Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2023-12"
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Item COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LONG SHORT-TERM MEMORY (LSTM) AND MULTI-LAYER PERCEPTRON (MLP) MODELS FOR RIVER RUNOFF PREDICTION IN THE HINDU KUSH HIMALAYAN REGION(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Shrestha, HansalHydrological forecasting in the Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) presents special challenges because of the complex interplay between climatic and environmental factors. The quantitative predictive capabilities of two well-established models, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), chosen for their proven performance in previous studies, are meticulously compared in this thesis. The analysis uses comprehensive data spanning 2001 to 2013, including discharge records from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), precipitation data from APHRODITE, temperature data from APHRODITE, and snow cover area information from Google Earth Engine with MOD09A1 V6.1. The study employs rigorous evaluation metrics, revealing nuanced insights into the hydrological processes. Contrary to expectations, the MLP model exhibited slight superiority, showcasing a nuanced understanding of the region's complexities. The quantitative assessment, including RMSE (LSTM: 0.2396, MLP: 0.1733), MAE (LSTM: 0.1698, MLP: 0.0841), R2 Score (LSTM: 0.9976, MLP: 0.9987), and NSE (LSTM: 0.9976, MLP: 0.9987), emphasizes the indispensable role of robust predictive models, showcasing the necessity of reliable models for enhancing accurate river runoff predictions crucial for effective water resource management and flood preparedness in challenging terrains like the HKH.Item Assessing the Spatial Distribution and Locational Impact of Fuel Service Stations –A Case Study of Kathmandu Metropolitan City(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Subedi, RachitaThe spatial distribution and locational impact of fuel service stations play a crucial role in urban planning, transportation, and environmental management. This thesis aims to assess and analyze the spatial distribution patterns of petrol service stations, as well as their locational impact on surrounding areas. By understanding the current distribution patterns, policymakers and urban planners can make informed decisions to optimize the placement of petrol service stations for efficient access, minimize adverse environmental effects, and enhance urban sustainability. The study will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining spatial analysis techniques, GIS, and qualitative data analysis. It will examine the spatial distribution patterns of fuel service stations in Kathmandu, identifying any clustering or spatial variations. Additionally, the research investigates the locational impact of these stations on surrounding areas, including traffic congestion, air quality, land use, and socio-economic factors.Item DEVELOPMENT DYNAMICS OF NEW TOWNS IN MID HILL HIGHWAY CORRIDOR: A CASE OF BASANTAPUR(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) GAUTAM, ALISHAThis comprehensive research report explores the intricate development journey of Basantapur, nestled in Nepal's Koshi province, with a particular focus on New Town; a Transformative Project by Government of Nepal. The report commences by providing a meticulous overview of the region's geographical, demographic, and developmental facets. Basantapur's strategic location at the crossroads of major highways positions it as a promising candidate for holistic expansion. The report scrutinizes the selection criteria for New Towns, including factors like land availability, water resources, population, literacy rates, and regional accessibility. It sheds light on the intriguing scoring and weighting of these criteria, particularly the relatively low weight given to population and migration and economic activities, despite their significant impact in the long run. Moving forward, the research explores the second objective of Basantapur New Town's IDP: improving residents' livelihoods through tourism, agriculture, and infrastructure development. Basantapur's tourism potential, owing to its natural beauty and cultural richness, is emphasized, alongside the importance of agriculture and infrastructure for economic growth. The report then investigates Basantapur's development dynamics since its designation as a New Town, examining urbanization trends, settlement patterns, land use planning, and the current development stage. Challenges such as funding constraints, governance issues, economic diversification and infrastructure improvement are identified. To address these challenges, this report of study recommends a midterm assessment of the project; along with the development in phases and construction of some large scale industries for business and employment. Other recommendations presented are securing additional funding, enhancingItem Performance Evaluation and Improvement of an Intersection - A Case Study of Thapathali Intersection(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Maharjan, LavThe Thapathali intersection located in Kathmandu Valley is a crucial junction connecting the city to Lalitpur and other major intersections like