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काठमाडौं उपत्यकामा सहकारी संस्थामा आएको समस्याले सञ्चालकको सामाजिक सम्बन्धमा पारेको प्रभाव
(2081) पुडासैनी, मञ्जु; मिश्र, सुरेन्द्र
कोहि सहकारी सञ्चालन गर्ने उदेश्यले, कोहि आफुले जानकारी नै नपाई, कोहि आफन्तले गर्दा, चिनजानका ब्यक्तिको विश्वास वा जानकारी नै नभई पनि सहकारीको सदस्य तथा सहकारीको सञ्चालक समितिको सदस्यको तथा महत्वपूर्णपदमा स्वइच्छामा आधारित कम र अरुको करकाप वा जानकारी बिना नै सदस्य बनेको पाईयो । त्यसै गरि सदस्यहरुद्धारा प्रजातान्त्रिक निर्वाचनः सहकारीले गर्ने साधारण सभामा नत पदाधिकारीले नत अन्य साधारण सदस्यले नै सहकारीको साधारण सभा भनेको साथी भाई, परिवार सहित जाने, खादा माला लगाउने र भोज खाने दिनको रुपमा मात्रै लिएको पाईयो । न कि साधारण सभा भनेको प्रजातन्त्रीक विधिबाट नेतृत्व छनौट, भावि योजनाको विषयमा छलफल गर्ने थलोको रुपमा । अन्तरवार्ता गरेका अधिकांश सहकारीको सञ्चालक समितिको बैठकमा कसरी फिक्स डिपोजिट बढाउने भन्ने कुरालाई केन्द्रमा छलफल हुने गरेको पाइयो । त्यसै शोधपत्रका लागि अध्ययन गरिएका ८ वटा समस्या ग्रस्त सहकारी मध्ये चार वटा सहकारीमा भएको आम्दानी कसरी, कहाँ कहाँ लगानी भएको छ भन्ने विषयमा खासै थाहा पनि नहुँने र बोर्ड सदस्यहरुले चासो पनि नराख्ने गरेको अध्ययनको क्रममा पाईएको छ । बाँकी चार वटा चारवटा सहकारीले राम्ररी काम गर्दा गर्दै पनि समस्याग्रस्त बन्न पुगेको पाईएको छ । समस्याग्रस्त भएका सबै सहकारी भित्र आर्थिक सहभागीता एकै प्रकारको भने थिएन भन्ने पाईयो । सहकारीको अर्को महत्वपूर्ण सिद्धान्तको रुपमा शिक्षा र तालिमलाइ लिने गरिन्छ । सिद्धान्तलाई फुटाएर शिक्षा र तालिमको एउटा पाटो र सूचना प्रवाहको अर्को पाटो गरेर हेर्न पर्ने हुन्छ । शिक्षा र तालिमको हकमा कुरा गर्दा शोधपत्र तयार गर्ने क्रममा अध्ययन गरिएका आठ वटा सहकारी मध्ये चार वटामा सहकारीमा मात्रै सञ्चालक समिति तथा साधारण सदस्यहरुलाई छढ लागि तालिम दिईएका पाइयो । बाँकी चारवटा सहकारीमा भने कर्मचारीहरुलाई कसरी डिपोजिट बढाउने भन्न्ने विषयलाई केन्द्रित गरेर अभिमूखी करणलाई नै तालिमको रुपमा लिने गरिएइको पाईएको छ । त्यसै गरि सूचनाको पक्षमा हेर्दा सहकारीहरुको साधारणसभा र सञ्चालक समितिको बैठकहरु नियमित नै भईरहेका तर, यसरी भएका बैठकमा तथा सभाहरुमा सञ्चालक समिति सदस्य र आम साधारण सदस्यले सहकारीले गरिरहेको काम, प्रगती वा अवनतिको विषयमा चासो, सरोकार नै नराख्ने गरेको पाईयो । जसको कारण सञ्चालक समिति सदस्य र आम साधारण सदस्यको पनि काम बैठक सभामा जाने, चिया खाजा, खाना खाने, पाए खादा माला लगाउने र साथी सर्कलका मानिसलाई भेटनेमा सिमित भएको पाईयो । सहकारीको एउटा सिद्धान्त अर्को सहकारीसँग पारस्पारिक सहयोगलाई लिने गरेको पाईन्छ । जसले प्रभावकारी रुपमा आफ्ना सदस्यहरुलाई सेवा पु¥याई स्थानिय, क्षेत्रिय, राष्ट्रिय अन्तराष्ट्रिय तहमै आ–आफ्ना कारोवारका दौरानमा प्राप्त गरेका अनुभवहरु आदान प्रदान मात्र नभई पारस्परिक लाभका लागि एक–अर्कालाई सघाउने उदेश्य राखेको हुन्छ । शोत्रपत्र तयार गर्ने क्रममा अध्ययन गरिएका आठ वटा सहकारी मध्ये चारवटा सहकारीले अन्य सहकारी सस्थासँग सहकार्य गरेको पाईयो । तर, सहकारीको सिद्धान्तले अपेक्षा राखेको विपरित ती सहकारीहरु अन्य सहकारीसँग सहकार्य गरेको कारण अर्को सहरकारी