Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2023-10"
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Item Morphological and Mechanical Property Analysis of Rice Husk Reinforced Polypropylene Composite(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Rimal, NayanA polymer is a large molecule made up of many subunits. In general, pure polymer is rarely used due to the fact that the most of the physical properties gets enhanced if used in combined form, called composite. Polymer composite refers to the material, that consists of polymer as a matrix or resin and natural fiber reinforcing as a filler, that can improve mechanical properties when compared with pure polymeric materials. The inherent properties of rice husk, such as its abundance, low density, and biodegradability, make it an attractive candidate for enhancing the tensile, flexural, and impact strength of resultant composite material. Previous research provides information regarding polypropylene, Rice Husk and the property of their composite. This study deeply explores the usage of rice husk as a renewable, sustainable and cost-effective filler by varying proportion (10, 20, 30 and 40%) and size (below 212, 212 to 425 and 425 to 1000 microns) to improve the mechanical performance of Polypropylene-based composite, demonstrating the relation between variation of temperature, filler size, filler proportion with the property and structural integrity of composite.Item Impact Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Station on Bharatpur-2 Feeder(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Paudel, DibyashoriThe rapid proliferation of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in recent years has brought about significant advancements in sustainable transportation. However, this surge in EV adoption has raised pertinent concerns regarding the potential consequences on power distribution networks. This thesis investigates the multifaceted influence of EV charging stations on the Bharatpur-2 feeder, a representative segment of the electrical grid. The research entails a comprehensive analysis that encompasses load profile characterization, voltage stability assessment, power quality evaluation, and an exploration of the dynamic relationship between feeder load and voltage levels. The findings from load profile analysis unveils temporal patterns and peak demand periods, aiding in grid management and capacity planning. The voltage stability assessment elucidates potential challenges arising from EV charging and offers solutions to mitigate voltage fluctuations. Furthermore, the power quality analysis sheds light on the impact of EV charging on the grid's overall quality and suggests measures for enhancement. The correlation between feeder load and voltage dynamics offers valuable insights into grid resilience and performance optimization strategies. Finally, the simulation results, including THD and power loss calculations, provide quantifiable data for decision-makers to formulate effective strategies for grid modernization and sustainable transportation integration.Item PERFORMANCE, COMBUSTION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ADDITIVES WITH PINE OIL–DIESEL BLEND ON SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Pant, BhuweshFor heavy duty applications like power generation and transportation, Compression Ignition (CI) engines have proved to be the best option. However, the drain of conventional fuels in speedy trends, growing prices, environmental issues, etc. has led attention in alternative sources of energy. A research study was performed to assess the combustion, performance and emission traits of fixed-speed compression ignition engine by incorporating copper oxide nanoparticles as a fuel additive in blends of pine oil biodiesel. The study examined B20 with copper oxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 75 ppm under different engine loads while maintaining a consistent engine speed of 1500 rpm. Also, fuel properties such as density, flash point, calorific value, viscosity, pour point, cetane number and cloud point of blended samples were experimentally tested. The engine performance result shows that BP of all samples were comparable to Diesel and B20. IMEP of B20 + 50 ppm and SFC of B20 +75 ppm was found to be better than other samples. At higher load 12kg, BTE increment of 0.25%, 1.98%, 2.05% and 2.2% was observed for B20 and higher concentration of CuO additives respectively. Similarly, the combustion parameters Cylinder Pressure and Net Heat Release were also improved on rising concentration of CuO nanoparticle. The smoke opacity dropped by 2.98%, 3.73%, 20% and 25% for B20 and increasing doses of Nano additives