence. The importance of information seeking has been increasing with time, and information has been a key component in this competition. Library existed before the invention of books, now in modern times, the world is shifting toward a new era of learning which is digitalization, today’s library needs to incorporate those things. Recognizing the condition of libraries in Nepal, it suggests a shift away from 'collection' to 'connection'. The library now requires a spatial configuration that can combine multiple functions, combining library space with other components such as maker spaces, galleries, and performance spaces. In doing so, the library is now rethought and reimagined to make the center active on a regular basis, hosting unique events while staying relevant and useful for the daily use of the residents nearby. Offering supplementary open spaces alongside specialized program facilities community engagement and the making of a vibrant public realm.Item ECO-RESORT(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) CHAUDHARY, KISHORNepal comprises only 0.1% of the land area in a global scale but is endowed with disproportionately rich diversity of flora and fauna; heart seizing scenic beauty; diverse culture; ethnic etiquettes. Nepal’s diverse and magnificent environment along with the country’s hospitable and pleasant people has made her one of the major tourist destinations and variation in culture, tradition, built forms, and socio-economic pattern is a uniqueness of Nepal. One can experience scorching heat to freezing cold within 4-5 day trek, with a great natural and cultural variance, which is almost hard to get anywhere in any other part of the world as the climate here varies from Tropical to Arctic.Item SIMARA SPORTS CENTER(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) Bharati, Sushant RajArchitecture is such a part of society which has trapped all the aspects of the society itself. It seeks to find the harmony among the various societal aspects. Architecture, in the sense is called the art of place making. The main goal of ‘Simara Sports Centre’ is to provide a friendly and productive environment for the people from different age groups where one can interact, play, enjoy and build their healthy life through sports and other recreational activities. This project especially focuses on creating a place as the center for sports tourism which will host national and international games and even create national and international players from the community level. This project also emphasize on making people realize the need of sports and recreation center at community level for the better healthy lifestyle of the people.Item LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE IN TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY CONSTITUENT CAMPUSES:(Central Department of Library and Information Science, 2023-05) Adhikari, Mahendra PrasadThis thesis entitled "Library Management Software in Tribhuvan University Constituent Campuses: Problems and Solutions" focuses on the challenges faced by Tribhuvan University (TU) campus libraries in managing their library management software. It highlights the lack of uniform software and limited awareness among executives and librarians, which hinder data availability and effective management. Among the 62 TU constituent campuses libraries only 35 campuses libraries have installed library management software and other has not installed till the time of data collection. So, this research includes only 35 libraries using library management The findings revealed open-source software like Koha was chosen by 8 campuses, while 25 campuses opted proprietary software such as Cosmos, Mumolas, E-Library, and Mitra ERP. Difficulties in accessing technicians for software maintenance were reported by 71% of the campuses. Moreover, only 28% of the campuses had the capability to import/export MARC data, and among them, only 23% utilized this provision. Lack of uniformity in data management and limited import/export capabilities were common issues across campuses. The variation in software choices and scarcity of technicians available for software maintenance evolved as major problems. The study emphasizes the need for staffing adjustments and comprehensive training programs to enhance the skills of the workforce in campus libraries. It recommends investing in technology and to understand the factors influencing automation. In conclusion, this study highlights the challenges faced by TU campus libraries in managing their library management software and proposes solutions to improve data management and operational efficiency. It underscores the importance of addressing issues related to software uniformity, awareness, and training while investing in technology and conducting further research for continuous improvement in TU campus libraries. Keywords: automation, integrated system, digital library, academic libraryItem SQUATTER RELOCATION AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) BISTA, AAYUSHThis report was prepared as a documentation of the research carried out for thesis regarding the topic of “Squatter Relocation”. The research addresses the problems of slum generation in the cities of the world, especially the growth of squatter settlements along the banks of Bagmati River in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. The research was based on finding suitable strategies for solution of slums and squatters, and