सस्थामा समस्या आउँदा आफनो सहरकारी राम्ररी चलाउँदा चलाउँदै पनि समस्याग्रस्त बन्न पुगेको अध्ययनमा पाईएको छ । स्वायत्तता र स्वतन्त्रता सहकारीको अर्को महत्वपूर्ण सिद्धान्तको रुपमा रहेको छ । जस अन्तरगत सरकारी संस्थाले सरकार वा सरकारका अन्य निकायहरु वा अरु संघसंस्थासँग मिलेर आपसी हितका लागी सम्झौता गर्न सक्छ । तर, यस्तो सम्झौताले सदस्यको हकमा आच आउनु हुदैन भन्ने मान्यता राख्ने गरिन्छ । सरकारी संस्थाहरुले आफूलाई आवश्यक पर्ने नीति नियमहरू देशको कानुनसँग नबाझिने हदसम्म तयार गरी परिचालन गर्न स्वतन्त्र रहन्छन । यसर्थ स्वायत्तता र स्वतन्त्रता सहकारीको मर्म भएकाले अन्तराष्ट्रिय सहकारी महासंघले यसलाई पालना गर्नु आवश्यक ठानेको हो । तर, शोधपत्र निर्माणको क्रममा भेटेका उत्तरदाता मध्ये धेरैले सरकारको नियमनकारी प्रणाली र राज्यमा आएको संकटका कारण सहकारीमा समस्या आएको कुरालाई जोड दिएका छन कतिपय अवस्थामा स्वयत्तता र स्वतन्त्रतालाई सहकारीका टण् सञ्चालकले आफनो मनलाग्दी तरिकाले कारोबार गर्नेसँग जोडेर लिएको पनि पाईन्छ । तर, सहकारीले गर्ने नीति नियम तथा क्रियाकलापको स्वन्त्रता तथा स्वयत्तता सहकारीका सम्पूर्ण सदस्यहरुको सामूहिक निर्णयका आधारमा संस्थाको स्वयत्तता र स्वतन्त्रता हो भन्ने कुरालाई बे वास्ता गरिएको पाईएको छ । संचालक समिति गठन गर्दा आफूखुशी गठन गरेको देखिन्छ । कसै कसैलाई भने बाध्यताले समितिमा राखेको पनि पाइएको छ । यसमा सामुहिक भावना कमजोर भएका कारण पनि सहकारीमा समस्या भएको देखिन्छ । पारिवारिक सदस्यहरुलाई नै जानकारी नदिइकन किर्ते गरेर समितिमा राखेर फसाएको पनि छ । त्यो पनि बिशेष समितिमा राखेको पाइएको छ । केहि व्यक्तिहरुको छुट्टै सामाजिक जीवनले गर्दा पनि समस्यामा परेको पाइएको छ । जस्तै ब्यापारीहरुलाईव्यापार व्यवसाय सचालनमा सहज वातावरण बनाउने हिसाबले समितिमा बस्न बाध्य भएको पाइन्छ । उनीहरुलाई समस्या पर्न दिन्न भन्ने जस्ता प्रलोभनमा परेर पनि समितिमा राखेको पाईएको छ । साथि भाइहरुको भनाइलाई नकार्न नसकेर पनि यो क्षेत्रमा होमिएको देखिएको छ । कुनै कुनै अवस्थामा समितिमा किन बसेको भन्ने पनि थाहा नैनभइ प्रमुख पदमा बसेको पनि पाइएको छ । व्यक्तिगत रुपमा सबैले आफ्नो मात्र फाइदालाई ध्यानमा राख्दा संस्था समस्यामा परेको देखिन्छ । कति संचालकहरुलाई थाहानै नदिइकन प्रकाउ पुर्जी जारि गरेको पनि पाइएको छ । बाहिरबाट हेर्दा सहकारी राम्रै चलेको देखिएता पनि भित्र भित्र समस्याग्रस्त्र भएको र आफुलाई थाहा नै नभएको सम्म संचालकहरु बताएका छन । धेरै जसो संचालक समितिका सबै सदस्यहरुलाई यसको बारेमा थाहा नै नभएको सम्म देखिन्छ । पारिवारिक जीवनमा परेको प्रभावः ब्यक्तिको नाममा जब प्रहरीले प्रकाउ पुर्जी जारी गर्यो । त्यस पछि उहाँहरुको दैनिकी लुकिछिपि र पारिवारिक कलह वा तनावमा वितिरहेको देखिन्छ । केहि व्यक्तिहरुलाई आफु पदमा नै भएको थाहा नहुदा किर्ते गरि पदमा राखेको अवस्थामा थाहा नै नभई तिन पुस्ते जानकारी सहित प्रकाउ पुर्जी जारी गर्दा अचम्ममा भएको बताउनु हुन्छ । केहि व्यक्तिहरुले आफुले चलाएको फोन समत परिवातन गरेको देखिन्छ । घरको वरिपरि नयाँ मान्छे आउँदा समत डराउने गरेको पाइएको छ । यहि अवस्थाले पारिवारिक सम्बन्ध पनि बिग्रिएको देखिन्छ । साथीभाइको सम्बन्धले पनि यसमा समस्या भएको पाइएको छ । पहिला सहज हुन्जेल नजिक हुने पछि फोन अफ गरेर