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Tibetan refugee and impact on internal secrity of Nepal
(2025) Mahat, Bashudev; Govind Prasad Kusum
This study explores the relationship between Tibetan refugees and impact on internal security
of Nepal, shedding light on the intersection of humanitarian concerns, security and geopolitical
dynamics. Despite not being a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol,
Nepal hosts approximately 13,645 Tibetan refugees, whose presence is marked by legal
uncertainty due to the lack of formal refugee policies. The study's objectives are threefold: to
assess the current status of Tibetan refugees in Nepal, to identify the internal security impact
arising from their presence and to explore the measures to strengthen internal security.
Employing a qualitative research design, the study gathered primary data through interviews
with Tibetan refugees, Local inhabitants, key informant interviews with government officials
and focus group discussions involving District Security Committees. Likewise, secondary data
from UNHCR reports, government publications and academic literatures provided a broader
context for the findings. The study reveals that, due to the absence of legal recognition, many
Tibetan refugees face restrictions in accessing education, employment and financial services,
leading to frustration and marginalization among the refugee population. This legal void has
also created vulnerabilities that have, in some cases, resulted in criminal activities, such as
document forgery, gold smuggling and the acquisition of fake citizenship, posing challenges to
internal security of Nepal. Likewise, protests and demonstrations organized by Tibetan
refugees, particularly during high-profile Chinese diplomatic visits have heightened law
enforcement concerns and security alertness due to the Tibetan refugee activities. In response
to these security impact, the study suggests the need for a formulation of clear legal framework,
robust intelligence mechanism, strengthened border security, application of new technological
advancement and improved coordination between security agencies and humanitarian
organizations. Similarly, it calls for enhanced efforts to integrate Tibetan refugees by expanding
their access to education, employment and legal documentation to mitigate the risk of social
unrest.
Keywords: Tibetan refugee, status, threats, challenges, Security
Delpoyment practices of APF, Nepal and SSB along Nepal- India : prospects and challenges
(2025) Silwal, Bishal; Tikaram Gautam
This research provides an in-depth analysis of the deployment practices of Armed Police
Force (APF), Nepal and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), India along Nepal-India border,
exploring their operational strengths, challenges, and potential for improvement. The
Nepal-India border, characterized by its open nature and socio-economic interdependence,
facilitates trade and cultural exchange but also exposes the significant security challenges
such as cross-border crime, human trafficking, and smuggling. APF, Nepal and SSB are
responsible for managing these challenges through distinct operational strategies based on
their resources, mandates, and local conditions. The primary objective of this study was to
compare deployment strategies, command structures, and challenges encountered by APF,
Nepal and SSB, highlighting both similarities and differences between the two forces.
Using a qualitative research approach, the study employed Key Informant Interviews (KIIs)
Focus Group Discussions(FGDs) with security personnel and local residents, and an
analysis of policy documents, government reports, and academic literature. This approach
provided valuable insights into strategies and operational challenges faced by both forces
in securing the border. The findings reveal that SSB benefits from a larger workforce,
advanced technology, and intensive surveillance, while APF, Nepal faces resource
constraints and focuses on community-based intelligence gathering, relying on local
networks for information. Despite these differences, both forces face challenges such as
limited resources, technology, and insufficient coordination, although joint patrols and
intelligence-sharing efforts have led to increased bilateral cooperation, real-time
coordination remains inadequate, hindering their ability to respond effectively to emerging
security threats. In conclusion, the research recommends improving technological
capabilities, enhancing legal frameworks, and strengthening coordination between APF,
Nepal and SSB. Establishing dedicated intelligence-sharing platforms, increasing border
outposts (BOPs), and integrating advanced surveillance technologies are crucial for
effective border security management. Strengthening bilateral cooperation and
infrastructure development will be key to improving operational efficiency and regional
stability. By addressing these challenges, both the APF and SSB can enhance their
operational efficiency and contribute to regional stability.
Keywords: APF, Nepal, border security, deployment practice, intelligence sharing
SSB.
Intelligence in internal security : prospects and challenges in Nepal
(2025) Paudel, Ashok; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
This study explores the critical role of intelligence in internal security of Nepal, analyzing its definitions, applications, and effectiveness in safeguarding national interests. Intelligence is examined as a product, process, and mission integral to informed decision-making and
proactive security strategies. Drawing from both Western and Asian perspectives, the study highlights how intelligence is perceived and applied in various contexts, including military, law enforcement, and policy formulation. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing content analysis of legal frameworks, academic literature, and interviews with current and former officials from intelligence and security agencies in Nepal. Findings reveal that intelligence significantly contributes to internal security by aiding strategic planning, resource allocation, and inter-agency coordination. It enables military preparedness, law enforcement effectiveness, and national security resilience by anticipating threats such as cybercrime, terrorism, and organized crime. However, intelligence practices in Nepal face several challenges, including weak legal frameworks, poor coordination, outdated technology, and insufficient oversight mechanisms. The study identifies a lack of clear separation between foreign and domestic intelligence, inadequate real-time information sharing, and limited integration of intelligence-led approaches in law enforcement. Drawing lessons from international intelligence practices such as those of the UK and India, the study underscores the need for Nepal to modernize its intelligence infrastructure, enhance collaboration between agencies, and improve accountability. Strengthening intelligence-sharing mechanisms, investing in advanced surveillance technologies, and ensuring better prioritization in intelligence assessments can significantly enhance national security preparedness. By addressing these gaps, Nepal’s intelligence community can shift from a reactive to a proactive security approach, contributing to a more stable and resilient internal security framework.
Keywords: Intelligence, internal security, law enforcement, national security