samples. Tested data shows that the incorporation of CuO nanoparticles in pine oil biodiesel blends improves combustion, performance characteristics, and reduces smoke opacity significantlyItem Suitability and Techno-Economic Feasibility of Hybrid — Solar and Wind — Power Plant in Nepal(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Subedi, NeetaIn the past decade, there has been a significant increase in worldwide energy demand primarily met by fossil fuels, resulting in ecological and environmental impacts, leading to a growing interest in sustainable energy options such as wind and solar power that have minimal ecological effects and are well-suited for remote areas and rural electrification goals. This study identifies suitable regions for solar, wind, and hybrid energy generation in Nepal by collecting criteria from literature, analyzing their relevance in the Nepalese context, and categorizing them into five suitability classes; these classes were determined based on factors' significance, contextual appropriateness, impact on energy capacity, adaptability, economic considerations, and environmental effects, while the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign weights through pairwise comparisons, ultimately resulting in weighted overlay maps using ArcMap 10.8 to select optimal wind and solar sites. Furthermore, we analyzed the prepared suitability map, and available literature to select a site for the techno-economic feasibility analysis. Based on the inputs—location details, load profile, other technical characteristics and cost— the feasibility of different power systems i.e. solar, wind and hybrid (solar and wind) were analyzed using HOMER, and the technically suitable system with the least cost was selected as the best system for the implementation. The final suitability map illustrates that 'suitable' regions for solar, wind, and hybrid energy comprise 7.0%, 3.2%, and 2.3% of the total surface area, respectively, with a predominant presence of moderately suitable areas for each energy system and fewer less suitable areas; notably, the suitable zones are primarily concentrated in the Terai regions due to their flatter terrain, enhanced infrastructure, and improved accessibility. After analyzing the Net Present Cost (NPC) and the cost of electricity (COE), the results depicts that PV-wind hybrid power plants with battery storage are the most costeffective choice. In contrast, PV-battery power plants are the least favorable option. In the analysis, wind power alone falls short in meeting the load demand due to limited power generation capacity, primarily because of unfavorable wind resource data. Incorporating wind and solar systems into Nepal's energy mix, especially in regions with ample resources, addresses intermittent energy issues and eases the load on 6 hydroelectric plants during high demand or seasonal shortages, boosting Nepal's energy resilience; this study offers strong evidence of wind, solar, and hybrid energy system potential in Nepal, promoting the need to diversify energy sources and fostering a path toward a sustainable and robust energy future that stakeholders should actively support through investments. Also, the techno-economic assessment validates that strategically combining wind and solar energy systems enhances reliable and economically efficient energy supply. This integration improves overall energy generation and addresses the inherent intermittency challenges associated with renewable sources.Item EV Charging Station Placement Strategy Considering Power Grid Impact for Future Expansion of EV in Kathmandu Valley: A Case Study of Sanepa Feeder(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Shresth, RushaIncreasing concerns over the unsustainable fossil fuel consumption and initiatives to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the interests over battery operated electric vehicles (EVs) are increasing. While the primary infrastructure to flourish this technology is charging stations, the impact of such load on the distribution network is somehow being shadowed. When the load from EV chargers are being added to existing power system, the voltage fluctuations and power loss are imminent. This study analyzed the impact of addition of EV charging load on the Sanepa distribution network. The system modelling was performed using DigSILENT PowerFactory tool and the optimal placement of EV charging station along the feeder line was determined using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique in MATLAB environment. The impact of EV charging station load placement on the distribution network were studied through the behavior analysis of Voltage stability, Reliability and Power