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Item FISH DIVERSITY OF RAPTI RIVER, CHITWAN, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) TAMANG, SAGARThe present study was conducted in Rapti River of Chitwan District located between latitudes of 27°20’ to 27°52’N and longitudes of 83°55’ to 84°52’E. The field visit was conducted from 23rd February to 28th June, 2020. Samples were collected from four stations, i.e. Manahari, Lothar, Kumroj and Sauraha for fishes and physicochemical parameters such as water temperature, DO, water velocity and pH. Fishes were collected with the help of well-trained local fisherman, by using a cast net of varying mesh sizes (6mm, 2cm). A total of 36 fish species were collected belonging to 5 orders, 11 families and 24 genera. The Cypriniformes was the dominant order with 24 species representing 65.71% of the total collection, followed by Siluriformes (8 species, 22.85%) and Anabantiformes (2 species, 5.7%). Each of Beloniformes and Synbranchiformes was collected a single species representing 2.85 % respectively. The highest species richness (9) was recorded at Kumroj and lowest species (3) at Manahari in rainy season. Similarly, the highest species richness (8) was recorded at Manahari and the lowest species (4) at Sauraha in winter season. The Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index was high at Kumroj (1.588) and low at Manhari (1.055) in rainy season. It is high at Kumroj (1.588) and low at Lothar (1.298) in winter. In rainy season, the highest Simpson diversity index (0.75) was found at Sauraha and the lowest (0.611) was at Lothar. In winter, the highest Simpson diversity index (0.768) was found at Kumroj and the lowest (0.702) was at Lothar. In rainy season, the highest Margalef’s index (2.09) was found in Kumroj and the lowest (1.243) was at Manhari. In winter, the highest Margalef’s index (2.164) was found at Sauraha and the lowest (0.965) was found at Lothar. Dissolved oxygen was recorded as the highest (11.5 mg/l) at Manhari and lowest (8.3 mg/l) at Sauraha in winter season. The dissolved oxygen was comparatively lower in rainy season which ranged from 7.4 mg/l (Sauraha) to 9.8 mg//l (Lothar). The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed a strong positive association between species like Barilius barila, B. bendelisis, B. modestus, C. jaya, and T. tor with DO. C. chagunio was found to be negatively associated with pH and the remaining species however showed the average association. It is evident that systematic research on regular interval of time basis is crucial to have more reliable data on fish diversity status. Long term research covering more seasons and more water quality parameters is highly recommended in this river in future.Item Assessment of bacteriological quality of underground water from Kathmandu, Nepal and antibiotic.................(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Shah, Nilu KumariItem FISH DIVERSITY OF TULSIHAWA LAKE, RUPANDEHI, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) RAUT, TARAThe study on the fish diversity of Tulsihawa Lake, Rupendehi, Nepal was carried out four different seasons from October 2021 to July 2022. The cast net was used to collect fish samples hiring local fishermen. Physico-chemical parameters were also analyzed. A total species richness of 19 species was collected from Tulsihawa Lake, out of which 2 species were nonnative. Order Cypriniformes and family Cyprinidae were dominant both in species composition and individual capture. Amblyphryngodon microlepis was dominant species accounting 50.53% followed by Puntius sophore (14.99%) and Chanda nama (8.21%). The water quality parameters were found within suitable range that supports fish diversity. Fish diversity was positively correlated with temperature, transparency, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity whereas turbidity, pH, and total hardness negatively correlated. The Shannon - Weiner diversity index, Margalef's richness and evenness index indicated a strong relationship with overall species richness. So, it is concluded that Tulsihawa Lake harbors suitable habitat for variety of fish species and aquatic inhabitants.Item Breeding performance and rearing of Bhakur ..................