their relocation, providing affordable housing in a better-built environment for the squatters and including them in the urban fabric with all the required infrastructures, facilities and spaces.. The research also seeks to adopt these strategies in designing an affordable housing for the squatters in Balkhu area of Kathmandu, with active community participation and holistic design of housing as well as public space. The relocation site is located at kirtipur because of various reasons. Firstly, lumanti had already located a community in the area. The area is close to balkhu and also has a good vehicular access which makes this a good place to resettle the community as they are dependent on the job. The community relocated by lumanti also lacks various interacting spaces as well as learning centres. Thus, my research addresses the need of skill development centers for both of the communities to be benefitted from.Item SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT CENTER FOR THE URBAN POOR OF KATHMANDU(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) MANANDHAR, RUJALThis report was prepared as a documentation of the research and design carried out for thesis regarding the topic Social Development Center for the Urban Poor of Kathmandu. The study focuses on the issues surrounding slum formation in urban areas around the globe, particularly the expansion of squatter communities along the banks of the Bagmati River in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley. The goal of the research was to identify effective solutions for slums and squatters for their social, economic and overall development, providing a better environment for the squatters to settle in and to include them into the society. One of the research themes is also the regeneration of the public space that has been lost within the current squatter communities. The research also seeks to adopt strategies in designing locally with the perception and psychology of the squatters with active community participation. The research was conducted using a review of the available literature, national, regional, and international case studies, site visits, study, and analysis, as well as consultation with the thesis supervisor, references from seniors and other scholars, examination of scholarly journals, websites, documents, and reports, questionnaires, surveys. The conclusion drawn from the literature review served as a fundamental underpinning for the case study selection criteria.Item RAJI CULTURAL CENTER(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) SAUD, DAMMARThe aim of the project is to create a common cultural, social, and economic ground for Raji community where Raji people can come together, worki togher, and preserve their culture. The cultural center will create an inspiring placemfor both Raji and visitors, where visitors can explore the Raji culture. As, the major target group is Raji community, center is combination of natural landscape and rural context. The center is designed as a public and community platform, integrating the programs and functions of need of Raji people and visitors. Cultural center not only exhibits the cultural and traditional heritage but also creates the interactive environment where the artist, visitors will get engaged and get experience fi rsthand. As the cultural and indigenous identity of Raji are on the verge of extinction due to lack of awareness, lack of infrastructure, lack of education and negligence of the authority. Raji cultural center is the important for the community to preserve, promote the culture. The major spaces like workshop, artist accommodation, formal and informal education, social and economic spaces are dedicated to Raji community. Gender based spaces for also provided for Raji man and woman. The study uses both qualitative and quantitative research to understand the theoretical as well as the technical side of the project. The research includes the study of literature, case studies, site analysis, program formulation, and conclusion of the study. The study provides the design guidelines, spatial requirements and the functional relationships that needs to be realized in the indigenous cultural center.Item VIPASSANA MEDITATION CENTRE(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) MANANDHAR, AMANVipassana meditation is the quintessence of Buddha's teaching . It is a technique of self observation , an objective observation of the mind - body phenomena with a view to achieving purification of mind , which leads to total eradication of mental defilements and inculcates such wholesome qualities as loving - kindness , equanimity , sympathetic joy and compassion . The technique is simple , scientific , universal and available to all irrespective of caste , creed , nationality or beliefs . For the practice of Vipassana meditation , a quiet and congenial environment is an important requirement . When Sayagyi U Ba Khin , the most distinguished world teacher of Vipassana , established the first Vipassana meditation centre in Yangon ( Rangoon ) in Myanmar ( Burma ) , he conceived a novel idea of building a hollow pagoda with cells inside for individual meditationItem Riverfront Development(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) Panthi, ShankarRivers are very close to human life. Human civilizations have originated and flourished from the banks of rivers. Many famous cities all over the world are generally located at the junctions