loss (VRP) parameters of the line before and after load addition. The results from impact analysis on VRP index was used in defining the objective function for optimization. The optimal locations for EV charging station placement were obtained which effectively addressed concerns of power grid impact. This study shows random placement of EV charging station loads cause severe effect on network quality while strategically placed loads not only reduce the power grid impact but also increase system efficiency and reliability.Item Optimal Placement of EV Charging Station with Randomly Distributed PV System in Bishnumati Distribution Feeder Kathmandu, Nepal(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Paudel, SumanThis thesis presents the optimal placement of EV charging stations with randomly distributed PV system. MATLAB software is used to analyze the load flow of distribution network using sweep algorithm. The Bishnumati feeder of Balaju DCS is used under analysis and IEE 33 bus system used for theoretical part for the load flow and EV stations. The 372 kW (mix of 60 kW and 42 kW) charging stations are considered and it is evaluated that the system loss increases and voltage regulation is found poor upto 0.732 pu at distribution secondary side voltage. This shows that EV charging capacity does not fulfilled by existing distribution network and transformer. The randomly distributed rooftop solar PV system is considered in this system as distributed generation and that allows the power to flow at day time. Genetic algorithm is used for the EV charging station location and size of PV. The total 1381.2 kW of PV system is used that improves the voltage to 0.84 pu. The system loss also decreases by using PV system and is reduced from 412.55 kW to 279.15 kW. The financial analysis shows the positive NPV and payback period of 12 years.Item Design and Fabrication of Smoke Flow Visualization Setup for Existing Wind Tunnel at Pulchowk Campus(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Galami, VijayFlow visualization methods have been used to understand and demonstrate invisible flow structures in aerodynamics and other fields. Visualization in wind tunnel is a major technique used to study the flow pattern around different objects. There are mainly two methods of visualization, intrusive and non-intrusive. Non-intrusive methods using laws of optics require the variation of density in the flow which is not suitable for low-speed subsonic wind tunnels. Smoke flow visualization using smoke rake is one of the frequently used intrusive techniques for wind tunnel flow visualization. A laminar smoke filament is injected through some mechanism to the flow field in this method. The requirement for this smoke filament is to be laminar and sufficiently long to see flow around test object. In this research work, a simple smoke introducing mechanism setup was made. The smoke rake with airfoil profile of NACA 0012 with extruding pipe for smoke injection is designed and flow around it analyzed using 2d numerical simulation to see its disturbance in flow field. Its disturbance is found to be dissipated and flow to be laminar before entering test section region. For the smoke generation, fog machine of 1500 W is used and the smoke is pushed through the smoke reservoir into the smoke rake using AC fan. The test is conducted around cylinder, airfoil and ramp structure. In cylinder, turbulent wake region was clearly visible and Karman Vortex Street was also visualized. Flow separation region in cambered airfoil was also visualized. For constant, steady injection of the smoke into the wind tunnel variable speed fan is recommended in the smoke reservoir.Item ENERGY FORECASTING AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN NEPAL(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) KARN, SUBIRThe transportation sector in Nepal is heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels, which is costly and polluting. The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is likely to put unnecessary stress on the existing electrical infrastructure. The study focuses on the forecasting the energy and electricity demand in Nepal due to increasing adoption of the electric vehicles. The survey was designed based on the Krejices Morgans sampling method and a total of 555 sample were taken. Based on the outcomes of the survey, the overall energy consumption in transportation sector in 2022 was estimated to be 64.92 PJ out of which diesel accounted for the 39.27 PJ, followed by petrol at 25.28 PJ and electricity consumption at 0.08 PJ.Item Structural Analysis of The Bifurcations at Phukot Karnali Hydropower Project(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Khatiwada, PurushottamThe