(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Gurung, SoniyaThe study of breeding performance and rearing of Catla catla was done in Pure Line Fish Breed Conservation and Promotion Resource Centre, Rupendehi, Nepal from July to November 2020. Fishes were spawned successfully following a single dose of ovaprim with 0.5ml/kg for female and 0.25ml/kg for male. The spawning behaviour was observed after 8 hours of hormone treatment at temperature ranges from 29-31°C. The hatching occurred after 13 hours of fertilization. The experiment was conducted in three replicas of 1×1×1m3 hapa. The fecundity was 142,400 to 324,800 while Gonado somatic index was 5.12-8.88%. The fertilization, hatching and survival rate were 77.78%, 65.25% and 44.1% respectively. The pH ranges from 7.6 to 9.8, dissolved oxygen 5.0mg/lt to 8.6 mg/lt and temperature 25.8-37.1°C. The water quality parameters were suitable for breeding and rearing of Catla catla and the ideal weight of female was found 4.5 kg.Item ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITYTESTING OF ISOLATED COLIFORMS FROM PANEER MARKETED IN KATHMANDU(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) PRADHAN, MANISHAPaneer is a valuable dairy product due to its high nutritional value, distinctive texture, and flavor makes it a good meat substitute. Poor hygiene during preparation, storage and handling of foods including dairy products can lead to microbial contamination in developing nations like Nepal. The aim of this study was to screen microbial quality of paneer and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility testing of total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms. Here, 30 paneer samples were randomly collected from dairy shops and other different locations in Kathmandu and samples were processed at Department of Microbiology, Amrit Campus during April to June 2022. Serial dilution of sample was performed and by using pour plate method, total coliform count and thermotolerant coliform count was determined. All isolated organisms were identified by various biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of coliforms was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. In this study, 16.6% of paneer samples were within requirements of DFTQC and FSSAI with maximum count of 4.5×105 cfu/gm and thermotolerant bacteria with maximum count of 9.6×104 cfu/gm. Coliforms isolated from paneer were Escherichia coli (46.9%), Klebsiella spp. (37.5%) and Citrobacter spp. (15.6%). Thermotolerant coliforms were Escherichia coli (58.5%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11.8%), Klebsiella spp. (17.6%) and Citrobacter spp. (11.8%). All isolates of total coliforms (n=32) and thermotolerant coliforms (n=17) showed 100% sensitivity towards Gentamycin and Cotrimoxazole. Resistance towards Ampicillin (40%), Cefoxitin (30%) and Azithromycin (30%) were shown by thermotolerant E. coli. Resistance towards Cefoxitin (66.7%), Azithromycin (33.3%) were shown by thermotolerant Klebsiella spp. The highest resistance for E. coli was found in Azithromycin (40%) and Ampicillin (40%) in total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms. However, no multiple- antibiotic resistant was found in isolates of total and thermotolerant coliforms. The majority of the paneer samples in this investigation did not meet the microbiological requirements. Sitapaila provided the greatest number of microbiologically acceptable samples, whereas Naikap provided the least number. Thus, it is necessary to monitor and control the quality of paneer sold in Kathmandu.Item PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SHOREA ROBUSTA BARK BASED BIOSORBENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF Cr(VI) IN DRINKING WATER(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) REGMI, POOJAActivated carbons have been used in the removal of heavy metal. High surface area and porosity of activated carbon materials support in the removal of heavy metal ions. In this work, biochar has been synthesized from Shorea robusta bark. Excellent removal efficiency from methylene blue and iodine number can be seen in S. robusta treated with Zinc chloride. Due to the pHzpc of activated carbon and biochar having 6.16 and 4.62, respectively, this sorbent may effectively remove cationic Cr(VI) contaminants from alkaline aqueous solutions. Using the batch adsorption approach, the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions on biochar and chemically modified biochar of S. robusta has been examined in this study. The outcome demonstrates that all the factors that affected the removal of Cr(VI) by adsorption were discovered at pH 2, starting concentration of 50 ppm, equilibrium period of 120 minutes, and adsorbent dose of 50 mg. Kinetic data are presented after the pseudo second order kinetic model. By using FTIR and XRD, sample