of rivers and the sea. Riverfront development can be an opportunity for developing the city. Developed cities without proper waterfront cannot be imagined. Proper waterfront development adds beauty to the urban city and connects humans with water. But due to overpopulation and unmanaged urbanization, rivers today have become highly polluted. They have become places for dumping. Waterfronts are highly neglected, and they have lost connection with the cities and humans. Riverfront development in the present context Is a very common term to us. The urban community receives various characteristics from the development of waterfronts. Waterfront development is totally a public asset. Riverfront development not only increases the beauty of the river but also its surroundings and increases the aesthetics of the city. It also helps to attract activities in the riverside areas and helps to grow the economy of the place. This research has studied the urban waterfront along the Tinau River, Butwal discussing the connection between the river, people, and the city for its improvement and sustainable development.Item Trees Outside Forests of Kathmandu Valley(Institute of Science & Technology, 2023-05) Shrestha, BabitaTrees Outside Forests (hereafter TOFs) are one or more trees and or shrubs found in an area of <0.5 ha. These are found in all strata such as urban, suburban and rural. These are important for biodiversity conservation and carbon storage. Some TOFs serve as Tree Related Micro Habitats (hereafter TreMs) while some TOFs are important for timber production. All TOFs are important for firewood production. The broad objective of this research is to increase our knowledge in the field of TOFs by understanding biodiversity, carbon stock and ecosystem services provided by TOFs in urban-rural gradient in Kathmandu Valley. The specific objectives of the study are: to assess the species diversity of TOFs; to estimate the phytomass carbon stock and SOC of TOFs; to assess the ecosystem services (TreMs) provided by the TOFs and to assess the economic valuation (Timber and firewood) of TOFs. This research was carried out in Kathmandu Valley. Data were collected from May 2015 to February 2017. Inventory was performed in 209 randomly selected points by MS Excel using circular plots of 20 m radius in all three strata. Tree level characteristics of TOFs (height > 1.37 m and DBH ≥ 5 cm) in the plots were recorded along with quality class. Other organisms making one or more habitats or support on the TOFs species were also enumerated. Nests and cavities if present were noted along with the organism types. Sap or resin if present were also recorded. Soil samples were also collected from five cordial pits in each plot. A comparative analysis of species richness, similarity index, species diversity index, evenness, maturity index, species richness index, species importance value index (IVI), family importance value (FIV), tree density, phytomass carbon stock, Soil Organic Carbon (hereafter SOC), Tree related Microhabitats (TreMs) along with quality class, wood production potential and timber and firewood values were done in TOFs along the urban–rural gradient in Kathmandu Valley. A total of 6,210 individuals of 150 plant species [trees (n=121) and shrubs (n=29)] belonging to 111 genera and 57 families were recorded. These species came under 80 natives and 70 exotics. The average values of species number, species richness, Shannon-Weiner diversity index, evenness and Menhinick's species richness index were 6.32, 50.24 ha-1, 1.33, 0.61, and 1.24 respectively in the study area. The average species richness was higher in the urban stratum (55.95 ha-1). Similarity index was higher in urban-suburban (SI= 0.66) strata. The average Shannon Weiner diversity index was higher in the urban stratum (1.46). Average evenness was significantly higher in the urban stratum (0.67). The average Menhenick’s species richness index was higher in the rural stratum (1.28). Maturity index of the study area was 4.39. It was higher in rural stratum (6.74). The average values of tree density, phytomass carbon stock and SOC in the study area were 236.35 ha-1, 32.40 t ha-1 and 42.32 t ha-1. Average tree density was found higher in the suburban stratum (248.44 ha-1). Average species richness was found higher in the urban stratum (55.95 ha-1). The suburban stratum was richer in native species (53.33 %). Similarly, average phytomass carbon stock was significantly higher in urban stratum (39.41 t ha-1). But average SOC was higher in rural stratum (44.78 t ha-1). One thousand and thirty-eight individuals of 64 species were found to serve as TreMs. Four forms, 5 groups and 14 types of TreMs were recorded in the study area. All types were found in urban stratum. Similarly, 53 tree species were recorded with merchantable timber in the study area. The average tree density of quality class A was significantly higher and that of quality class B was higher in the urban stratum. The average tree density of quality class C was higher in the suburban stratum. Cinnamonum camphora and Pinus roxburghii were found to have more market values for total timber and firewood respectively. TOFs have diverged species diversity in the study area. C. camphora was found to be the important TOFs species for carbon storage, TreMs along with higher merchantable value of total wood. The study provides the baseline data useful for biodiversity conservation through TOFs, urban