research is based on the structural analysis of bifurcations located in the intake manifold of Phukot Karnali Hydropower Project. The analysis is done with Finite Element Approach (FEM) Approach by making use of Ansys Mechanical 2020 R1. The geometry of the bifurcation is based on the original design data and recommended dimensions including bifurcation angle, cone length and pipe thickness from previous research on the same hydropower project. From literatures it is found that the suggested thickness of the pipe is 130 mm for the first bifurcation and 70 mm for the second bifurcation by conducting structural simulation of the pipe without adding any structural elements. At the actual hydropower site however, the bifurcation is covered in concrete. Firstly, structural analysis is conducted on the two bifurcations by adding ring reinforcements around the inlet and outlet pipes. The maximum value of resulting stresses on the two models found to either be borne by the rings or the maximum displacement seen is observed on the joints of the reinforcements. Therefore, the models for the analysis with concrete blocks are simplified. From the results of the analysis the observed value of maximum stress on the concrete is much lower then the allowable value, the process is repeated with thinner (reduced by 10mm in each model) pipes to assess the rate of changing stress values.Item Effect of Non-uniformity of Irradiance on the Performance of Solar PV Array(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Chaulagain, HimalThe growing demand of energy due to socio-economic growth and industrialization, causes a gradual increment in the use of renewable energy resources. Among the renewable energy sources, power production from solar PV system is dominating other resources due to clean, greener and easy easier production process. But the solar photovoltaic system power output is environment dependent i.e., the power output from solar photovoltaic system depends on the solar irradiance, temperature, humidity, geographic location etc. The most prominent factor that affects the power output is solar irradiance. The solar radiation received by the solar photovoltaic module surface can be affected by moving cloud, nearby building, leaf falling from tree, dust etc. In this thesis, a reference solar PV array system of 6.72 kW is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink.Item Short-term load forecasting of Gothatar feeder of Nepal Electricity Authority using Recurrent Neural Network(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Acharya, SudarshanThis paper mainly focuses on short-term forecasting, gives an hourly demand forecast of electricity. Forecasting using Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is helpful for making important decisions in the field of preventing misbalancing in load and power generation, scheduling, load switching strategies, preventing imbalance in the load demand and power generation, thus leading to greater power quality and network reliability. We use a method called Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to anticipate the future hourly demand of Gothatar feeder, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). The RNN Network is build, trained and test with historical hourly demand data along with six different input variables and used for the prediction of day ahead hourly demand. The output from RNN model is validated with the real hourly demand data collected from NEA. In addition, the load forecasting is performed for short term load forecasting (STLF) using some other time series methods like: Single Exponential Smoothing (SES), Double Exponential Smoothing (DES) and Holt-Winter's method as well, and whose output was compared with that of RNN. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of SES, DES and Holt-Winter's method was found to be 188.033 kVA, 181.066 kVA and 169.759 kVA respectively, degree of Determination (R 2 ) was 0.609, 0.618 and 0.634 and Mean Average Percentage Error (MAPE) was found to be 15.421%, 13.31% and 11.502% respectively. The RNN method proved to be the accurate and best forecasting method when the results are compared with other forecasting methods in terms of different error measurements i.e., RMSE, R 2 and MAPE. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 69.03 kVA, R 2 of 0.876 and MAPE of 4.35% obtained from RNN. So, the RNN model proved to be the most accurate and best method with very less error and better R2 in this studyItem Analysis of Energy Consumption and Energy Saving Opportunity at Solar Powered Water Treatment Plant: A Case Study of Sundarighat Water Treatment Plant(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Mehta, Umesh KumarThis study primarily focused on the fundamentals associated with energy saving opportunity at drinking water supply system. In Nepal water supply system is designed based the immediate requirement without proper study with the limited available resources. Sundarighat water treatment Plant treats the water from Nakhu Khola and pumped to major part of Kathmandu valley for distribution through the pumping system available at WTP. Pumping system at WTP consume most of the energy compared to other electrical load at the treatment plant. The technical status and performance of the equipment, machineries and accessories of pumping system are largely unknown as the evaluation of the system was not performed yet. In this study, an analysis of the energy consumption by performing energy audit at WTP was done to find the status of electrical parameter for energy efficient operation of plant and identifies the opportunity to save energy and cost through pump size selection. A power quality analyzer and three phase clamp meter was used to analyze the patterns of electrical parameters. Hydraulic simulation software EPANET 2.2 was used for determination of pump size by analyzing the water transmission pipelineItem Integrated Planning and Simulation of Multipurpose Reservoir Operation for Basin-Wide Energy Maximization: Exploring the Case of Kaligandaki River Basin in Nepal(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Shrestha, AnushaThe Kaligandaki River, a significant tributary in Nepal, is central to various proposed projects for reservoirs and inter-basin transfers, primarily aimed for hydropower generation. These projects have been planned and studied separately without observing the impact of individual projects on each other. To achieve efficient reservoir operation, it is crucial to incorporate key elements such as water resource management, hydropower considerations, and the integration of reservoir projects, supported by simulation techniques. This research undertakes to achieve shared benefits regarding the relationship of the three reservoir projects i.e. Kaligandaki Storage Hydroelectric Project, Adhikhola Storage Hydroelectric Project, Lower Badigad Storage Hydroelectric Project and an inter-basin transfer project i.e. Kaligandaki Diversion Multipurpose Project lying in the study area. HEC-ResSim software has been employed to simulate hydropower under different project development scenarios. The simulation model was applied to operate reservoirs as per the rule curve taken. For each of the three reservoir projects, proposed reservoir operation rule curve assures the maximum annual average energy and the dry energy productions with the best reservoir performance indicators. The integrated operation of these projects aims to maximize energy generation and fulfill the diversion requirements of the Kaligandaki Diversion Multipurpose ProjectItem CFD Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger with Different Number of Baffles and Baffle Cut(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Suwal, ShauravThis thesis emphasizes on the effects of number of baffles and baffle cut for a simple shell and tube heat exchanger. Heat transfer between separate medium can result in heat loss to the environment and inefficiency in heat transfer. So, in order to minimize losses and improve heat transfer properties, corrective action is needed. This is where baffle spacing and baffle cut plays its role and improves the heat transfer phenomena. The objective of this thesis is to design a shell and tube heat exchanger with different number of baffles and baffle cut inside a shell and tube heat exchanger and analyze the flow, temperatures and pressure drop inside the shell using ANSYS software. The process in analyzing consists of modelling, meshing and simulating the basic geometry of shell and tube heat exchanger using computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package ANSYS. The geometry consists of seven tubes within the shell where water is considered as the working fluid and only shell side flow characteristics is observed. Three different number of baffles (8, 6 and 4) with three different baffle cuts (25%, 35% and 45%) are used for the analysis.Item TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS OF PLASTIC RECYCLING INDUSTRIES & THEIR PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF KATHMANDU VALLEY(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) PANTHI, RIMAThis thesis presents the comprehensive study of the current plastic recycling technologies employed in the industries of Kathmandu valley. The research identified a technological gap that required improvement. To fulfill