characteristics was examined. The experimental findings suggest that S. robusta can be used as a low-cost commercial alternative adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) from wastewaterItem DIVERSITY OF INSECT POLLINATORS AND THEIR ABUNDANCE ON Brassica campestris L. (MUSTARD CROPS) IN PANCHKHAL, KAVRE(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Shrestha, PunamInsect pollination is the most crucial ecosystem service that insects give, resulting in ecosystem sustainability and continuity. The study was conducted to explore the diversity of insect pollinators and their abundance mustard crop; Brassica campestrisin Panchkhal. The study was conducted in the flowering periods of the crops (November, 2019 - January, 2020). A total four sampling plots were as selected sampling sites with each size 10X10 m2 were established with the inter-distance of 100m-200m between two consecutive plots. Insect diversity and individual counts wereconducted in two activation periods(10:00am to 12:00 pm, and 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm). The pollinator insects of the mustard crops- B. compsestrisincluded 15 insect species belonging to four orders, Hymenoptera (38.28%), Diptera (32.75%), Coleoptera(17.93%) and Lepidoptera (11.49%). In terms of species richness of pollinators in both the mustard crop, Lepidopteransdominated the field. However, Hymenopterans were registered highest in context of relative abundance. The most prominent insect pollinators wereApiscerena from the order Hymenoptera (27.49%) whereas the insect pollinators recorded from Lepidoptera Pieriscanidia,andJunonialemoniasdominated the fields. The peak foraging activities of most of insects were observed during day time. This study revealed that the Hymenopterans were the major pollinators followed by Lepidopterans. However, the pollinators would be increase if the disturbances like anthropogenic stresses have been controlledItem BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER IN KATHMANDU NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Gautam, ManishaItem PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Simkhada, RameshThe Micro-strip antennas are widely used due to its compactness, simple manufacturing process, budget friendly and versatility. Here, carbon, abundant and easily available element is utilized in the process for the design and fabrication of antenna patch. Seeds of lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris), the indigenous plant of Nepal is used to extract carbon. The seeds are powered and activated chemically. The presence of carbon is verified using XRD technique. Resistance of dry powdered activated carbon is in the range Mega-ohm (MΩ) but after the coating of the paste of activated carbon in a polycarbonate substrate and acted by a laser of light-scribe drive various light and dark patterns were. The darker patches were found to be conducting and lighter patches were found to be non-conducting. After the activation by laser in activated carbon in a polycarbonate substrate resistance hugely dropped from Mega ohm (MΩ) to the range of Kilo-ohm (KΩ). For simulation part, High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) software was used. First the basic rectangular antenna is designed and its properties were studied. Fractal swastika shape slot was later introduced in the design. The performance of antenna is optimized using the genetic algorithm. The optimized copper patch antenna with copper as ground in a polycarbonate substrate with no slot resonates at a frequency of 13.80 GHz with VSWR 1.34 and S11 parameter as -22.24 dB. On changing the patch as graphite in firstly mentioned identical conditions, antenna resonates at dual frequency of 15.40 GHz and 17.40 GHz with S11 parameters of -22.04 dB and -20.97 dB resp., VSWR of 1.17 and 1.19 resp. After the introduction of slot in copper patch antenna, multiple resonating frequencies were obtained as 9.0000, 13.8000, 15.0000, 17.4000 and 18.20000 GHz. In Graphite patch antenna also, there were multiple resonating frequencies. In comparison to cooper patch, graphite patch antennas showed better performance. After the introduction of swastika slot also, polycarbonate substrate has shown better performance for copper-copper patch-ground as antenna whereas properties were comparable in polycarbonate and corning glass substrate for graphite-copper as patch-ground antenna.Item PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Shorea robusta (SAAL) BARK BASED ACTIVATED CARBON AND STUDY OF ITS ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) JOSHI, KULDIPIn this work, activated carbon (AC) was prepared in the laboratory using Shorea robusta (Saal) bark by charring with conc. sulphuric acid followed by phosphoric acid activation with different ratios of precursor to an activating agent at a different temperature on a fixed time. As-prepared activated carbon was characterized by methylene blue number (MBN) and Iodine number (IN) method. The methylene blue number was found to be 193.8802 mg/g whereas iodine number was found to be 2108.2 mg/g. AC-15 at 600 °C for 3 hours had the highest value of methylene blue number which indicated the presence of micropore as well as mesopore in the prepared material. The phase state of the sample was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique which indicates a predominantly amorphous nature of the prepared material. The surface functionality of the sample was examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) which showed the presence of O-H, aromatic C C, C-O, and aromatic compounds. Further electrochemical characterization of prepared materials AC-400 and AC-500 were carried out by cyclic voltammetry at a scan rate of 3 mV/s. Specific capacitance of the as-synthesized material was calculated from the measurement of absolute area of cyclic voltammetry curve. The specific capacitance recorded in this work is 76.67 Farad/g. This value shows that AC-500 could be used for electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) applications.Item ADSORPTION BEHAVIOUR OF NITRIC OXIDE MOLECULES OVER Ni, Pd, AND Pt-EMBEDDED GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Poudel, Guna NidhiNitric Oxide adsorption on Ni, Pt, and Pd-Embedded graphitic carbon nitride has been studied com putationally using density functional theory. PAW pseudopotential with PBE exchange-correlation functional in GGA approximation was used for the relax, SCF, electronics, and magnetic calcula tions. Kinetic energy cutoff 550 eV was set up for plane wave basis set with ‘Gaussian’ type smear ing and width 0.05 eV. After relaxing, we get adsorbed energy of NO-GCN, NO-Ni-GCN, NO Pd-GCN and NO-Pt-GCN are −1.68 eV, −8.63 eV ,−6.61 eV, and −8.74 eV respectively. When functional transitional metals are embedded in GCN by adsorption of NO to its surface the results show that new energy states are introduced near the Fermi surface and modify the electronic prop erties of the system and the structure becomes a wrinkle. It means the conductivity of the system is considerably increased. Fermi energy of the GCN, NO adsorbs on GCN, NO adsorbs on Ni, Pd, Pt Embedded GCN are −1.72 eV, −1.36 eV, −0.65 eV, −0.64 eV, and −0.61 eV respectively. The band gap of the GCN, NO adsorbs on GCN, NO adsorbs on Ni, Pd, Pt-Embedded GCN are 1.3 eV, 1.12 eV, 0.98 eV, 0.45 eV and 0.32 eV respectively. During the adsorption process, electrons are transferred from the TM-Embedded GCN to NO molecules, due to metal the charge transfer from d orbitals to the NO gas. So the bond length of NO in TM-Embedded GCN increases. The magnetic moment of these compounds is 0 µB except NO-Pt-GCN compound which has obtained 0.98 µB due to the dxy and dyz orbital of the Pt atom. The magnetic moment of Ni-GCN and Pd-GCN is found to be 0 µB.Item FISH DIVERSITY OF SETI KHOLA POKHARA, KASKI, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Giri, NarayanThe present study was conducted to investigate fish species diversity of the Seti Khola of Pokhara, Kaski. The duration of the study was from Kartik 2078 to Baishakh 2079 (October 2021 to April 2022). Five different sites were designated in the river to sample fishes and to measure physico-chemical parameters like, Temperature, DO, pH, alkalinity, Electrical conductivity, Turbidity and Hardness of Seti Khola. Fishes were collected with the help of local fishermen using locally available devices such as a cast net (8 mm) and a gill net (10 mm). A total of 14 species belonging to 4 orders, 5 families and 11 genera were recorded. Cypriniformes was recorded as the dominant order, which comprised 71.43% of total fishes collected, followed by Anabantiformes (14.29%), Siluriformes (7.14%), and Salmoniformes (7.14%). Of the recorded species, the conservation status of 3 were threatened, 3 were vulnerable, 5 were least concern, one was near threatened and one was critically endangered. One exotic species, Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was also collected during the study. The range of Shannon diversity index was found to be from 1.52 at site V to 2.26 at site I. This showed