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माध्यमिक तहमा दलित विद्यार्थीको शैक्षिक अवस्था {Madhyamik tahama dalit bidyarthiko saikshik abastha}
(2015) यादव, रानीसुजान (Yadav, Ranisujan); धर्मराज सिंह (Dharmaraj Singh)
माध्यमिक तहमा दलित विद्यार्थीहरुको शैक्षिक अवस्था शीर्षकमा गरिएको यस अध्ययन कार्यको मुख्य उद्देश्य दलित बालबालिकाको शैक्षिक स्थिति पत्ता लगाउनु रहेको छ ।
यस अध्ययनको लागि सिरहा जिल्लाको सुखीपुर स्रोतकेन्द्र अन्तर्गत रहेका ५ वटा सामुदायिक माध्यमिक तह छनोट गरिएको छ । यसका लागि उद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनोटबाट स्रोत व्यक्ति १ जना विद्यालय व्यवस्थापन समिति अध्यक्ष ५ जना प्राचार्य ५ जना, शिक्षक ५ जना र अभिभावक १० जना छनोट गरिएको छ । सम्भावना यूक्त नमुना छनोटवाट प्रत्येक विद्यालयमा १ जना छात्र र १ जना छात्रा पर्ने गरी १० जना दलित विद्यार्थी समेत जम्मा ३६ जनालाई नमुनाको रुपमा लिइएको छ ।
ढाँचा
यस अध्ययनको ढाँचा परिमाणात्मक र गुणात्मक रहेको छ । अन्तर्वार्ता ,प्रश्नावली र विद्यालय विवरण फारमलाई साधनको रुपमा प्रयोग गरिएको छ ।
अध्ययन क्षेत्रका विद्यालयहरुको माध्यमिक तहमा दलित विद्यार्थीको उमेर अनुसारको भर्ना न्यून रहेको, उपस्थिति कम रहेको, उपस्थितिमा छात्रा भन्दा छात्र प्रतिशत धेरै न्यून रहेको पाइयो र परीक्षा अनुत्तीर्ण हुने दर अन्य विद्यार्थीमा भन्दा दलित विद्यार्थीमा धेरै रहेको देखियो । दलित छात्रा भन्दा छात्र बढी उत्तीर्ण भएको देखिए पनि छात्राको उत्तीर्ण संख्या बृद्धि हुदै गएको पाइयो । दलित बालबालिकाका शैक्षिक समस्याहरुमा परिवारको कमजोर आर्थिक अवस्था, बाबुआमाको अशिक्षा, पारिवारिक सङ्ख्या र वातावरण, परम्परागत पेशाको निरन्तरता, धार्मिक र सामाजिक संस्कार मूख्य रुपमा रहेका छन् । त्यस्तै छोरा छोरीमा हुने लैङ्गिक विभेद, व्यवहारिक तथा व्यावसायिक शिक्षाको अभाव, जातीय छुवाछुत व्यवहारिक रुपमा कायमै रहनु सामाजिक र जातीय संस्कार मनोवैज्ञानिक रुपमा एक पुस्तावाट अर्को पुस्तामा हस्तान्तरण हुनु विद्यालयको सिकाई वातावरणले कमजोर विद्यार्थीलाई उत्प्रेरित गर्न नसक्नु बढ्दो बेरोजगारी जस्ता कारणले पनि शिक्षामा पहुँच बृद्धि गर्न समस्याको रुपमा रहेको पाइयो । समस्या समाधान गर्न अभिभावकको शैक्षिक स्तर वृद्धि गर्न विशेष साक्षरता अभियान सञ्चालन गर्नु पर्ने, जनचेतना कार्यक्रम सञ्चालन गर्नु पर्ने, निःशूल्क शिक्षालाई व्यवहारिक रुपमा लागु गर्नु पर्ने विद्यार्थीलाई शैक्षिक सामग्री उपलब्ध गराउनु पर्ने सुझावहरु दिइएको छ ।
Effectiveness of Realia in Teaching English Vocabulary
(2023) Sigdel, Asmita; Sanjay Kumar Basnet
This research entitled “Effectiveness of Realia in Teaching Vocabulary” aimed to
figure out the effectiveness of applying realia in teaching English vocabulary. This is
an experimental research in type. To accomplish this research, I had chosen twenty
six students of grade five from one of the community schools running in Nijgadh
Municipality of Bara district. Firstly, I administered a set of questions regarding
vocabulary as pre – test in order to observe the existing competence of the students.