Maitighar and Tripureshwor. Given its high traffic volume, there is a need for a detailed analysis of the current operational performance of the intersection and the exploration of new solutions to improve its efficiency. A video-based survey was conducted over a period of 5 days including 3 weekdays and 2 weekends to gather data. The manual vehicle count was performed using custom manual counting software and the data was analyzed. The average peak hour traffic volume during the weekdays was 5,598 PCU in the morning and 4,886 PCU in the evening, while the weekend traffic volume was 4,697 PCU in the morning and 4,597 PCU in the evening. On average, motorcycles constituted 70.58% of the total traffic. The simulation model of the intersection was developed using the traffic analysis software SIDRA for both weekdays and weekends. After the models were calibrated and validated using the 95th percentile back of queue (BoQ), the performance of the intersection was evaluated under the current traffic policed controlled scenario. The analysis revealed average delays of 99.6 seconds/vehicle and 35.1 seconds/vehicle for weekdays and weekends respectively, with level of service (LoS) F and D under HCM 2010 and average speeds of 16.6 kmph and 24.7 kmph respectively.Item SPECIFIC SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS ON THE DIFFERENT EARTHQUAKE MOTION IN KATHMANDU VALLEY(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Adhikari, Saroj PrasadSeismicity is a critical concern in Nepal, particularly in the Kathmandu Valley, a region characterized by complex geological and geotechnical conditions. A Study presents a comprehensive site-specific response analysis of the Kathmandu Valley, employing the DEEPSOIL software for non-linear one-dimensional analysis to provide a thorough understanding of the valley’s seismic behaviour, with a focus on the impact of five distinct earthquake motions, including the Gorkha Earthquake, Loma Gilroy Earthquake, Aftershocks of Gorkha Earthquake, Chi-Chi Earthquake, and Kobe Earthquake. The study offers a thorough summary of the amplification factors (AF) and earthquake events for seismic hazard assessments and engineering designs on how the ground motion is amplified or attenuated during seismic events. In comparison to other input motions, the result demonstrates a larger value of amplification factor for the Gorkha Earthquake motion and its aftershocks motion. The Kobe earthquake motion represents the remarkable exception, where amplification considerably decreased. Balaju stands out as the region with the highest ground motion amplification, which can be related to the existence of layers of gray loose micaceous silty fine sand in its subsurface geology. Additionally, this study compares its findings of the site-specific spectral acceleration with the recommended design spectra of IS 1893:2016 and NBC 205:2020 for a 5% damping ratio. Specifically considering the soft soil and very soft soil conditions as per IS 1893:2016 and NBC 205:2020, respectively, this analysis offers a critical evaluation of how the predicted spectral accelerations correspond with designated seismic design principles.Item An Assessment of Pedestrian Waiting Time at Unsignalized Crosswalks: A Case Study of Jamal and Bagbazar Crosswalks in Kathmandu(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Thapaliya, SudeepThe acceptance of pedestrian signals hinges significantly on the waiting tolerance of the pedestrian in the region. Therefore, due consideration should be given to pedestrian waiting tolerance when designing pedestrian signal timing. This study focuses on the assessment of factors that influence pedestrian waiting time, a metric indicative of pedestrian waiting tolerance at unsignalized crosswalks in Kathmandu. An investigation of pedestrian behavior at the unsignalized crosswalks of Jamal and Bagbazar in Kathmandu was undertaken, identifying potential factors affecting pedestrian waiting time. The discrete choice model is applied due to its effectiveness in handling individual choice behavior. Based on the level of service, pedestrian waiting time is categorized into no waiting time, short waiting time, and long waiting time. Multinomial logistic regression with pedestrian waiting time as dependent variable and width of road, gap between the vehicles, speed of accepted vehicles, pedestrian size, gender, crossing pattern and carrying object as independent variables is carried using Statistical software SPSS to analyze factors that significantly influence pedestrian waiting time.Item Shunt Active Power Filter for Harmonics Compensation Based on Three Phase Voltage Source Inverters(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Maharjan, ArjunPower quality of the power distribution systems have degraded because of the extensive use of power electronic devices. These nonlinear loads cause non-sinusoidal currents & voltages with harmonic components. Some of the major power quality issues due to non-sinusoidal currents and voltage with harmonic component are impact on power capacitor, Transformer, motors, telecommunication, energy and demand metering etc. Shunt active power filters (SAPF) are used to acquire balanced and sinusoidal supply currents via way of means of injecting compensation current. There are two major