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Mountaineering literature: Journey from self-discovery to transformation
(2024) Gautam, Pragya; Anita Dhungel
This research critically examines mountaineering narratives of renowned and legendary mountaineers who recount their awe-inspiring and perilous journeys to majestic peaks like Mount Everest and Annapurna. The allure of these majestic landscapes has long captivated adventures and mountaineers, offering a unique blend of beauty, challenge, and danger. Despite the associated hazards, mountaineers are drawn to undertake such extreme challenges. The study explores questions like what motivates mountaineers to ascend such formidable heights. It investigates how climbers perceive their triumphs as profound meditation, fostering self-discovery, personal transformation and ultimately, the pursuit of the sublime.
To address these questions, the researcher employs descriptive, analytical, and interpretative methods to analyze a selection of mountaineering narratives. These include Sir Edmund Hillary's High Adventure: The True Story of the First Ascent of Everest (1955), Jamling Norgay Sherpa and Broughton Coburn’s Touching My Father's Soul: A Sherpa’s Journey to the Top of Everest (2001), Edmund Viesturs and David Roberts’s The Mountain: My Time on Everest (2013), Maurice Herzog's Annapurna: The First Conquest of an 8,000-Meter Peak (1997), Reinhold Messner's Annapurna: 50 Years Expeditions in the Death Zone (2000), and other relevant narratives. Through this analysis, the researcher aims to uncover the psychological, philosophical, and existential dimensions of mountaineering as portrayed in these texts.
Additionally, this research offers a thorough exploration of the expeditions undertaken by women mountaineers, who have embarked on their journeys alongside their male counterparts. Among the noteworthy works examined in this context are Rebecca Stephens's On Top of the World (1994), Lene Gammelgaard's Climbing High: A Woman's Account of Surviving the Everest Tragedy (1999), Lhakpa Phuti Sherpa's Forty Years in the Mountains (2016), and Arlene Blum's Annapurna: A Woman's Place (2015). These works provide valuable insights into their experiences, struggles, and triumphs in high-altitude mountaineering.
The selection criteria for these primary texts are based on diversity, encompassing narratives from both Western and non-Western perspectives and cultures to ensure a wide-ranging understanding of mountaineering and the experiences that they gain during their brave and bold escapades. Moreover, the inclusion of both male and female perspectives fosters gender inclusivity and ensures a broader exploration of the mountaineering experience.
The primary objective of this research is to identify the purpose and motivation behind embarking on the perilous peaks of Mount Everest and Annapurna as reflected in mountaineering texts. Additionally, the study explores how human hubris in mountaineering converts into trepidation and terror, resulting in the recognition of one’s insignificance which ultimately, transforms individuals into resilient, compassionate, and wise beings. Additionally, it analyzes how the formidable terrain serves as a conduit to discover and transform, thereby leading the climbers into the realm of the sublime.
The research methodology for this study is based on the theoretical concept of the sublime, as articulated by British philosopher Edmund Burke and German philosopher Immanuel Kant in their respective works, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1823) and the “Analytic of the Sublime", a section of Critique of Judgment (1951). Additionally, it integrates perspectives from philosophers like Emily Brady and J. T. Boulton, who have contributed to the discourse on the sublime.
After a thorough examination of selected texts written by legendary and renowned Everest and Annapurna summiteers, it can be noticed that their motivations extend beyond a mere passion for adventure. These climbers are in pursuit of self-discovery, transformation, and ultimately the experience of the sublime. Their expeditions testify that ascending a mountain is not just a physical feat but a transformative journey. This journey is marked by the relentless pursuit of defined goals, and daring exploration of the unknown, ultimately, reaching the summit. Despite their numerous risks and challenges, they attain a state of sublime, which allows profound insights and realizations about their place in the universe.
This study makes a significant contribution to mountaineering literature, revealing that mountaineering transcends mere passion, adventure, or the quest for recognition. It affords climbers profound sublime experiences that transcend the mundane world. The transformative nature of these summit experiences fosters a new perspective on themselves and the world.
The knowledge gained from this research is applicable in various sectors. Academicians and government authorities can use this information to design mountaineering courses. Additionally, it provides valuable insights into mountaineering and its impact on human life.
A study of wheat marketing in Kailali district
(2011) Bhatt, Bharti Keshav Bahadur; Not available
Not available
Social Exclusion and Exploitation in Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable: A Subaltern Study
(2015) G.C., Bandana; Tej Narayan Adhikari
Untouchable is Mulk Raj Anand's first novel which brought him immense popularity and prestige. This novel shows the realistic picture of society through 18 year old boy, Bakha. He is the central character who suffers because of his lower caste. Anand is concerned with the curse of untouchability in pre-colonial period. The novel exposes how an untouchable boy is condemned to live a hellish life in so-called civilized society. Anand argues that the practice of untouchability is totally the matter of pretentious religiosity and exploitation. The novel describes a single day in the life of Bakha; belonging to the scavenger caste, commonly known as Bhangi in many Indian languages. There is sense of subordination among the privileged people. Even for water, the basic necessity of human existence, the sweepers have to depend on the mercy of the upper caste Hindus. Almost every page of the novel is drenched in Bakha’s unseen tears who patienty endures the most humiliating and depressing days of his life in this story. In their whole life the Bhang’s are forced to live in discrimination and hatred. This research attempt to reveal the social exclusion and exploitation from subaltern perspectives.