Next, I divided the students in two different groups; experimental and controlled
group implying non – random sampling procedure. I took the classes, from 15th
May 2023 to 22nd June 2023, applying realia in experimental group and lecture method in
controlled group. Those groups were formed to experiment effectiveness of realia in
teaching primary students on English vocabularies of their level. Finally, in order to
accumulate the data, I administered the same set of questions to find out their
outcomes. The result showed huge difference between the outcomes of the both
groups. The result portrayed that experimental group led the controlled group by
average score 9.83. It revealed that use of realia for teaching English vocabulary in
primary level is more satisfactory than that of lecture method.
This study contains total five chapters. Chapter one includes background of
the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions,
significance of the study, delimitations of the study and operational definitions of the
key terms. Likewise, chapter two comprises review of related theoretical literature,
review of empirical literature, implication of the study and conceptual framework.
Furthermore, chapter three consists of methods and procedures applied for the study
that comprises design of the study, population, sample and sampling strategies,
research tools, sources of data (Primary and Secondary), data collection procedures,
data analysis procedure and ethical considerations. Besides, chapter four incorporates
analysis of data and interpretations. Finally chapter five embraces findings,
conclusion and recommendations. References and appendices have been attached at
the end of this study.
Teaching writing exercises at twelfth grade english textbook
(2024) Regmi, Uddhab; Kamal Raj Dahal
Thesis entitledTeaching Writing Exercises at Twelfth Grade English
Textbookis an attempt to identify and analyze the writing exercises included in the
English textbook for grade twelve and to explore how far the writing exercises are
designed based on Nunan (2004) taxonomy of task types. To fulfill the objectives of the
study I have adoptedcontent analysis research design. Questionnaires for English teachers
and observational check-list were used as major tools to collect data. In the process of this
study, I collected data from primary sources that are the English Textbook of Grade
Twelve through observational check-list and questionnaires. The obtained data were
tabulated and analyzed using a simple statistical tool. It was found that there were 36
writing exercises included in the text book. Similarly, it was found that free writing
exercises covered highest weightage i.e. 44.44 percentage,controlled and guided writing
exercises covered equal weightage i.e. 27.77 percentage in the text book. On the other
hand, it was found that 83.33 percentage writing tasks or exercises were designed
according to Nunan (2004) taxonomy of tasks type, where 22.22 percentage cognitive
writing tasks, 8.33 percentage interpersonal writing tasks, 27.77 linguistic writing tasks,
11.11 percentage affective writing exercises and 13.88 percentage creative tasks were
included in the English textbook of grade 12; the remaining writing tasks were designed
focusing the local environment, considering the historical and cultural importance.
English textbook of grader twelve focuses various writing tasks according to their nature
of writing like E-mail, news story, argumentative essay, press release, autobiography,
description of an event and a person, summary, short account article and so on. To meet
these objectives, writing exercises were graded into various types of controlled tasks like;
combining, reproduction review, guided tasks like; parallel writing developing text
through skeleton etc., free writing tasks like; explanatory, narrative etc., others being
cognitive tasks, interpersonal tasks, linguistic tasks, affective tasks etc.
This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter deals with the introduction
to the study which consists of background of the study, statement of the problem,
objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, delimitation of the
study and operational definition of the key terms. Similarly, the second chapter contains
of review of theoretical as well as empirical literature and implications for the study.
Moreover, it includes the conceptual framework. Likewise, the third chapter incorporates
the methods and procedures of the study, which covers design and method of the study,
population, sample and sampling strategies, research tools, sources of data, data
collection procedures and data analysis procedures. In the same way, the fourth chapter
includes the analysis and interpretation of the data. Furthermore, the fifth chapter
incorporates the findings and conclusions of the study followed by some
recommendations based on the study. Finally, the references and the appendices, which
are necessary to the validation of the research, have also been presented.