फरार भएको पनि देखिन्छ । पक्राउ पुर्जि भन्ने नै गलत हो । टज्ञ सबै भन्दा ठूलो प्रभाव विना अपराध प्रहरीको पक्राउ पुर्जी पाएका सहकारी सञ्चालकको पेशा ब्यवसाय र सामाजिक जीवनमा परेको छ । प्रक्राउ पूर्जी जारी गरेपछि पारिवारिक, सामाजिक सबै क्षेत्रमा असर परेको छ । यो त एउटा मानसिक यातना हो,मान्छे डिप्रेसनको शिकार भई आत्महत्या सम्म गर्न पुग्ने अवस्था देखिएको छ । समाजमा जवाफ दिँदै हिडन पर्ने अवस्था आउँछ तब त्यो झन ठुलो समस्या बन्दै गएको पाइएको छ । ऋण खाएको भए सुन्दा पनि, भोग्दा पनि वरु ठिकै हुन्थ्यो होला तर अब के गर्नु, धेरै गाह्रो अवस्था छ । काठमाडौंको सम्पूर्ण ब्यापार ब्यवसायलाई चटक्कै छोडेर भारतको बाटो हुँदै अर्को देशमा बस्दै आएको समत देखिन्छ । जीवनको एउटा दैनिकी छाडेर लुक्न भाग्न परेको छ । जसको कारण सामाजिक, पारिवारिक अवस्था अप्ठयारोमा पुगेको छ । आफ्नो कारण परिवारले दुःख भोग्न परेको छ । दुःख गरेर संचालनमा आइ रहेको व्यवसाय लथालिङ छाडेर भाग्दै भारतको बाटो भएर बिदेशमा लुकेर परेको छ । प्रक्राउ पूर्जि र व्यक्तिगत र व्यवसायिक दुबै प्रकारको बंैक खाता रोक्का भएपछि संचालन गर्दै आएको सानो ठुला कम्पनी बन्द भइ सकेको छ ।
Fish diversity of Daraundi river, Gandaki river system, Nepal
(Amrit Campus, 2025) Tamang, Shanti; Om Hari Shrestha
Full text available
Teachers’ perceptions towards the use of ict tools in basic level efl classrooms
(Department of English Education, 2025) Sigdel, Shanta; Padam Lal Bharati
The present research work entitled teachers’ perceptions towards use of ict tools at basic level EFL classroom has been carried out to find out the teachers’ perceptions and challenges of the implementation of ICT in EFL classroom. To fulfill the objectives, I used survey research design to collect the data. A total of 60teachers were taken as the population to collect data for the study. They were English Teachers from different community and institutional Schools of Bharatpur Metropolitan City. Questionnaire was the tools of data for the present study. After analysis and interpretation of data, it was found that ICT can play a vital role in EFL classroom. It was found that ICT was very helpful in teaching and learning activities. On the other hand, there were some challenges also, the limited time and tools, coupled with the poor internet connection as well as lack of ICT related knowledge, experience and training. It was also found that English teachers had faced many challenges while using ICTs in EFL classrooms. They reported that it was due to insufficient ICTs teaching materials such as computers, videotapes, multimedia projectors, multimedia presentation, and so on. The results show that the teachers have limited time to integrate ICT into their teaching. In conclusion, the teachers perceived that ICT can play the vital role in EFL classroom but there were some challenges while using them. There are five chapters in all in this thesis. The background of the study, problem