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A Resistance to Patriarchy in Han Kang’s The Vegetarian
(2024) Lama, Sunmita; Dinesh Bhandari
his paper explores resistance to patriarchy in Han Kang’s The Vegetarian from a
feminist perspective. A woman making a choice on her own in a patriarchal society is
largely a matter of suspicion and more importantly a rejection of male chauvinism.
Women’s choices are based on the patriarchal doctrine and if they trespass the
boundary, either they are considered as a ‘mad-woman’ or they are discarded from
their iconic position as ‘good-woman.’ Han Kang’s The Vegetarian articulates a
similar issue, portraying Yeong-hey, the protagonist who becomes vegetarian after
seeing a brutal and bloody dream. Her choice is never considered to be valid nor is
she treated humanely. When she gradually loses her mental control, she rejects the
patriarchal values by disobeying her husband and father and also engulfs herself in
social taboo. With this in mind, this paper investigates the woman’s action or the
performative resistance against male chauvinism in light of Judith Butler’s notion of
performativity and Rosi Braidotti’s concept of becoming a woman. Focusing on the
protagonist—Yeong-hye, the study inspects women’s choices to overcome the
patriarchal notion of women’s subjectivity. In doing so, it claims that locating women
in societal discourse demands a restless stand on their choice which gives pace to
their retaliation and consolidates the process of becoming a woman. This study
discloses the construction of gender as a matter of choice that continuously wrestles
against patriarchal forces. Moreover, it unpacks that women achieve alternative
positions in human society that defy the patriarchal regulation by embodying self-
reflexivity, if they are not considered as the subject themselves.
Keywords: patriarchy, conventions, dominance, subjectivity, self-reflexivity, and
embodiment
Understanding effective english teacher; Students' perceptions on Roles and characteristcs
(2025) Adhikari, Sushila; Gopal Prasad Pandey
The study titled ‘Understanding Effective English Teachers: Students’ Perceptions on Roles and Characteristics’ explores how English teachers influence students’ academic development and learning experiences. Using a survey research design, data were collected from 40 bachelor-level students at two Tribhuvan University campuses through closed-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 12 gender-balanced participants. It identifies teachers' roles as facilitators of learning, planners of instruction, motivators, classroom managers, and adaptors of teaching strategies. The study places particular emphasis on the characteristics students associates with effective teachers, including strong
communication skills, deep subject knowledge, patience, empathy, enthusiasm, adaptability, a supportive attitude, inclusiveness, and the ability to integrate technology. The mixed-method analysis revealed that students highly value characteristics such as approachability, clarity in instruction, flexibility in teaching,
and the ability to create an engaging and respectful classroom environment. While classroom discipline was considered less critical, the findings stress the importance of motivational and student-centered qualities in effective English teaching. The study calls for increased professional development opportunities to strengthen teachers’ pedagogical skills, inclusive practices, and integration of technology in the classroom. This thesis comprises five chapters. The first chapter introduces the study which
contains the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, delimitations of the study and operational definition of the key terms, Similarly, the second chapter includes the review of theoretical as well as empirical literature and its implication of the study. Additionally, it also consists of conceptual framework. Likewise, the third chapter contains the methods and procedures of the study which covers the design and method of the study, population, sample and sampling strategy, research tools, sources of data, data collection procedures, data analysis procedures, and ethical consideration. In the same way, the fourth chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data. Eventually, the fifth one presents the findings and conclusion of the study along with the policy, practice, and further research related recommendations based on the study.
