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माइतघर उपन्यासमा पाइने सामाजिक भाषिक पक्षको अध्ययन {Maitaghar upanyasma paine samajik bhashik pakshako adhyayan}
(2015) मगर, राजु राना (Magar, Raju Rana); चन्देश्वर लाल कर्ण (Chandeswar Lal Karn)
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Socio-cultural perspectives of Nepal-India relations
(2025) Air, Uttar Bahadur; Lal Mani Pandey
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An assessment of the healthcare expenditure and health outcomes in Nepal
(2026) Subedi, Khem Raj; Bam Dev Adhikari
Healthcare expenditure optimization is essential for improving access to quality healthcare services for the general population. It requires strengthening and optimizing government healthcare financing and reducing the high burden of out-of pocket (OOP) payment faced by households. This dissertation assesses the government health expenditure and health outcomes of Nepal. This dissertation has three objectives. First, to identify the factors associated with the per capita government health expenditure in Nepal. Second, to examine the macroeconomic factors influencing out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for healthcare in Nepal. Third, to evaluate the extent to which macroeconomic, socio-demographic, and institutional factors influence variations in population health outcomes, particularly life expectancy and infant mortality in Nepal. The study uses annual longitudinal data covering the data from 1994 to 2022 focusing on the research questions and objectives. The study employs ARDL framework of analysis to estimate both the short-run dynamics and the long-run causal relationship focusing objectives of the dissertation. Likewise, the dissertation uses the 2SLS model to analyze the relationship between health outcomes with selected macroeconomic, government health expenditure, demographic, social, and institutional variables. The findings indicate that GDP per capita, population health-seeking behavior measured by OPD visit frequency, and health human resource density are key drivers of government health expenditure. Aggregate government health expenditure grows faster than the GDP growth, indicating rising income elasticity. Government health expenditure is significantly driven by government sector health workforce density and OPD healthcare service utilization, underscoring the role of service demand and system capacity. Moreover, institutional and policy reforms also exert a substantial influence on health financing. Likewise, OOP payments for health are significantly influenced by GDP per capita, remittance inflow, and inflation rate, while unemployment shows no persistent long-run effect except during specific shocks periods. The findings also indicate that GDP per capita increases life expectancy at birth, but the negative squared income term indicates diminishing returns, suggesting a vi threshold effect. The positive interaction between per capita health workforce density highlights the importance of efficient resource deployment for increasing life expectancy. In addition, rising life expectancy at birth is associated with falling fertility rates, indicating theoretically consistent outcomes. This implies improved efficiency in the production of health, reflecting long-term structural and institutional progress rather than short-term demographic coincidence. Finally, the per capita GDP growth significantly lowers infant mortality rate, indicating that economic growth can lead to improvement in nutrition intake, and sanitation, followed by better healthcare delivery which collectively contribute to infant survival rates. Though the squared GDP term has positive relation with infant mortality, implying diminishing marginal benefits of income growth on infant survival at higher income level. Result also shows that increase in life expectancy is associated with fall in infant mortality. Fertility rate and mean years of schooling is also negatively associated with infant mortality rate. The interaction term of per capita government health expenditure and health workforce density also shows a threshold effect, indicating that higher expenditure becomes effective only after a threshold.