control loop namely outer control loop and inner outer loop with one extra loop. The outer control loop measures source current and voltage & generates the reference reactive & active power that to be compensated by the SAPF. The inner control loop effectively tracks the reference compensating currents in d-q coordinate using PI controllers. While extra loop is associated with capacitor of voltage source inverter (VSI). The constant voltage across the capacitor is maintained. So, there is active power loss which is achieved by comparing reference voltage with the standard voltage and send the error to the PI controller. Simulation results are obtained from MATLAB/Simulink under various non-linear load conditions. The cases considered here are as follows: i) 3 phase 3 wire full wave rectifier with varying load: The MATLAB/Simulink was developed and tested with load and result was compared with the traditional approach without harmonics compensation. The THD level is within limit as per IEEE 516 standard. ii) Different loading conditions: Same process as of case i) was performed and results are within limit as per IEEE 516 standard.Item Study of Impact of NewButwal-Gorakhpur 400 kV Transmission Line on The Operation and Reliability of Integrated Nepal Power System(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Yadav, Gopal KumarIn recent years, the significance and imperative of conducting impact studies on grid reliability evaluation have escalated. This thesis represents load flow analysis with a focus on improving resilience and efficiency after adding New Butwal-Gorakhpur 400KV cross border transmission line to existing power system of Nepal and simulation of 2028A.D. INPS network to find the reliability indices. The INPS is facing unprecedented challenges brought about by the increasing demand for electricity, the integration of hydropower and renewable sources, and the need for enhanced system reliability. This thesis reviews the current state of power systems and the challenges they face, including capacity constraints, energy losses. In this context, the integration of NB-G 400KV transmission line has emerged as a promising solution to address these challenges. The core of this research are used to assess the potential benefits, such as increased grid capacity, reduced transmission losses, improved power quality and reliability of the system after the integration of New Butwal-Gorakhpur (NB-G) line. Load flow analysis is carried out in DIgSILENT to find out system loss, voltage profile and reliability indicesItem Spatial Analysis for identification of suitable areas to promote dense settlements in the case of Kageshwori Manohara Municipality(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Pudasaini, Krishna HariItem Public Private Partnership in Sustainable Solid Waste Management: A case of Madhyapur Thimi(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Moktan, PamphaSustainable solid waste management through Public Private Partnership(PPP) projects have been initiated in the municipalities of Nepal in recent years. PPPs combine the skills, knowledge and resources of both the public and private sectors through appropriate sharing of risks, rewards and responsibilities. This research explores roles and responsibilities of the major stakeholders of PPP and how they are working collaboratively to manage solid waste sustainably in Ward 4 of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality. The municipality has initiated best practice of waste management through composting done at Rikishi Compost Pvt. Ltd. This research emphasizes on private sector participation for sustainable practices in waste sector to reduce waste to landfills and create opportunities. Resource recovery has the capacity to reduce financial, environmental and social burdens on the municipality and even unlock new revenue streams. The various enabling and constraints factors for the successful operation of the project were studied through perception of local government, private party and affected households. In addition, the study examined case studies with good practices of SWM through PPP model, reviewed PPP policies and SWM policies focusing on private sector participation for turning waste to valuable resource. The study finds that peoples’ participation, monitoring, training and awareness program for segregation at source is not conducted on regular basis. The service user lack awareness about benefits of waste recovery projects. The local government lacks proper monitoring and feedback mechanism, financial investment and land for the expansion of the project to larger scale. The private company faces difficulty to compete in the market in absence of subsidy to the recovered product, inadequate supply of segregated waste and lacks continued political support. Based on the analysis, strategies for improving enabling environment for successful implementation of PPP in sustainable SWM have been explored.Item Analyzing the Hydrological Regime of Sunkoshi River Basin, Nepal, using a Glacio-hydrological Degree-day Model (GDM)(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) BUDHATHOKI, SAILESHThe Glacio-hydrological Degree-day Model (GDM), a distributed and gridded model in glacio-hydrology, uses a temperature index concept to calculate