statement, objectives, research questions, significance, study delimitations, and operational definitions of key terminology are all included in the first chapter, which serves as an introduction. The second chapter covers the conceptual framework, research implications, theoretical and empirical literature reviews, and more. In a similar vein, the third chapter discusses the study's modified methodologies and processes for conducting the research. It covers the study's design and methodology, population, sample, and sampling strategy, as well as the study's area, data collection methods, and methods for data processing and interpretation. The results interpretation, discussion, and findings summary are included in the fourth chapter. The study's conclusion and consequences are presented in the fifth chapter, along with suggestions for additional research in the relevant domains. The thesis's fifth chapter contains the references and appendices.
Migrating aspirations: Subjectivity shaped by a family's move
(Tribhuvan University Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2025) Bhattarai, Bishnu Maya; Prasain, Dinesh
This thesis explores the transformation of subjectivity within a migrating family from rural Okhaldhunga to urban Kathmandu through an autoethnographic lens informed by practice theory and Bourdieu’s conceptual triad of capital, habitus, and field. Drawing from personal narrative, family history, and theoretical inquiry, the study interrogates how economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capitals are reshaped across spatio–temporal transitions. It pays particular attention to intergenerational differences, educational trajectories, and the everyday practices that mediate the rural-urban shift in identity. The analysis reveals that migration not only repositions individuals within new social hierarchies but also transforms embodied dispositions — what Bourdieu terms habitus — into dynamic, adaptable forms responsive to shifting fields. While the older generation bore the impact of structural exclusion from education, the younger generation, including the author, emerged as agents of self-fashioning, negotiating the tensions between rural heritage and urban aspirations. Education, in this context, functions as both a site of constraint and possibility, where subjectivity is contested and reimagined. The study contributes to broader debates in migration studies and practice theory by demonstrating how lived experience complicates and expands existing understandings of habitus and agency. Through an embodied narrative grounded in Nepali socio-political history, this study situates the personal within the political, offering insights into the intimate effects of structural change and the recursive relationship between mobility and identity.