that the diversity status of the Seti Khola was low to medium during the study period. Based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the most important physico-chemical parameters affecting fishes were found to be alkalinity (r=0.80) and Temperature (0.42). Except pH and Hardness, remaining physico chemical parameters showed positive association with fish species.Item ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING OF ISOLATED Staphylococcus aureus FROM PANEER SOLD IN KATHMANDU(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) KHANAL, VAGYASHREEPaneer is a fresh acid-set, non-aged, non-melting soft indigenous food made from curdling milk. Safety of dairy products is an issue of public health in Nepal. Staphylococcus aureus is an food borne pathogen of importance in dairy products. The main aim of this study is to detect microbial quality of paneer marketed in different localities of Kathmandu district. In present study, 30 paneer samples were randomly collected from dairy shops from 5 different locations in Kathmandu (Bafal, Kalanki, Naikap, Sitapaila and Thamel) during April to May 2022 and processed at laboratory of of Microbiology, Amrit Campus. Microbial analysis of paneer was done by Total bacteria count and total Staphylococcal count S. aureus were identified by biochemical tests and their antibiotic susceptibilty test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results obtained from this investigation revealed that out of 30 samples, 39.9% in Total Bacterial Count (TBC) was above specification. Among 30 samples, 29 samples showed Staphylococcus spp. growth and of those only 12 confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus . Among them 6 (20 %) exceeded specification of 100 cfu/gm. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of S. aureus showed 100% sensitivity towards Cotrimoxazole and Gentamycin and Levofloxacin, whereas resistance towards Chloramphenicol (8.3%), Cefoxitin (8.3%), Tetracycline(8.3%), Penicillin G (41.6%), Ampicillin (16.6%), Nalidixic acid (41.6%) and Azithromycin (16.6%). MRSA was detected in 1(3.34%). This study concluded that maximum number of sample exceeding microbial specification and antibiotic resistant isolates were reported from Naikap. Irresponsible and over use of antibiotics has lead to an increased the presence of multidrug Regular microbial quality monitoring of marketed paneer should be carried out by authorized Institution of Government of Nepal. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and control the quality marketed in Kathmandu.Item GREEN SYNTHESIS OF BIMETALLIC Cu-Zn NANOFLAKES FROM LEAF EXTRACT OF Magnolia champaca AND STUDY OF ITS ANTI MICROBIAL PROPERTIES(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) PANTHI, GRISHMANanotechnology has created huge impact in modern day pharmaceutical application. With such applicability, research on nanotechnology must be done with new creativity and ideas. Development in field is possible when number of research is carried out. So, this research is focused on green synthesis of nanoflakes both mono (CuO and ZnO) and bi (Cu-Zn alloy) metallic nanflakes using plant extract of Magnolia champaca (leaf) as reducing and capping agents, which inhibits aggregation and coagulation of metal nanoflakes. The formed bimetallic nanoflakes (CuZn) were light green in colour where as CuO was black and ZnO were white in colour. Synthesized nanoflakes were characterized using FTIR, UV, XRD, FESEM. Simultaneously, compared their anti-bacterial and antifungal properties to expand knowledge regarding which of them are more effective. Cu-Zn alloy nanoflakes shows high resistivity toward gram +ve bacteria while CuO nanoflakes shows resistivity against gram –ve and fungus and among them ZnO has lower resistivity. Phytochemical screening of Magnolia champaca leaf is done to know the biomolecules which involved in reduction.Item ICHTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY OF BARJU LAKE, SUNSARI, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Choudhary, Kamal KumarBarju lake is situated at Barju rural municipality of Sunsari district. This study was con ducted from January to June 2022 covering winter, spring and summer seasons. The study area was divided into four stations for fish sampling and physio-chemical parameter was also analyzed. Local fishermen were hired for fish collection in sampling sites using cast net, drag net and traps. A total of 27 fish species (25 indigenous and two exotic) were recorded belonging to seven orders, 14 families and 20 