daily river discharge from snow and ice melt, rainfall and base flow. GDM calibration relies on factors like positive degree-days, snow and rain runoff coefficients and recession coefficient. The Sunkoshi River basin is a transboundary river between Nepal and Tibet. The study from 2000 to 2020 A.D includes calibration (2000-2009) and validation (2010-2020) phases in the model simulation. Its robust performance, reflected by Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values between 0.79 to 0.77, volume difference below 10% and a strong R-squared (R2) value of 0.83 to 0.77, underscores its reliability. During calibration and validation, snowmelt contributes 9.68% to 11.38%, while clean ice and ice melt beneath debris account for 2.5% to 3% to the total discharge. Rainfall maintains substantial proportions at 48.26% to 50.15%, and baseflow ranges from 37.33% to 37.66% to the total discharge. In May to June's low-flow period, the study shows snow and ice melt greatly affect river discharge. Future analysis predicts a rise in ice melt's influence, especially during low-flow phases, impacting stream flow significantly. However, increasing temperatures reduce snowfall and glacier cover, to the point of diminishing ice and snow melt contributions, ultimately impacting future low-flow stream conditions.Item Numerical Analysis of Load Settlement Behavior in Sand Deposits for Axially Loaded Pile(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Gupta, Sunil KumarThis study presents a comprehensive numerical analysis of the load settlement behavior in sand deposits surrounding axially loaded piles, aiming to enhance the understanding of pile-soil interaction in geotechnical engineering. The research employs advanced finite element modeling techniques to simulate the intricate mechanical response of piles subjected to axial loads within sand deposit. The numerical simulations incorporate crucial parameters such as soil-pile interface characteristics, and loading conditions to investigate their impact on the load settlement behavior. The study reveals insights into the mobilization of skin friction and end-bearing resistance within the sand matrix, shedding light on the complex mechanisms governing pile performance in different geological contexts The findings of this numerical analysis contribute to the advancement of geotechnical engineering practices, offering a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the load settlement behavior of axially loaded piles in sand deposits. A load-settlement curve was generated, extrapolated, and simulated using Plaxis 3D using various stiffness correlation with SPT value. Papadopoulos (1982) established a correlation that shows a close prediction about 2.1% more with field settlement values. Bowles and Tromienkov's correlations underestimate settlement values by 16 %, while Chaplin and Webb's correlations overestimate settlement by 34% and 29% respectively.Item Seismic analysis of Bored and Driven Soil Nailed Structures(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Parajuli, Kumar BikramSoil nails serve as passive reinforcement components inserted horizontally into the ground to stabilize unstable soil masses and various subterranean or surface excavations. There are different types of soil nailing techniques, categorized based on their installation methods. In the case of driven nails, they are directly pushed into the structure during excavation. On the other hand, drilled and grout-type soil nails involve initially drilling a hole in the excavated soil face, followed by the installation of nails, which are subsequently filled with grout at low pressure. The design process of the soil nail structure hinges on upon its limit state of safety and serviceability. Soil nailed wall are designed based on two main methods. The first is the limit equilibrium method, and the other method is by using finite element analysis. In this study, we discussed the effects of 2D and 3D analyses of soil nailed structures and the differences in the outputs given by those analysis. The results of the 2D and 3D analysis in in various outputs in which the design of soil nailed walls depends upon like the global factor of safety, horizontal displacement at the top of the soil nailed wall, axial tension in nail, skin friction developed in the various construction stages is found out using a the PLAXIS 3D software. Further seismic inputs of Barpak and Kobe earthquake were used to study the dynamic behavior of the soil nailed structure. Results show that for both drill-grout nails and driven nails maximum displacement predicted by 2D analysis is more compared to 3D and more prominent difference was seen in driven nails compared to drill-grout nail. The maximum axial forces were found to be maximum at soil nails installed at a depth of about 2/3H from the top of the wall in both drill-grout nails and driven nails. Maximum displacement decreases as the L/H ratio increases for static loadings whereas in dynamic loadings L/H ratio seems to have little contribution for controlling displacement at lower values (less than 1). Maximum axial force developed in the soil nail decreases with the increase in magnitude of earthquake loading.Item Application of Glacio-hydrological degree-day Model to simulate hydrological regime