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An analysis of informal cross border trade of goods and services between Nepal and India
(2024) Chhetri, Pawan Kumar; Ananta Raj Dahal
activities are increasing due to various factors such as easy access, price differences, cultural similarities, and family ties. Informal Cross Border Trade (ICBT) flourishes in areas with poor border regulation, as residents exploit their geographical knowledge. This study focuses on ICBT between Nepal and India, examining its nature and impact on household income. The study aims to identify the types of goods and services involved in ICBT and analyze its impact on household income. Data was collected through structured questionnaires from 204 respondents in border areas. The methodology employed both descriptive and quantitative approaches. Descriptive analysis included data visualization techniques to present the types of goods and services. Quantitative analysis utilized multiple linear regression to examine the strength of relationship between ICBT participation and household income. Additionally, correlation analysis (chi-square test) was performed to assess the relationship between the variables. Furthermore, ANOVA was also done for overall significance of the regression model.The analysis revealed that daily consumable goods, including fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), agricultural products, and intermediate goods, dominated ICBT. Correlation analysis showed a weak negative correlation between household income and frequency of ICBT, suggesting that such trade often arises from necessity rather than opportunity. Regression analysis indicated that certain types of trade are associated with lower household income, while specific family structures (presumably joint families) are linked to higher household income. This finding highlights the importance of family dynamics in economic strategies within border regions. Policy implications suggest a need for a nuanced approach to border management, considering the economic realities of border communities. Efforts to formalize trade should be balanced with measures to support alternative livelihoods. The study recommends further investigation into the long-term economic and social impacts of ICBT on border communities. Policymakers should consider targeted interventions to address the root causes of ICBT while promoting formal trade channels. Key Words: Porous Border, ICBT, Goods and Services, Household Income.
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Utilization of the old age allowance in dhunibeshi municipality
(2024) Poudel, Rekha; Raghu Bir Bista
This study investigated the utilization of the Old Age Allowance (OAA) One of the financial assistances provided by government of Nepal that effective utilization will helps to achieve the better social security and reduces old age vulnerability. The study's primary objective is to analyze the patterns of utilization of old age allowances across different expenditure categories and to examine the influence of demographic and socioeconomic factors on the allocation of old age allowances. Data for this study were sourced from a structured survey conducted among 112 senior citizens among 560 receiving old age allowances. The survey captured detailed information on demographics, income sources, family composition, and expenditure patterns. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to explore the relationships between food expenses, family size, other family income, and ethnicity. Findings reveal that the Old Age Allowances significantly contribute to the basic needs of the elderly, including food, healthcare, and social participation. However, its impact varies based on family size, other income sources, and ethnic backgrounds. A negative correlation was found between family size and food expenses, indicating that Senior Citizen living in joint families may pool resources more efficiently. And more family support Conversely, a positive correlation between other family income and food expenses suggests that higher income families may afford better quality food. The study concludes that, while the OAA plays a crucial role in supporting the elderly, there are disparities in its utilization influenced by demographic and socioeconomic factors.The study recommends policy adjustments to ensure more equitable distributionand utilization of the allowance. Enhancing awareness about financial management among recipients and integrating additional support services could further improve the program's effectiveness. Policymakers should consider these insights to tailor social protection programs that better address the needs of the elderly in diverse communities. Key Words: Old Age Allowances, Senior Citizen welfare, Family Size, Income, Ethnicity, Social Protection