green enhancement, green urban planning and development, carbon sink management, TreMs along with the useful timber species suggesting a need for appropriate species selection for TOFs plantations. Gravillea robusta, C. camphora & P. roxburghii with highest IVI values and carbon storing capacities should be planted on urban areas for greenery and to enhance the air quality & manage carbon in the atmosphere. More tree plantations in TOFs areas are recommended for timber availability which would upgrade the local livelihoods, to lessen the import of wood & wooden materials, increase the urban greenery and create better environment. More researches on TOFs that is kept under forestry should be done.Item LOW RESOLUTION FACE RECOGNITION USING DEEP LEARNING(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) BASNET, AARCHAN; LAMICHHANE, BISHAL; GURUNG, BISHWASHIn recent years, face recognition systems have achieved impressive performance and results using variety of algorithms and methods but such methods often fail to recognize a face image of low resolutiom. Face Recognition(FR) degrades when faces are of very low resolution since many details about the difference between one person and another can only be captured in images of sufficient resolution. In order to have better face recognition in low resolution environment, our project uses a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) model of a Residual Network Architecture to reconstruct the low resolution image into a higher resolution image and another CNN model to extract features from the newly reconstructed image to compare and recognize the face using a classifier. In case of the project, the low resolution image is taken of resolution 32X32 and the higher resolution image is of 128X128. The PSNR value for the super resolution model is 29.3256 dB and SSIM value is 0.7686. The accuracy of the Face Recognition model is 86.32% The performance of proposed method is evaluated on a custom face dataset using confusion matrix and it shows a decent precision and recall values.Item STUDY OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY BUILDING(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) Pokharel, Santosh; Bhandari, Saraswati; Basnet, Saroj; Dhakal, Saugat; Sah, Shivam Kumar; Dahal, UttamThis project report presents a study on earthquake-resistant analysis and design of a Multistorey building, located in a high-risk seismic zone in Nepal. The report covers a comprehensive analysis of the building's seismic behavior using two widely used analysis methods - Equivalent Static Method and Modal Response Spectrum Model. The analysis includes a detailed seismic hazard assessment, dynamic analysis, and design of the building's structural components, such as columns, beams, and slabs. The design of the building is based on the NBC codes, including NBC-205:2017 and NBC-206:2017, and IS codes, including IS 1893:2016, IS 13920:2016, and IS 456:2000. The report includes a detailed study of earthquake-resistant design techniques, such as ductility, energy dissipation, and their effectiveness in reducing the seismic vulnerability of the building. The study concludes that the use of ductile detailing and energy dissipation systems in the building's design improves its seismic performance and reduces the risk of collapse during an earthquake. The project aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of earthquake-resistant design principles and their application in the design of Multi-storey buildings. The report can serve as a valuable resource for civil engineering students and professionals, providing them with practical knowledge of earthquake-resistant design principles. The findings of this study can contribute to improving the seismic performance of buildings in high-risk seismic zones, reducing the risk of loss of life and property during an earthquake.Item AGRO MARKET HUB(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-05) OJHA, SAKULMarkets have been vital elements of cities for thousands of years to provide shelters for the buyers and sellers and to protect and promote the trade in fresh food. Markets have existed for millennia as an important part of cities not only for economic purposes but also as a place for social interaction. In the context of Nepal, the architecture of famers’ market remains unexplored and lacks permanency. So, there is need to explore the architectural possibilities of farmers’ market in accordance to very demanding population of present scenario. The research aims to touches on issues such as rethinking of the roles of markets in the urban structures as the new type of social area, supporting urban traditions and being the exchanging medium between communities not only economically, but also socially. The actual research is determined by the pursuit of new forms of market and functional programming corresponding to the request of a modern consumer. This report was prepared to document the research carried out to discover and understand the design of markets related to food procurement. Research on the history and trend of markets, food procurement, market mechanisms, issues, market culture, physical realms of market and placemaking through various case studies and literature. The study provides the design guidelines, technical foundations, spatial relations, and functional requirement that are to be realized in the farmers’ market.
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