of Tamakoshi River Basin, Nepal(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) CHAULAGAIN, NABINThe glaciers and snow-covered areas has been highly influential in the hydrology of the glacierized basin. Long-term water management will become more difficult as a result of climate change, which is anticipated to alter water availability. Here we have set up Glacio-hydrological Degree day Model Version 2 (GDM V.2) as a hydrological model to simulate the discharge in Tamakoshi River basin (TRB) and quantified various runoff components. The model is first calibrated and validated for the period of 2004-2009 and 2011-2020, respectively where Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) is 0.77 and 0.80 for calibration and validation periods. The monsoonal rain was anticipated to influence stream flow changes the most (46.86%), followed by base flow (37.57%), snowmelt (12.17%), and ice melt (3.18%) form the year 2004-2009 and rain (46.33%), followed by base flow (38.79%), icemelt (3.27%), and snowmelt (10.77%) from 2011-2020 according to the model. Forecasts indicate a rise in discharge under SSP58.5, notably reaching 3.68 m3/s according to EC-Earth3, in stark contrast to the declines projected under SSP24.5, such as the decrease to 0.09 m3/s under Nor ESM2-MM, between SSP24.5 and SSP58.5, constituent contributions exhibit significant variations, shedding light on potential shifts in resource availability.Item Dynamic Reconfiguration of Distribution Networks Considering the Dynamic Topology Variation(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Mainali, SabinElectrical distribution networks undergo dynamic transformations due to continuous alteration and variation of loads. These alterations necessitate engineering studies aimed at optimizing the distribution networks. Reconfiguring networks stands as a critical analysis process essential for enhancing and managing distribution systems (DSs). When starting with a stable initial DS, the distribution feeders can be reconfigured by adjusting switch statuses to enhance operational performance. Changes in the initial topology can occur due to equipment maintenance, system expansion, or fault incidents, with branch additions or removals. In this study, we introduce a dynamic reconfiguration approach that takes into account dynamic variations in the initial topology. This methodology integrates dynamic topology analysis and network reconfiguration to address current distribution network optimization issues. The original DS topology is characterized by a collection of independent topological parameters. Dynamic topology analysis helps to identify changes in the original topology and identify locations that are out of service in order to restore network connectivity. These topological parameters are then updated to determine the initial topology in present time.Item The Optimal Placement of a Photovoltaic-integrated Dynamic Voltage Restorer for the enhancement of Power Quality within the Distribution System. A Case Study of 11kV Tanahusur Radial Distribution Feeder and 11kV Simara Industrial Feeder(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Dhakal, PrabinIn the context of power distribution, maintaining high Power Quality (PQ) is crucial. Voltage fluctuations like sags, swells, and harmonics can disrupt PQ. To address these issues, a sophisticated solution involving a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) has been devised. The DVR serves as a dynamic energy store, utilizing solar energy from Photovoltaic (PV) cells. To optimize this process, a smart algorithm called Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is integrated with Incremental Conductance method. This algorithm ensures that solar energy is harnessed efficiently and the system operates at its peak performance. To manage reactive power generation, a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is introduced. This component utilizes Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques for precise control, enabling it to inject reactive power into the grid. For improved control precision, a Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) strategy is implemented. This enhances the synchronization of voltage injection, mitigating phase angle mismatches and reducing harmonic distortions. Ensuring synchronization and power factor correction is achieved through a Proportional Resonant (PR) controller. This controller, when cascaded with a harmonic compensator, effectively minimizes undesirable harmonic components in the system's output current. This aids in maintaining a consistent power factor and a higher quality power output. The overall system's performance and effectiveness are evaluated through simulation using MATLAB 2023a software.Item Understanding Human-Environment Relationship of Local Communities - A Case Study of Nijgadh International Airport(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Rathi, NehaThe human-environment relationship is changing with expansion of infrastructure over the years. While infrastructure expansion is integral to the national development, the associated consequences such as environmental degradation, social injustice and economic marginalization of local communities are often overlooked. This study seeks to understand the relationship