genera. Out of which Cy priniformes (62.97%) and Cyprinidae (57.43%) were the dominant order and family re spectively. Puntius chonchonius was the dominant species followed by Puntius sophore, Mystus tengara, Puntius ticto whereas Channa gachua, Mastacembelus puncalus, Esomus dendricus and Heteropneutes fossilis were found occasionally. The maximum numbers of species were captured during summer season (25) and minimum (10) in winter and site wise maximum species (25) from site II and minimum (10) from Site I and IV respective ly were collected. The highest Shannon diversity index is 3.06 in summer; Margalef’s richness index was 25.82 in summer whereas highest evenness index was 0.52 in spring. The RDA results showed that environmental variables such as pH, free carbon dioxide, DO, Transparency and Water temperature slightly influence the fish community structure. Puntius chonchonius shows strong positive correlation with transparency and dissolved oxygen in Barju Lake, Sunsari, Nepal. Puntius chonchonius, Puntius sophore, Lepido cephalis guntea, Puntius ticto, Mystus tengra and Pseudombasis baculis form disparate cluster as these fish species are most abundant species among all seasons. Although the exotic fish species were cultured there, the abundance of indigenous species was not hampered as the catch was nominal in case of exotic species (% catch indigenous species 97.08% and exotic species 2.91 %).Item SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY...................(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Joshi, Madhav PrasadItem SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES AND CYTOTOXICITY OF SOME NEW 1,2,4-TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVES CONTAINING 2-SUBSTITUTED BENZIMIDAZOLE(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) ARYAL, PRATEEKThe development of a potent new drug with high biological activity is a challenge in drug design and is of strategic importance. Due to the increasing resistance of pathogens on the existing drugs there is always a need for the development of a potent drug with high biological activity. The pharmacological effects are seen in compounds with the presence of different moieties of pharmaceutical importance such as triazole, Schiff’s base, benzimidazole as described in the chemical literature. By applying different synthetic reactions in a convergent pattern, two new compounds have been prepared with three pharmacophores viz. triazole, benzimidazole and Schiff base incorporated in a single compound. The structure of the prepared compounds was confirmed by different spectroscopic techniques like, FT-IR, UV-VIS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC and determination of melting point. All compounds exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 1228). Antioxidant activity was carried out by DPPH radical scavenging test and among the tested five compounds, the IC50 value of 4-amino-2- (2-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione was found to be 32.364 μgmL-1 which is closer to the ascorbic acid sample that was found to be 28.546 μgmL-1. All tested compounds were toxic against brine shrimp where 5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)-4-((4- chlorobenzylidene) amino)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) (2-hydroxyphenyl) methanone was comparatively more toxic (LC50= 26.827 μgmL-1)Item INSECT PESTS AND THEIR DAMAGE PATTERNS IN PADDY (Oryza sativa L.) IN SAPTARI DISTRICT, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Mali, Aanand KumarThis study focused on to identify insect pests and their damage patterns studies were conducted in two varieties of paddy plots in Gadhiya Village of Rajbiraj Municipality during rice growing season of 2019. Sampling field visits consist of three stages, starting from the vegetative growth stage, flowering stage and maturity (ripening) stages of the paddy growth stage during different time periods of a day. Two sampling methods were used, i.e. swinging a sweep net and ocular observation for insect pests collecting purposes. The sampling was done three periods of a day i.e. morning, afternoon and evening. This study composition recorded 14 insect pest species were founded that belongs to 12 families of eight orders found in paddy field. Hieroglyphus banian was the dominant species among all stages, followed by Nilaparvata lugens, Leptocorisa acuta, Dicladispa armigera, Cnaphalocrosis medinalis, Stenchaetothrips bioformis, Spodoptera mauritia pests were found in both varieties of paddy plant. Rice pest