this gap machines that are being used in plastic recycling industries, with a focus on HDPE, were redesigned as per engineering calculations and then fabricated. Numerical verification of redesigned machines revealed subsequent improvement. It showed that for granulator machine by using the suitable bearing type, the dynamic and static load bearing capacity was increased by 2.13 times and 2.64 times respectively compared to the existing design. Similarly, for dryer machine, using double support instead of single increased critical loading by 1.48 times and combined loading decreased by 1.63 times. Likewise, the mixture machine also achieved significant enhancement, with critical loading increased by 2.53 times and combined loading decreased by 2.95 times.Item Fabrication of Recycled High Density Polyethylene composite with Natural Filler Pine-dust: Effect of Morphological Structure on Mechanical Properties(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Pandey, UtshavIn the contemporary ere, composite plastics stand out as one of the most versatile engineering materials. The progress in materials science and technology, coupled with growing demands, has given rise to these remarkable and highly intriguing materials. This study explores the integration of pine-dust, a byproduct of the furniture industry, into recycled High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) to create composites and assess its impact on morphology, mechanical properties, and water absorption characteristic of the composite. This study involved the examination of pine-dust categorized into three distinct size ranges: particles ranging from 425 μm to 1000 μm, particles between 212 μm and 425 μm, and particles smaller than 212 μm. Each of these particle sizes was then integrated into recycled High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) at various inclusion levels, specifically 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The fabrication of the composite materials was achieved through a single screw extruder extraction processItem Study of The Effect of Friction Stir Welding Parameters for Joining Nylon and Aluminum Plate and Comparative Study of TIG Welding Method(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Sapkota, RiteshFriction stir welding has shown positive outcome in joining thermoplastics, aluminum, surpassing traditional methods due to the heat generated by the friction than a direct flame. This experimental study explores the possibility of joining different materials through various criteria such as position alteration, tool rotation and offset. Tig welding of aluminum and friction stir welding (FSW) of nylon were used to create the butt joint of aluminum and nylon with a plate thickness of 6 mm. We conducted an experiment wherein we varied the tool's rotating speed from 180 to 360 rpm while maintaining a consistent traverse speed and a constant feed rate of 25 mm/min to 40 mm/min. It was observed that effective jointing significantly depends on process parameters. The aluminum joint is obtained by changing rotational speed of tool from 900 rpm to 1900 rpm and the microstructure analysis is carried out along with the mechanical properties study of material. The microstructure analysis of weld is done using optical microscope and mechanical properties of weld is obtained using UTM. The obtained tensile strength of the Aluminum weld using FSW is higher in comparison to the TIG welding. The welding strength regained is nearly 41.3% by the FSW and 15.6% by TIG welding. Coarse grain is obtained at the weld nugget in the FSW and finer grain is obtained in case of TIG Welding. Weld is less brittle in FSW than TIG Welding as the % elongation is 3.24 in FSW and 0.76 in TIG weldingItem Design Optimization of Bovet Based Micro Francis Turbine Used in Sand Laden Water(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Adhikari, NeerajThe Francis turbine is a highly prevalent choice in hydropower generation in Nepal due to its capacity to operate efficiently across a wide range of conditions i.e. large domain of head and flow rate. Traditional design techniques, such as the Bovet method, rely on empirical equations to determine the turbine's meridional profile based on hydrological factors which can be further optimized. Evaluating the runner's performance involves considering factors such as efficiency, resistance to cavitation, erosion resistance, part load performance and more. To enhance a turbine's performance for a specific site, it can be optimized by adjusting various design parameters.Item Investigation of Soil corrosion to buried metallic materials of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal(Institute of Science & Technology, 2023-10) Dahal, Kumar PrasadMetallic pipes have been utilized for long times to distribute potable water from distribution terminals to the consumers in urban cities of Nepal. However, large amounts of such potable water have been lost due to corrosion damage of such underground pipes. It is an urgent need to know the main responsible factors for such buried metallic pipeline failures, and subsequently evaluate the level of corrosion risk in the soils of Kathmandu Valley. Six soil factors (pH, moisture, resistivity, oxidation-reduction potential, chloride ion and sulfate ions) of 150 soil samples were determined using ASTM, NACE, AASHTO, and AWWA standards, The soils of Kathmandu Valley could be rated as mildly corrosive to less corrosive groups. A good positive and negative correlation coefficient between resistivity, moisture, chloride, and sulfate contents implies that these soil factors have an equal contribution to rating of soil corrosivity. A polyethylene wrapping and use of non-conducting materials could be sufficient for the extension of their life up to 50 years or more. Furthermore, a new probabilistic corrosion failure model is proposed for the study of soil corrosivity level more precisely based on sub-corrosive group. The outputs of the present work could be very useful in the formulation and implementation strategies to control or minimize the corrosion effect of buried metallic pipes in Kathmandu Valley. नेपालका शहरी क्षेत्रमा खानेपानी वितरणका लागि प्रयोग गरिँदै आएका फलामबाट बनेका यौगिक धातुबाट पाइपको क्षयिकरण (Corrosion) प्रक्रियाबाट त्यस्ता पाइपको क्षति भई वर्षेनी ठूलो मात्रामा खाने पानीको अभाव तथा आर्थिक क्षति हुँदै आएको कुरालाई मध्यनजर गर्दै उक्त पानी वितरण गर्ने जनिमूनी विछ्याइएका लोहाजन्य पाइपहरुको क्षयिकरण गर्ने प्रमुख कारकका रुपमा रहेका माटोको गुणहरु जस्तै पानीको मात्रा, अम्लियपन, विद्युतीय प्रतिराधोत्मक क्षमता, अक्सिडेसन–रिडक्सन क्षमता, क्लोराईड, सल्फेट जस्ता कणहरुको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मापदण्डहरु जस्तै ASTM, NACE र AWWA विधिहरु प्रयोग गरी विश्लेषण गर्दा काठमाडौँ उपत्यकाको माटोको क्षयिकरण तहहरु मुख्यतः निम्न तथा मध्यमस्तर रहेको विद्यावारिधी अनुसन्धानबाट पाइएको छ । यस किसिमका अनुसन्धान परीक्षणबाट यो अनुमान गर्न सकिन्छ कि उक्त निम्न तथा मध्यम स्तरका माटोको क्षयिकरण गुणहरुलाई अझ कम गर्नका लागि सरल र कम खर्चिलो तरिकाले बालुवाजन्य माटोका कणहरु विछ्याइएका पानीका पाइप वरिपरि प्रयोग गर्ने विधि पनि एउटा प्रभावशाली हुनेछ । पानीको मात्रा विद्युतीय प्रतिरोधात्मक क्षमता, क्लोराइड र सल्फेट कणहरु बीचको आपसी सम्बन्ध विश्लेषण गर्दा दुवै घनात्मक र ऋणात्मक गुणक (Positive and negative correlation coefficient) पाइएकोले माटोका यी गुणहरु क्षयिकरण वर्गीकरणका लागि समान योगदान रहेको कुरालाई संकेत गर्छ । माटो क्षयिकरणलाई सशक्त रुपमा वर्गीकरण गर्नका लागि नविनतम सम्भावित माटो क्षयिकरण मोडेल यस अध्ययनमा पेश गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनको परिणामले माटो क्षयिकरण क्षमतालाई नियन्त्रण गर्न रणनीतिक रुपमा प्रयोग गर्न सकिने विश्वास गरिएको छ ।Item Performance Analysis of Technology for Economic Development (TED) Model Biogas Plant and Comparison with Modified GGC-2047 Model Biogas plant(IOE Pulchowk Campus, 2023-10) Jaiswal, Bikesh PrasadTED model biogas plant is a fixed dome type digester. The size of the plant is 20 m3 having digester volume 12 m3 and gaseous volume 8 m3 . There has been mixture of feeding. During the study cow manure, human waste and kitchen waste like rice, fruits, vegetables, eggs, pickles, vegetables etc. was fed into the system. The digester was fed with 84 kg mixed waste per day on average generated from the school. The average gases produced per day have been 5425 liters. The plant is able to save nearly 5 cylinder of LPG per month. The recorded burning time for this amount of gas production is 9- 11 hours per day in a stove of size 0.25m3 . The total solid of inlet feedstock and outlet slurry is 14.58% and 8.13%. The volatile solids of the inlet feedstock and outlet slurry have been 78.59% and 48.98%. Percentage reduction in TS and VS have been 44.24% and 37.71% respectively. The average pH of the outlet is found to 7.1 which is around neutral. It is found to have higher reduction in TS and VS when the kitchen waste and cow manure is co-digested anaerobically. The biogas produced from the plant has been 1.01 m3 /kg of TS and 0.22 m3 / kg of VS. Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus of feedstock has been 0.37%, 0.25%, 1.54% respectively and outlet slurry have been 0.17%, 0.03%, 0.68%. The plant could reduce 12.027 Tonnes of CO2 equivalent. There have been slightly decreases in the value of the NPK because formation of ammonia gas through formation of ammonium ion. Financial analysis shown that the plants must get subsidized in order to get profitability.