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Sand and Gravel Extraction in Melamchi Municipality of Sindhupalchowk District
(2022) Dhimal, Radheshyam; Naresh Rimal
Contemporarily, riverbed material extraction is one of the serious environmental problems globally. The use of such river materials from the Indrawati River in Melamchi Municipality is also the key component supporting the urban infrastructure development supporting rapid urbanization in nearby Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) and other areas. The indirect challenges to the socio-economy and impact on the air, water and biodiversity are key concerns in the area. The qualitative study helped understand the perception of sand mining in the study area leading to a broader need for attention to the governance and coordination between the stakeholders and government agencies for enhanced social and environmental management. Reclamation of abandoned sand pits; tree planting and agro-forestry practices to speed up the slow rate of natural succession by reduction of negative activities such as perennial bushfires, over-cultivation of lands, and over-grazing to reduce the nutrient depletion rate. Sand, gravel and boulder extraction activities reduce land socio-economic value by causing land degradation, loss of agricultural lands, low availability of water and low quality and loss of biodiversity as well as increased poverty among people in the area. Finally, compliance with statutory laws to regulate the conduct of sand mining on a sustainable basis for the sake of reducing its negative effects on the environment, economy and society is a critical aspect of the sand, gravel and boulder extraction in the municipality. Keywords: Sand, Gravel, Socio, Economy, Impact
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Pilgrimage Tourism in Godavari Dham Kailali
(2022) Gaire, Suresh; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
Pilgrimage is a religious journey with non-economic motive based on religious objectives. Pilgrimage and tourism share same components like mobility, finance and acceptances for travel that make those two term same alike. Pilgrimage tourism denotes the outward journey towards a sacred and holy goal and inward journey towards greater humanity from self. This field has gained its importance after 1990s and has soon occupied a major space in academic studies due to its multi sectoral and multi-dimensional characters. The socio-economic significance has highlighted pilgrimage tourism among other fields. Godavari Dham of Kailali is one of the major pilgrimage destinations which has a huge potentials of advancement due to its religious sanctity and historical faith of the people. The Hindu texts provide evidences of its importance and the local population’s faith makes it one of the final religious destinations in Nepal’s far west region. No academic studies so far has been done despite of such huge potentialities of Godavari Dham. This thesis aims to explore the religious importance of this place and intends to discover the possibilities of pilgrimage tourism in this site. The researcher has visited the field and used a qualitative method to carry out this research. The lack of motivations, inadequate focus on environmental issues, lapses on management of the site, less attention in diversification, and diversion from sustainability were key issues in sustaining the pilgrimage tourism in Godavari Dham. Still, the Dham has huge potentials and bright future if those issues are timely addressed. The religiou purity and geographical beauty after all, is the only components for this place to highlight its image. Keywords: pilgrimage tourism, Godavari Dham, Religion, Hindu God, Destination