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शिक्षकको पेशागत दक्षताले सिकाइमा पारेको प्रभाव
(2015) शाह, प्रेमलता; धर्मराज सिह
शिक्षकको पेशागत दक्षताले सिकाइमा पारेको प्रभाव शोध शीर्षकमा गरिएको यो अध्ययनको
मुख्य उद्देश्य शिक्षकमा पेशागतउत्तरदायित्व सम्बन्धी दक्षताको अवस्था र शिक्षण सिकाइमा
त्यसको असर पत्ता लगमउनु हो ।
यस अध्ययनमा लागि मिश्रित अनुसन्धानात्मक ढाँचाको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा
सङ्ख्यात्मक तथा गुणात्मक दुबै विधिको तथ्याङ्क प्रयोग गरिएको छ । नमुना छनोट
उद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनोट विधिबाट गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनलाई सम्बन्धित
सरोकारवालाहरुबाट प्राथमिक तथ्याङ्क सं कलनकाे लागि प्रश्नावली, अन्तर्वार्ता र समूह
छलफललाई साधनको रुपमा प्रयोग गरिएाको छ । द्वितीय तथ्याङ्कको रुपमा विद्यालयको
अभिलेखलाई प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा तथ्याङ्कको विश्लेशण सङ्ख्यात्मक तथा
गुणात्मक दुवै रुपमा गरिएको छ ।
यस अध्ययनबाट आएकाे तथ्याङ्कहरुको नतिजा विश्ले षण गर्दा शिक्षकको पेशागत
दक्षताको अवस्थाको प्रतिबिम्बन , सम्पूर्ण शिक्षण प्रक्रियाको अभिलेख र पेशागत दक्षता
प्रदर्शन न्यून रहेको पाईयो । पेशागत दक्षतामा अभिलेखको अभावमा प्रतिबिम्बन गर्न
नसके को, शिक्षक–विद्यार्थी को अनुपात बढीे र शिक्षकको शिक्षण सिकाई पद्धति सकारात्मक
सोचको कमी भएको । शिक्षकको पेशागत उत्तरदायित्व सम्बन्धी दक्षतामा अभाव देखिएकोले
सिकाई दिगो र प्रभोवकारी हुन सके को छैन् । विद्यार्थी केन्द्रित सुधारात्मक र उपचारात्मक
शिक्षण सिकाई हुन सके को पाईएन् । सह तथा अतिरिक्त क्रियाकलाप सञ्चालन हुुन
नसके कोले विद्यार्थी सिकाइ पद्धति उत्प्रेरित हुन नसके को देखिन्छ जसले गर्दा उत्तीर्ण प्रतिशत
घटेको छ । विद्यार्थीको सहभागिता र सक्रियता न्यू न भएको छ । विद्यार्थीको व्यवहारमा
सकारात्मक परिवर्तन हुन सकेको छैन । शिक्षण सिकाइमा शैक्षिक सामग्रीको कम प्रयोग
भएको देखिन्छ । सबै विद्यार्थीले समान अवसर पाएको देखिएन् । विद्यार्थीले अभ्यासको
अवसर पाउन नसके कोले सिकाइ दिगो हुन नसके को जस्ता असरहरु परेको पाईयो ।
यस अध्ययनबाट निष्कर्षमा देखिएका चुनौतीहरु तथा असरहरुको समाधान गर्न सक्षम एवं
दक्ष शिक्षकको नियु क्तिको व्यवस्था मिलाउनु पर्ने आवश्यकता छ । आवश्यकतामा आधारित
तालिमको व्यवस्था गरी शिक्षकमा सकारात्मक मनोवृति विकास गराउन सकियो भने
शिक्षण सिकाईको स्तरलाई सुधार गर्न सकिन्छ । अनुगमन एवं सुपरिवेक्षणकाे प्रभावकारी
व्यवस्था मिलाई सोको आधारमा दण्ड
Cross- sectional study of urinary pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern with refernce to extended spectreum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing strains in Kathmandu model hospital
(2008) Karna, Neelam; Binod Lekhak
Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) hydrolyse expanded spectrum cephalosporins like
ceftazidime, cefotaxime and monobactam aztreonam. ESBL producing bacteria may not be
detectable in the routine disc diffusion susceptibility tests leading to inappropriate use of
antibiotics and treatment failures. Thus, in order to detect antibiotic susceptibility pattern of
urinary tract isolates of family enterobacteriaceae with reference to extended spectrum β-lactamase
(ESBL) producing strain, a study was conducted among patients attending the outpatient
department and hospitalized patients of Kathmandu Model Hospital, who were suspected of
urinary tract infection (UTI) during the six months from 1-March-2006 to 31-August-2006.
Altogether, 435 urine samples collected were investigated by conventional semi-quantitative
culture technique, microscopy, antibiotic susceptibility test and ESBL detection test.
Out of 435 urine samples, only 23.91% (104/435) showed significant growth. The highest
percentage of growth positive samples 29.81% (31/104) belonged to the age group 20-30 years.
Status of bacteriuria was found slightly higher in females (26.10%i.e.71/272) than in males
(20.25% i.e.33/163) and higher in inpatients (28.17% i.e.20/71) than in outpatients (23.08% i.e.
84/364). Among 104 isolates, E. coli (88.46%) was found to be the most predominant isolate
followed by Enterobacter aerogens (3.85%), Acinetobacter species (1.92%), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (0.96%), Proteus vulgaris (0.96%), Citrobacter freundii (1.92%) and Staphylococcus
aureus (1.9%). Out of 104 isolates, 63 (60.6%) were MDR. And also among 104 isolates 16
(15.38%) were ESBL producing strain. The prevalence of ESBL strains was found to be higher
(20.00% i.e. 4/20 ) in admitted patient than in outpatient 14.29% i.e. 12/84 and also the prevalence
of ESBL strain was found to be higher in male (18.18% i.e. 6/33) than female (10/71). Out of 92 E.
coli isolates, 16.30%i.e. 15/92 were ESBL strains while 25% i.e. ¼ of E. aerogenes were found to
be ESBL strains.
Based on invitro susceptibility test and phenotypic Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST), it was
concluded that a significant number of urinary isolates are MDR and often co-produce ESBL,
which can result in unavoidable treatment failures. No doubt the reporting of MDR and ESBLs and
other β-lactamases should continue to challenge treatment strategy for years to come.
Key Words: MDR, ESBL, Double Disc Synergy test
हराएका कथाहरु कथासङ्ग्रहको विधातात्त्विक अध्ययन
(2015) भट्टराई, मुकुन्द; राधिका गुरागाइ
Not available