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Necropolitics, Affirmative Ethics and Atwood‘s Speculation of an Integrated Human History in the Gilead Series
(2025) Dahal, Alisa; Anirudra Thapa
Margaret Atwood speculates a totalitarian regime Gilead in her novels The
Handmaid's Tale (1985) and The Testaments (2019. It was formed under a coup after
the civil war preceded by the assassination of the US president and collapse of the
Congress. The state represses its people, especially women, to enforce forceful sex,
marriage, pregnancy and births to cope with the population crisis induced by
continuous wars, climate disasters and low human fertility rate. To execute these
repressive policies, the state invents extreme forms of control mechanisms built on
Puritan doctrines, militarism, pervasive surveillance and utter violence like public
execution, selective killings, brutal punishments, violence and intimidation. Sinners
and criminals like adulteresses, rapists and pedophiles are not tolerated, and women
are cared for and controlled to manage the population. Quite contradictory to
totalitarianism and repression, the state employs a female leader, Lydia to watch the
―female sphere‖ and carry out safe births. This thesis analyzes the extreme means of
control and punishment on women and attempts to answer how and why the state
resorts to such mechanisms ranging from militarism, theocracy, rampant surveillance
to female leadership. This thesis examines how the state evokes positive response and
support from the disempowered women. Furthermore, it probes into the implications
of inclusion of a woman leader into state politics and unravels the rationale of such
contradictions prevalent in state. Besides, it pays critical attention upon the plurality
of forces and people performing their roles constructively and flexibly in the reduced
circumstances.
This thesis is framed under interpretive research design and is substantiated by
interpretation and criticality as theoretical underpinnings under constructivist
approach as explained by Creswell and Creswell. This approach helps to reflect and
understand reality constructed by four female narrators from their experiences and
observations as main victims and witnesses of the repression, and supports the
interpretation of women‘s responses to state politics. Moreover, it employs Butler‘s
theory of performance to deepen the understanding of shifting roles and
responsibilities, openness and fluidity of identities. It uses the conceptual framework
built on Mbembe‘s concept of necropolitics, Braidotti‘s approach of affirmative
ethics, Butler‘s concept of frames of war and Agamben‘s idea of ―state of exception‖
to discuss why and how the regime violates law, eliminates selective population of
women, and executes repressive rules by employing a female leader. Mbembe‘s
concept of sovereign right for selective killing and Braidotti‘s ideas about sacrificial
deaths, legalized euthanasia, use of technothanatological weaponry and ―ethos of
engagement‖ are relevant tools to analyze the totalitarian regime, its people framed in
different categories and their performances to live through the unprecedented crisis in
Gilead as a ―state of exception‖.
This thesis concludes that the state violence, repression, selective killings and
extreme forms of control on its people are neither for sovereignty, elimination of the
enemies as by racism nor a tool for eugenics but they are critical choices the state has
to make when all other alternatives of saving the human future are exhausted by itself
in the pretext of wars, nationality and individual freedom. Consigning the political
power to the woman leader is the recognition of women‘s agency unacknowledged in
the history but crucial in lifting up the fallen societies and rebuilding peace. Atwood‘s
implication is of a collective battle as the ultimate resolve to fight against the shared
precariousness and common vulnerability of the imminent human future. Unity can
overcome the unprecedented crisis. Empathy, compassion, forgiveness, affirmative
ethics and charity founded on self-criticism, critical retrospection and sense of oneness
can rebuild an integrated history. Proposed as a design to live the future
under the constant threat of ever-going wars, the rehearsal of thoughts in this
discourse can trigger affirmative response and transformative approaches to crises in
the uncharted chapters humanity is likely to face. To conclude on what Atwood says:
―imagination influences hope‖ and on what Braidotti claims: ―words are sonic acts‖,
this thesis draws upon the chilling experiences of the repressive rule of Gilead and
keeps readers aware and critical about contemporary wars and violence, and the past.
Implicitly, it asks us to be prepared to take the dystopian future if navigated
otherwise. Rigorous in tone, Atwood, nevertheless gives hope providing patterns of
lives to live through similar situations awhile and learn to resist them, meanwhile.
Keywords: affirmative ethics, critical retrospection, ethos of engagement,
necropolitics, repression, shared vulnerability
Analysis of government expenditure on education in nepal
(2024) Sapkota, Monika; Baikuntha Pandey
Education is an important part of human capital formation. A school is an institution established to provide consideredin formation and teach students under the guidance of teachers and administrators. To improve the quality and human capital government is increasing its investment in education each year. This study aimsto analyse the trend of government expenditure on school education, the contribution of government expenditure on education and the relationship between government expenditure and education in Nepal.The study is based on secondary data. The period taken for the study is 14 years i.e. 2008-2021. Descriptive statistics is done to analyze the data. The data is presented in two segments i.e. before and after the declaration of the constitution. The relationship finding shows a high relationship between government expenditure and education in Nepal, which indicates that if government expenditure increases, the outcomes of education also increase and vice-versa. The impact of government expenditure on education shows that all the indicators are expanding as per the policy implication. The impact shows that every child is getting a quality education and schools are short distances. As population growth is declining the enrollment rate is increasing while comparing with the population growth rate. As the policy changes, the number of studentswho pass out from SEE in community schools also increases.Stable policy, regular monitoring and supervision, facilitation of learning tutorials, regular capacity enhancing training to teachers, educational workers and service providers, involving local communities and parents in the decision-making process, promoting local language, provision of motivational allowances for those teachers who are working in a rural municipality
A study of credit management of Machhapuchhre bank limited, Pokhara
(2014) Timilsina, Bishnu Maya; Dhurba Kumar Budhathoki
Not available