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Habitat Use and People’s Perception towards Smooth-Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) in Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal
(2025) Devkota, Shree Krishna; Bishnu Prasad Bhattarai
mooth-coated otters (SCO) are generally found in lowland areas near the flowing water,
where they depend upon fish species for feeding. This study was conducted to assess the
major factors that act upon the habitat use by SCO in Shuklaphanta National Park (ShNP)
along with the perception of local people of that area. Transect survey inside ShNP and
semi-structured questionnaire survey in the periphery of the park were conducted for data
collection. Landsat-8 images were used for RS to extract the Modified Bare Soil Index
(MBI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Modified Normalized Difference, Water Index
(MNDWI) through R studio. Landcover proportion, Surface Temperature, Slope were
calculated using GIS. Generalized Linear model (GLM) was used to analyze the
relationship between presence or absence of SCO in relation to surface temperature, MBI,
MNDWI, EVI, Slope, water proportion, forest proportion and rangeland. In addition,
Fischer’s Exact test was done for testing the association between occupation and categories
of people’s perception about SCO. The EVI and proportion of water are positively
associated whereas, MNDWI is negatively associated with the presence or absence of SCO
signs in the buffered areas. The perception of local people is not highly influenced by their
occupation however; the activity of fishing is associated with the occupation. Priority
should be given to the conservation of riverine vegetation that are especially adjacent to
sandy banks with significant proportion of water and connectivity should be maintained
between the wetlands. Sustainable fishing practices should be promoted as most of the local
people around the park are engaged in fishing activities which may potentially impact the
prey for SCO.
Fish Diversity of Tamakoshi River and its Major Tributary Singati River, Dolakha, Nepal
(2025) Magar, Sangam Thapa; Santoshi Shrestha
The current study examines fish diversity, abundance and its relation with water quality in
the Tamakoshi and Singati Rivers over three seasons: Post-Monsoon, winter, and PreMonsoon
from 2023 to 2024. This study also focuses the identification of spawning
grounds, and the social status of local fishermen. Nine sampling stations were selected
along in two river system and fish samples were collected using cast net (5mm mesh size)
with the help of local fishermen. A total of 7 species belonging to 2 Orders, 3 Families,
and 6 Genera were recorded with 536 individuals catch. The Order Cyprinidae
was recorded to be the most dominant family followed by the Sisoridae and
Psilorhynchidae. Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis was the most dominant (31.16%) species,
followed by Schizothorax progastus (21.26%), and Schizothorax richardsonii (15.29%).
Station TR5 had the highest Shannon Weiner’s diversity index (H'= 1.881), while Station
TR1 had the lowest (H'= 1.36). The maximum Margalef's richness (d= 1.731) was
observed at station SR4, whereas the minimum (d= 0.8867) was at station TR1. Similarly,
the highest Pielou’s evenness Index (J= 0.9906) was recorded at station TR3 and the
lowest (J= 0.7733) at station SR4. The fish assemblage structure was positively correlated
with environmental factors like water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, velocity, total
dissolved solids, and hardness. Additionally, the identification of spawning grounds also
reflects the conservation initiatives for fish diversity and habitats.
Strategies and Challenges of Teaching English Writing Skills
(2025) Thagunna, Padam Singh
The present research work, entitled Strategies and Challenges of Teaching
English Writing Skills, aims to explore the strategies and challenges involved in
teaching English writing skills, with a focus on both traditional and contemporary
pedagogical approaches. The research was conducted using a survey research design
within a qualitative framework. The researcher selected all teachers teaching at
secondary-level community schools in Bigu Rural Municipality through a purposive
sampling procedure. Questionnaire and observation checklists were used as the main
tools for data collection. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted
descriptively by identifying themes or sub-themes. The study found that teachers
primarily utilized technology, free writing, images, and task-based writing to enhance
students' writing skills. In contrast, strategies such as peer review, process writing,
and project-based writing received less emphasis. Student-centered and contemporary
teaching methods, including brainstorming, group work, peer collaboration, and
creative writing, significantly boosted students' writing competence by promoting
active participation and creativity. Nonetheless, both students and teachers
encountered challenges, such as difficulties with grammar, vocabulary, sentence
construction, limited resources, and insufficient teacher training. To tackle these
issues, integrating technology, adopting varied teaching strategies, and ensuring
institutional support through training and resource availability are essential for
improving writing instruction at the secondary level.
This thesis has been structured into five chapters. The first chapter introduces
the study, covering the background, statement of the problem, objectives, research
questions, significance, delimitations, and operational definitions of key terms. The
second chapter reviews theoretical and empirical literature, discusses its implications,
and presents the conceptual framework. The third chapter deals with the research
methodology, including the study design, population, sample, research tools, data
sources, data collection procedures, analysis methods, and ethical considerations. The
fourth chapter focuses on data analysis and interpretation, while the fifth chapter
presents the findings, conclusions, and implications for policy, practice, and further
research. The thesis concludes with references and appendices.