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International Relations in For Whom the Bell Tolls, the Honorary Consul and Shalimar the Clown
(2025) K.C.,Chandra Bahadur; Krishna Chandra Sharma
International Relations is a broad area that includes the relations between states,
international organizations and non-state organizations. It also includes various issues,
such as diplomatic relations of states, international cooperation, conflict and peace.
Further, it explicates relations among individuals across states and regions.
Diplomatic and international relations can be deliberated in multiple disciplines, such
as history, culture, and literature. Literature, mainly narrative works, is rich sources of
informationfor studying International Relations. This dissertation analyzes issues and
ideas of International Relations represented in modern novelistic discourses, such
asErnest Hemingway‟sFor Whom the Bell Tolls(1940), Graham Greene‟s The
Honorary Consul(1973),and Salman Rushdie‟sShalimar the Clown (2005).
Applying a multidisciplinary approach, this research posits the contribution of
these narratives to an in-depth comprehension of diplomatic and international
relations. In that line of thought it addresses some pertinent questions: In what ways
do International Relations theories contribute to the study area for literary narratives?
How do literary narratives such as novels bolster the understanding and analysis of
International Relations?What issues and theories of International Relations do
Hemingway‟s For Whom the Bell Tolls, Greene‟s The Honorary Consul, and
Rushdie‟s Shalimar the Clown imply? The research objectives of the research are to
highlight the importance of issues and theories of International Relations in the study
of literature and apply them to study literary narratives; to justify the role of literary
narratives in the understanding of relations of different nation-states; and to analyze
Hemingway‟s For Whom the Bell Tolls, Greene‟s The Honorary Consul, and
Rushdie‟s Shalimar the Clown to explain the issues and theories of International
Relations implicit in them. This research claims that literary narratives are great
sources to explain International Relations because they deliberate upon issues of
International Relations like war, conflict and peace, friendship and enmity,
diplomacy, cross-border transactions, operation of non-state institutes, foreign policy,
strategic studies, great powers, and the balance of powers. They also explain other
International Relations issues like human rights, international society, violence,
democracy, prosperity, treaties, climate change, organized crimes, human security,
foreign intervention, and ideas (theories) of International Relations like realism,
liberalism (idealism), Constructivism, eco-criticism, Marxism, globalization, and
terrorism. This study has followed the methodology of applying realist, idealist, and
constructivist traditions of International Relations theories as tools to analyze the
selected literary works. In orthodox International Relations study, these theories are
solely analyzed to describe the relation between and among nations, but in the post-
modern period, these theories have been rethought as tools to analyze the elements of
International Relations in cultural artifacts like narrative/fictional works.
Love and diplomacy are intermingling features in the field of International
Relations. In all these three novels, activities related to love are linked with
diplomatic figures. The Spanish Civil War, an inherent subject of For Whom the Bell
Tolls, was a conflict of power, and it is an issue of Realist International theory. The
protagonist Robert Jordan goes after the international alliance for the success of the
republican side. It is an issue related to the Idealist International Relations theory. The
novel also exposes the clash of ideologies of two opposing sides: fascism and
communism. The ideology is an element of Constructivist International Relations
theory. The next novel The Honorary Consul mentions the cross-border activities that
are related to International Relations. Paraguay under the rule of General Stroessner is
very much aggressive towards rebel groups. Leon Rivas works selflessly for the sake
of good for the people, to make the nation free from the hand of cruel ruler. His
utopian thought is concerned with Idealist International Relations theory. The state
creates anarchy that is related to constructivism. The third novel Shalimar the Clown
includes customs, cultures, beliefs, and diplomacy of different countries. The
activities of the US diplomat Maximilian Ophuls are related to Realist International
Relations. He is the source of anarchy in Kashmir. The issue of Kashmir, a place once
utopia changed into dystopia, is the issue of Idealist International Relations. The novel
keeps the ingredients of cultural diplomacy to promote mutual relationships between
the nations and their people. Cultural diplomacy is an issue of Constructivist
International Relations theory. The novel provides a glimpse of the image of the Cold-
War novel. In conclusion, all three novels analyzed in this dissertation include the
issues and ideas that are related to International Relations.
Keywords: constructivism, cross-border activities, diplomacy, idealism, realism,
utopia
Influencing Factors for Women Entrepreneurship in Mahalakshmi Municipality Lalitpur, Nepal
(2025) Shah, Ambika; Rajan Binayek Pasa
This study explores the factors influencing women‘s entrepreneurship in
Mahalakshmi Municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal, focusing on social demographics,
economic conditions, and the status of women entrepreneurs. Adopting a post positivist
approach with a quantitative research strategy, the study uses a deductive
approach to examine these factors. Data was collected through structured
questionnaires, key informant interviews, and observations, with a total of 120 women
entrepreneurs surveyed—60 from agriculture and 60 from service sectors. Secondary
data was sourced from reports, policies, and municipal records.
The findings indicate that a significant proportion of women entrepreneurs
migrated from Bagmati Pradesh, with the highest migration rates occurring within the
province. The majority of women entrepreneurs are aged between 25 and 44 years,
are married, and belong to the Janajati ethnic group. Most respondents have secondary
education, while a smaller percentage have higher education. The primary sectors of
entrepreneurship for women in this region are agriculture and service-related
industries, with agriculture being more prominent in rural areas and services
dominating urban areas. Furthermore, the study reveals that women entrepreneurs
receive targeted training relevant to their businesses, which has contributed to their
success. Economic factors, such as family income, expenditures, and familial support,
emerge as significant influences on women‘s entrepreneurial ventures. However, the
study also highlights the limited involvement of women entrepreneurs in formal
financial systems, such as tax-paying, and the widespread reliance on middlemen in
product distribution, which diminishes their profit margins.
The study concludes that entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in driving
economic growth and social change, with migration, age, education, and marital status
being key factors influencing women‘s entrepreneurial success. Younger women tend
to be more innovative, while older women bring valuable experience. Tailored skill
training has proven motivational, but the misuse of government policies by elite
groups undermines their effectiveness. Addressing these challenges can facilitate a
more favorable environment for women entrepreneurs in Nepal. The study emphasize
the importance of family support, educational opportunities, and access to finance in
empowering women entrepreneurs. Additionally, challenges such as low income
levels, limited formal education, and societal and familial barriers significantly hinder
women‘s entrepreneurial potential. The insights gained from this study are valuable
for policymakers, educational institutions, and development organizations to design
targeted interventions that support the growth of women entrepreneurship in Nepal.
कवि शङ्कर सुवेदीको जीवनी, व्यक्तित्व र कुतित्वको अध्ययन
(2067) श्रेष्ठ, हरिप्रसाद; कुल प्रसाद ढङ्गाना
Not available