between local communities and their surrounding environment; along with the socio-economic consequences due to infrastructure expansion. The research focuses on three settlements in and near the Nijgadh forest of Nepal: Tangiya Basti, Kathgaon, and Matiyani Tole which lie in the project area of Nijgadh International Airport. Qualitative methods such as Key Informant Interviews (KII), Focus Group Discussions, and Observations and Quantitative methods such as Household survey has been carried out in addition to review of different literatures. The research reveals the community are dependent on their surrounding ecosystem for livelihood such as agriculture, cattle grazing, chopping firewoods, non-timber forest products, etcetera. The findings also reveal how infrastructure projects can hinder development, taking the investment away from communities for their access of basic infrastructure services such as electricity, communication network, hospitals for years.Item International Air Passenger Demand Modeling and Airport Choice Modeling in Nepal(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Luitel, NishubAir travel demand forecasting is an important task for the concerned civil aviation authority as well as airlines. This paper intends to analyze and forecast international air travel demand in Nepal and apportion the demand between TIA, the only existing international airport of Nepal and the other proposed international airports. Econometric variables like GDP, CPI, remittance, employment migration, tourist arrivals, exchange rates, GDP per capita, net national income per capita, world GDP etc were taken as an explanatory variable for the demand generated in aviation industry. A regression model was developed using above mentioned variables as explanatory variable. The statistical result showed almost perfect correlation between themselves, as suggested by variance inflation factor (VIF) value which made the model biased in terms of coefficients. Furthermore, several models considering different combinations of independent variables were developed. Finally a regression model considering exchange rate, number of labour permit, number of tourist arrival as explanatory variable showed satisfactory result and was taken as demand model for the forecast.Item Numerical Investigation of Effect of Compaction on Serviceability Behavior of Geosynthetic Reinforced Structures(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Ghimire, SauravGeosynthetic Reinforced Structures (GRS) play a pivotal role in various construction applications, serving as reinforced retaining structures, bridge abutments, and slope stabilizers. The technology employs geotextile or geogrids in backfill layers to develop tensile strength through friction and interlocking with the soil, minimizing settlement issues. GRS mechanisms involve apparent cohesion development, increased confining pressure, and potential soil dilatancy suppression. Research on GRS behavior encompasses factors like reinforcement spacing, stiffness, compaction effects, facing rigidity, and seismic behavior. This study addresses a gap in understanding the impact of compaction load on lateral wall deformation during the serviceability stage. Utilizing Finite Element Method (FEM) 2D, the numerical model investigates compaction load effects on lateral wall deformation and reinforcement axial strain. Experimental findings underscore the influence of backfill compaction on soil stiffness and deformation reduction. Parametric analysis reveals compaction's substantial role in resisting lateral deformation, with decreased vertical reinforcement spacing and increased axial stiffness correlating with diminished lateral wall deformation. The study emphasizes that heavy compaction effectively mitigates both vertical and lateral deformation induced by traffic loads. Field modeling of a Geosynthetic Reinforced Bridge abutment validates these findings, showcasing the practical significance of compactionItem Experimental Study on Bituminous Emulsion Mix(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-12) Dahal, NeevaParis Agreement (PA) is a treaty made between different countries worldwide and aims to hold the increase in average temperature below 2 ̊ C. PA mainly focuses on climate related capacity building as it is realized that transport sector is majorly contributing in carbon emission. Hot Mix asphalt covers large part of nation’s surface road which needs a lot of energy consumption during production and compaction of mix resulting emission of carbon and other harmful fumes and gases. With an aim of lowering the production temperature and emission rate, cold mix technology was developed. The production temperature of cold mix is 0 – 40 ْC which is very low comparing with hot mix. In areas prone to heavy rainfall and snow accumulation, the colder environmental temperatures create challenges in heating both aggregate and binder to the necessary high temperatures. The construction of rural roads using conventional paving techniques becomes problematic due to the intricate processes required for producing and applying Hot Mix Asphalt. In such situations, an alternative solution is to use cold mix, which can be produced directly at the construction site
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