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Etiology of meningitis from Patients Suspencted of Meningitis attending Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
(2014) Pandey, Pinky; Bharat Jha
Meningitis is an inflammatory infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and
spinal cord, which occurs as either a primary disease or secondarily to disease in some
other part of the body. Its most frequent causes are Neisseria meningitidis,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. The epidemiological trend
of acute meningitis varies with time and geography. Information on the relative
frequency of the isolation and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these pathogens is
scarce in Nepal. The broad objective of this research was to analyze the various
etiological agents of meningitis in all age group patients and to know the
antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from the cerebrospinal fluids
(CSF) of suspected cases of meningitis.
In this cross sectional study, a total of 356 CSF specimens were collected from
patients suspected of meningitis and processed macroscopically, microscopically and
microbiologically by standard microbiological methods in Emergency Lab of TUTH
in Kathmandu, Nepal over a period of six months, from March 2014 to August 2014
to determine cytological, biochemical and microbiological parameters.
Out of 356 CSF samples, bacterial and fungal culture positivity rate was found to be
16 (4.5%). Among the positive isolates, the most common bacterial isolate was
Staphylococcus aureus, 4 (25%). Isolation rate of Cryptococcus neoformans was 3
(18.8%) the only fungal etiology of meningitis which was seen in elderly patients
indicating increased susceptibility in immune-compromised status of patients. All
bacterial isolates were found to be sensitive against Chloramphenicol. Thus it is
concluded that the isolation rate of pathogens from cerebrospinal fluids causing
meningitis is low. Chloramphenicol is effective for the treatment of bacterial
meningitis.
Key words: Meningitis, cytological, biochemical and microbiological parameters,
antimicrobial susceptibility.
The marriage system among Tharu community A case study of Bhangaha VDC Mahottari
(2015) Singh, Ajay Kumar; Bindu Pokharel
Tharus, who inhabit the southern Terai belt of Nepal hold a very
important place among the indigenous people living in various parts of
the country. Though the Tharus living here are believed to belong to the
same origin, due to climatic and geographical differences, they have
developed a great variation in the lifestyle among themselves. A curiosity
to study these differences led me to choose this tribe as the main subject
of the Thesis that is compulsory in the Central Department of Rural
Development-TU for the completion of MA in the same subject as a
student of Rural Development.
Though this report does not include the district of Mahottari as a whole, a
particular VDC ie, Bhangaha which lies at the 'South Western part is
chosen to represent the whole district. I consider it my moral duty to
bring into light the hidden treasure of the folk cultures and traditions
practiced by indigenous people in our country. To make this report more analytical than a mere descriptive one, I havepresented and analysed the information pertaining to demographic and
economic conditions statistically. The information on the socio cultural
aspect of the Tharus in general and marriage practice in particular is
collected by using statistical tools such as questionnaire, observation, etc.
The report has been made as brief as possible by including only the
information relevant to the topic. Even traditionally the marriage system of Tharu is determine by the
cultural phenomenon, recent generation they come to assimilate the
different types of marrriage system in which they assimilate including
marriage system e.g. Child, arrange, marriage by exchange love and
widow marriages system. On the basis of collecting information on
sampling marriage couple, it shows that , the population having age group
of 10 to 15 and 15 to 20 have not involved in any types of marriage. But
the population with age group of above 15 are mostly involved in
different types of marriage system.
DNA Barcoding and Phylogenetic Analysis of Fishes of Pokhara Valley
(2014) Subedi, Kalpana; Tilak R. Shrestha
Despite extensive taxonomic studies, identification of fishes can be problematic often
even to the experts due to various reasons. In this context, DNA barcoding can be a
promising tool for species identification and biodiversity surveys through the use of
short, standardized gene targets, ~652 bp of mitochondrial DNA. This tool can be more
broadly applied if a comprehensive reference sequence library for all fish species can be
constructed. Here, we make a small contribution to this grand challenge by barcoding
some freshwater fishes from Pokhara. The standard barcode fragment of COI was used
to barcode 14 individuals, representing 14 taxonomically recognized species in 13
genera, 7 families and 5 orders. A 99% sequence similarity threshold was employed as a
matching criterion for specimen identification to the species level. After editing all
obtained sequences using Codon Code Aligner 4.0 program, specimens and sequence
data were archived and investigated using analytical tools available on BOLD and MEGA.
The GC content was 44.97% on average. Mean genetic distance between families was
18.7%. The synonymous changes were much greater than the non-synonymous changes,
especially in the 3rd codon position where variation is dominated. There were 174
conserved, 43 variable, 14 parsimony-informative and 29 singleton amino acid sites;
while 367 conserved, 285 variable and 218 parsimony-informative sites were present
out of 652 bp nucleotides. The NJ, ML and MP analysis indicated different clades
corresponding to the recognized groupings; members of same families clustered
together. Molecular species identification was in concordance with current taxonomical
classification in all cases achieving success rate of ~94%. In addition to DNA barcodes,
our study also provides supporting data in the form of specimen images, morphological
characters, taxonomic bibliography, preserved vouchers and COI sequences. This work
highlights the functional utility of barcodes for the discrimination of diverse
ichthyofauna. We infer that DNA barcoding can be a valuable tool to increase accuracy,
objectivity and comparability of taxonomic assessment in biodiversity studies. Finally,
our study constituted an important contribution to the iBOL, providing barcode
sequences for use in identification of the species by experts and non-experts, and
allowing them to be available for use in other applications. Further research is needed to
verify the deeper divergence within species and genera with larger sample size.
Keywords: Mitochondria, Cytochrome oxidase, Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI)
gene, Taxonomy, DNA sequencing, Species identification, GenBank, BOLD.