abundance shown in the field, a high relative abundance of Orthoptera (32.8%) pests was found, followed by Homoptera (19.1%), Hemiptera (15%), Heteroptera (12.9%), Lepidoptera (10.1%), Coleoptera (7.1%), Thysanoptera (1.9%) and Diptera (1.1%). For the total sampling period, the biological indices calculated consist of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) is 2.43, Pileou’s evenness index (J’) is 0.92 in a SM variety whereas the value of H’=1.29 and J’=0.72 in JM variety. The study identified six damage patterns on the crop (leaf cutter or miner, stem borer, immature grains milk sucker, leaf roller, sapsucker, panicle cutter). Most of them (11) species were responsible for leaf-cutting or mining of the leaf blade and less (two) species were leaf rollers. Results indicated that diversity of insect pests was found more in paddy field cultivated ensured a good balance between the populations of pests and damage patterns for better paddy development. However, the periodic abundance was seen more in the afternoon than evening and morning. Diversified of insects can be potentially effective to conserve, use and promote biodiversity which helps for sustainable food security by yielding more productivity from the agricultural ecosystem in Saptari.Item Breeding and ................(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Khanal, DeewaThe study was carried out in the induced breeding and rearing performance of Indian Major Carps (Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) at Fisheries Development Center, Bhandara, Chitwan from June to September 2022. The embryonic development from egg to fingerlings as well as fecundity rate, GSI, fertility rate, hatching rate, survival rate, and growth of both species were studied. The Ovaprim hormone at a ratio of 0.25 ml/kg for male and 0.5 ml/kg for female of Rohu and Naini were administrated. The fecundity of Rohu and Naini was observed between 227,540 to 675,000 and 161,400 to 608,400 while GSI was between 10.33% to 19.74% in Rohu and 10.71% to 28.15% in Naini respectively. The latency period observed was 7-8 hrs whereas the hatching occurred after 17-18 hrs. A total of 6 hapas (3 for Rohu and 3 for Naini) of 1×1×1m3 were used to study the growth of fish and 100 hatchlings were kept in each hapa. The fertility, hatching, and survival rate were 82.28-87.27%, 73.91-83.33%, and 62-73% in Rohu and 79.63-87.88%, 77.90-83.90%, and 59-75% in Naini respectively. The correlation between the length and weight of fish was found near 1 which represents a similar relation and the value of regression coefficient ‘b’ ranged from 2.1 to 2.5 showing negative allometry. The condition factor (K) and relative condition factor (Kn) were found >1 in both fish which shows proper growth of the fishes.Item EFFECT OF GLIDING ARC DISCHARGE PLASMA ON GERMINATION AND PRODUCTION OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (Pleurotus ostreatus)(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) Niure, DeepakAn experiment was conducted at plasma lab of the Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan Univer sity, Kirtipur Kathmandu Nepal to study the effect of cold plasma on the germination and production of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) by gliding arc discharge. The treatment includes four dif ferent methods for 10 samples on two replicate. Control, spawn treated with plasma, plasma activated water used for spraying and substrates treated with plasma. The main parameters measured during the experiment were the colonization and fruit appearance periods, the length and diameter of the stem and cap (pileus) diameters; the fresh weight of the first and second harvests of mushrooms, and the biological efficiency of various treatment methods. Among the different treatments of plasma, the time for colonization and fruit appearance was found to be faster than control. The length of stem was highest for spawn treated with plasma for three minutes, but the diameter of the stem was found to be the highest for treatment four minutes plasma treated water used and the diameter of cap found most significantly highest for spawn treated with plasma for three minutes. Similarly, the production and biological efficiency were found to be significantly highest in the case of spawn treated with plasma for two minutes, followed by substrates treated for ten minutes with plasma , and eight minutes of plasma activated water used respectively. Plasma treatment on oyster mushroom can play a significant role in the growth and production of mushrooms.