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Mapping human-elephant conflict hotspots in eastern Chure landscape, Nepal
(2025) Chaudhari, Madhu; ishnu Prasad Bhattarai
Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a growing issue that poses a significant conservation challenge within a shared landscape with humans. The identification and prediction of conflict hotspots and the determination of HEC driving factors provide insights to reduce human-elephant conflict and promote the coexistence. This study employed verbal consent based in-person interviews across 255 spatial grid cells, with single respondent interviewed per grid cell, resulting in a total of 255 interviews. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to identify the HEC hotspots in the Eastern Chure Landscape (ECL). Most of the respondents (n = 190), reported experiencing conflicts, while remaining respondents (n =65) reported no conflict incidents in last five years. Logistic regression analysis identified Night Light and Shannon’s Diversity Index (SHDI) as the significant predictors of HEC. Similarly, a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model also indicated Night Light as the most influential predictor, suggesting that elephants tend to avoid well-lit areas. The study revealed that highly fragmented landscapes with low Effective Mesh Size (MESH) values and low Largest Patch Index (LPI) increases the probability of HEC, focusing the restoration of habitat connectivity. The areas having high population density increased the likelihood of HEC. The performance of the CART model was evaluated using confusion matrix, where the model achieved 76.2% accuracy, 80.80% sensitivity, and 54.5% specificity, in identifying HEC prone areas. To assess the consistency and predictive performance of the CART model, a Random Forest (RF) model was constructed using same response and predictor variables. The RF model achieved 69.8% accuracy, but lower sensitivity (18.8%), and higher specificity (87.2%). The findings highlight that CARTmodel’s performance, particularly in identification of conflict-risk areas, suggesting CART model a reliable tool for HEC risk prediction. HEC hotspots map identified Morang, particularly in Letang, Kerabari, and Miklajung and areas of Jhapa, including Mechinagar and Shivasataxi, are the major HEC hotspots in Eastern Chure Landscape (ECL), indicating the requirement of site-specific mitigation strategies. Therefore, restoration of traditional and degraded elephant migratory routes, and lights should be installed as deterrents to ensure minimal human-elephant encounters
Parental Involvement in English Language Learning of Grade One Students: A Case Study
(2025) Rana, Suman; Resham Acharya
This study entitled Parental Involvement in English Language Learning of
Grade One Students: A Case Study investigates the role of parental involvement in
the English language learning process of young children. Adopting a qualitative
research approach and a case study design, the research was conducted among grade
one students and their parents in Kohalpur Municipality. Four students and their
parents were purposively selected as sample. Data were collected through
observations and interviews to gain in-depth insights into parental perspectives and
practices. The findings are organized thematically and reflect the diverse experiences,
perceptions, and challenges faced by parents as they support their children's English
language development. The findings reveal that parental involvement plays a
significant role in supporting children's English language learning, with technology
such as word games, YouTube videos, and digital resources emerging as a valuable
tools in this process. However, the study also identifies challenges, particularly among
non-native parents, who often struggle with limited language proficiency and rely
heavily on external resources for translation and pronunciation support. The study
presents the importance of empowering parents with adequate resources and guidance
to enhance their engagement in their children's language learning journey.
This study consists of five chapters. Chapter one deals with the background of
the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions,
significance of the study, delimitation of the study and operational definitions of the
key terms. Chapter two consists of a review of the theoretical and empirical literature,
the implications of the study, and the conceptual framework. Similarly, chapter three
consists of the design and method of the study, population, sample and sampling
strategies, research tools, sources of data, data collection procedure and ethical
considerations. Chapter four includes an analysis of the data and interpretation of the
results. Likewise, chapter five comprises the conclusion and recommendations of the
study. References and Appendices are kept in the last part of the study.
Habitat Use and People’s Perception towards Smooth-Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) in Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal
(2025) Devkota, Shree Krishna; Bishnu Prasad Bhattarai
mooth-coated otters (SCO) are generally found in lowland areas near the flowing water,where they depend upon fish species for feeding. This study was conducted to assess the major factors that act upon the habitat use by SCO in Shuklaphanta National Park (ShNP) along with the perception of local people of that area. Transect survey inside ShNP and semi-structured questionnaire survey in the periphery of the park were conducted for data collection. Landsat-8 images were used for RS to extract the Modified Bare Soil Index (MBI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Modified Normalized Difference, Water Index (MNDWI) through R studio. Landcover proportion, Surface Temperature, Slope were calculated using GIS. Generalized Linear model (GLM) was used to analyze the relationship between presence or absence of SCO in relation to surface temperature, MBI, MNDWI, EVI, Slope, water proportion, forest proportion and rangeland. In addition,Fischer’s Exact test was done for testing the association between occupation and categories
of people’s perception about SCO. The EVI and proportion of water are positively associated whereas, MNDWI is negatively associated with the presence or absence of SCO signs in the buffered areas. The perception of local people is not highly influenced by their occupation however; the activity of fishing is associated with the occupation. Priority should be given to the conservation of riverine vegetation that are especially adjacent to sandy banks with significant proportion of water and connectivity should be maintained between the wetlands. Sustainable fishing practices should be promoted as most of the local people around the park are engaged in fishing activities which may potentially impact the prey for SCO.