नयनराज पाण्डेका उपन्यासमा पर्यावरण
(2025) शर्मा, विष्णुदेवी; नारायणप्रसाद गडतौला
प्रस्तुत शोधप्रबन्ध ‘नयनराज पाण्डेका उपन्यासमा पर्यावरण’ शीर्षकमा सम्बद्घ रहेको
छ । पाण्डेका उपन्यासमा मानव र मानवेतर पर्यावरणको प्रभाव व्यापक देखिए पनि
हालसम्म पर्यावरण शीर्षकमा अनुसन्धान नभएकोले यसलाई नै समस्या मानी मानव र
मानवेतर पर्यावरणबिच केकस्तो सम्बन्ध रहेको छ ? र पर्यावरणीय स्वच्छता र ग्राम्यता
कसरी अभिव्यक्त भएको छ ? भन्ने दुई ओटा शोधप्रश्नमा आधारित भएर अध्ययन अगाडि
बढेको छ । प्रस्तुत शोधप्रबन्धमा पाण्डेका उपन्यासलाई पर्यावरणीय माध्यमबाट अध्ययन
गरिएको छ ।
प्रस्तुत शोधप्रबन्धमा प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्री सङकलन गरी गुणात्मक
ढाँचामा संरचित, पुस्तकालयबाट सामग्री सङकलन गरी पाठात्मक विधिको प्रयोगसँगै
सामग्रीको विश्लेषणबाट शोधप्रबन्ध तयार पारिएको छ । यहाँ ग्लोटफेल्टी र गोविन्दराज
भट्टराईको पर्या साहित्य सिद्घान्तको पर्यावरणीय विषयको आधारमा तयार पारिएका कृति
विश्लेषणका पर्याधारअनुकूल पाण्डेका उपन्यासमा सम्बद्घ पर्यावरणीय पक्षहकरूलाई खोज
गरी विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस शोधप्रबन्धमा पर्यावरणको खोज गर्ने क्रममा मानव र
मानवेतर पर्यावरण, पर्यावरणीय स्वच्छता र ग्राम्यताको अध्ययन गर्ने काम गरिएको छ ।
जसमा मानव पर्यावरणअन्तर्गत औद्योगीकरण, सहरीकरण, युद्घ, मानव संस्कृति, जाति र
भाषिक प्रयोग त्यस्तै मानवेतर पर्यावरणअन्तर्गत पञ्चमहाभूत, पशुपक्षी र बोटविरुवा,
स्वच्छता र ग्राम्यताका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।
पर्यावरणका सन्दर्भमा मानव पर्यावरण र मानवेतर पर्यावरण दुवैको सन्तुलित
उपयोगले दीर्घ विकास सम्भव रहेको हुन्छ । हरेक मानवले आफ्नो आवश्यकता परिपूर्तिका
निम्ति प्रकृतिको उपयोग गर्ने क्रममा संरक्षण तथा संवद्र्घनमा पनि सजग रहनुपर्दछ ।
मानिसका आवश्यकताको पूर्तिका निम्ति प्राकृतिक संसाधनको अनियन्त्रित दोहन भएकाले
प्राकृतिक सन्तुलन बिग्रन गई आएका अनेक समस्याले मानिसको मात्र नभई अन्य जीवजन्तु
र वनस्पति समेतको बासस्थान लोप हुँदै गएका विषयलाई उपन्यासले देखाएका छ । उलार
उपन्यासका पात्रहरूमा द्रौपदी, प्रेमललवा, कलुवा र राजेन्द्रराजजस्ता सक्रिय पात्रहरूसँगै
तराई क्षेत्रको परिवेश त्यस्तै गरी सल्लीपिर उपन्यासमा छिरिङ, ग्याल्जेन, पेमा, दावा,
धामीझाक्री, डोल्मा, फुर्वा पात्रसँगै परिवेशमा सोलुखुम्बु, सैलुङ डाँडा, हिमाल, खुम्बु, चिसो
हिउँ, जुठो छयाङ, खुला आकाश, संस्कार संस्कति, तिब्बतको सीमाना, चौरी खर्क,
पाखापखेरा गरी हिमालका क्षेत्रहरूको चित्रण र लू उपन्यासमा रामआधार, छेदीलाल, इलैया,
रेडियोलाल, रामबक्स चौधरी जस्ता सक्रिय पात्रहरूसँगै नेपालगञ्ज, तराई क्षेत्रको गाउँघर,
मुसलधारे पानी, तातो लू चलिरहेको, भिन्गा बजार र पत्थरपुरुवा जस्तो परिवेशलाई
पर्यावरणका रूपमा लिइएको छ ।
जल, जमिन र बोटबिरुवा समाप्त भई बाढी पहिरोको प्रकोप बढेर विस्थापनको
समस्या बढदै गएर पृथ्वीमा मानिस नै परिचयको सङकटमा पर्दै गएको यथार्थ अभिव्यक्ति
पाइएको हुँदा मानवले आफ्ना दायित्वहरू पनि राम्रोसँग पूरा गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ, जसले
पर्यावरणीय पक्षमा सुधार आउँछ भन्ने कुरालाई स्पष्ट पारिएको छ । प्रकृति विनाशले
निम्त्याएका पर्यावरणीय सङकटसँगै मानिसको जीवनशैली नकारात्मक अथात तनावग्रस्त
हुँदै गइरहेको छ र पर्यावरणीय विनाशले मानव मात्र होइन, सम्पूर्ण पृथ्वीका जीवजन्तु,
वनस्पति र पारिस्थितिक प्रणालीमा समेत विशेष असर पर्दछ । मानिसले पर्यावरणमाथि
गरेका नराम्रा क्रियाकलापहरूका कारण आफू लगायत अन्य प्रकृतिमा बसोबास गर्ने
पशुप्राणीहरूसमेत सङकटको अवस्थामा गुज्रिएका हुन्छन । पर्यावरणको संरक्षणले एक व्यक्ति
मात्र नभई सिङ्गो समाज र राष्ट्र नै कायापलट हुने भएकोले र मानवको स्वास्थ्यस्तरमा
सकारात्मक प्रभाव पर्ने भएकोले समयमा नै सचेतता अपनाउनुपर्ने कुरालाई प्रस्तुत
शोधप्रबन्धले पुष्टि गरेको छ ।