पारिजातका कथामा प्रजाति, पर्यावरण र क्षण
(त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय मानविकी तथा सामाजिक शास्त्र सङ्काय नेपाली केन्द्रीय विभाग, 2081) गुरागाइ, पुण्यप्रसाद; रजनी ढकाल
प्रस्तुत शोधकार्य पारिजातका कथामा भएको प्रजाति, पर्यावरण र क्षणको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । यसमा पारिजातका चारवटा कथासङ्ग्रहमा भएका पन्ध्रवटा कथालाई साहित्यको समाजशास्त्रअन्तर्गत हिप्पोलाइट तेनद्वारा प्रस्तुत प्रजाति, पर्यावरण र क्षणसम्बन्धी मान्यतका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यसरी विश्लेषण गर्दा पारिजातका आदिम देश, सडक र प्रतिभा, साल्गीको बलात्कृत आासु, र वधशाला जाादा आउादा कथासङ्ग्रहमा रहेका कथामध्ये प्रजाति, पर्यावरण र क्षणको अधिकता भएका कथालाई प्रतिनिधि कथाका रूपमा लिइएको छ । यस शोधकार्यलाई पूर्णता दिनका लागि पााचवटा परिच्छेदमा व्यवस्थित गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत शोधप्रबन्धको पहिलो परिच्छेदमा शोधपरिचय दिइएको छ । यस परिच्छेदमा आठवटा उपशीर्षकमा राखी शोधको परिचय दिइएको छ । यस क्रममा पहिलो उपशीर्षकमा विषयपरिचय दिइएको छ । त्यसपछि क्रमशः समस्याकथन, उद्देश्य, पूर्वकार्यको समीक्षा, शोधकार्यको औचित्य, शोधको सीमाङ्कन, शोधविधि, विश्लेषणको ढााचा गर्दै अन्तिममा शोधको रूपरेखा दिइएको छ । यस शोधकार्यको दोस्रो परिच्छेदमा पारिजातका प्रतिनिधि कथतालाई प्रजातिका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस क्रममा विषयप्रवेश, सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा, पन्ध्रवटा कथालाई पाठका उदाहरणसहित विश्लेषण गर्दै अन्त्यमा निष्कर्ष दिइएको छ । यस शोधकार्यको तेस्रो परिच्छेदमा पारिजातका कथालाई पर्यावरणका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यसमा विषयप्रवेश, सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा, पारिजातका कथालाई पाठका साक्ष्य प्रस्तुत गर्दै विश्लेषण गर्दै अन्त्यमा निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । यस शोधकार्यको चौथो परिच्छेदमा पारिजातका कथालाई क्षणका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यसमा विषयप्रवेश, सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा, पारिजातका पन्ध्रवटा कथालाई पाठका दृष्टान्तका आधारमा विश्लेषण गर्दै निष्कर्ष दिइएको छ । यस शोधकार्यको पााचाौ परिच्छेदमा सारांश तथा निष्कर्ष रहेको छ । यसमा सारांश खण्डमा शोधलाई कसरी व्यवस्थित गरिएको छ भन्ने कुरा खुलाइएको छ भने निष्कर्षमा यस शोधको मूल समस्यामा केन्द्रित भई आएको निष्कर्षलाई व्यवस्थित गरिएको छ प्रस्तुत शोधप्रबन्धको पहिलो शोधसमस्या पारिजातका कथामा प्रजातिगत पक्षको के कस्तो चित्रण पाइन्छ ? भन्ने रहेको छ । यस समस्यामा केन्द्रित भएर दोस्रो परिच्छेदमा घ विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनबाट पारिजातका कथामा नेपालमा रहेका आर्य प्रजातिलाई भन्दा मङ्गोल जातिको प्रजातिगत विशेषतालाई केन्द्रमा राखिएको देखिन्छ । यसमा मङ्गोल जातिका अनुवांशिक गुण, प्रजातिगत संस्कृति र लेखकीय प्रजातिको प्रभाव कृतिमा परेको देखिन्छ । मङ्गोल र आर्य प्रजातिका मानिसहरू आˆनो धर्म, संस्कृति र जीवनशैलीमा रमाएको कुरा पनि प्रस्तुत अध्ययनबाट स्पष्ट हुन्छ । यस शोधप्रबन्धको दोस्रो शोधसमस्या पारिजातका कथामा पर्यावरणको प्रयोग के कसरी गरिएको छ ? भन्ने रहेको छ । यस शोधप्रश्नको विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत अध्ययनको तेस्रो परिच्छेदमा गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनबाट नेपालका ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा वसोवास गर्ने मानिसहरूले सहर बजारमा आएर सङ्घर्ष गरेको पर्यावरणलाई केन्द्रमा राखिएको, पारिजातका कथामा भएका प्राकृतिक, सामाजिक र परिवेशले निर्मित मनोविज्ञानको चित्रण गरिएको तथा राणाकालीन र पञ्चायती व्यवस्थाले राजनैति, सामाजिक र आर्थिक पर्यावरणलाई सूक्ष्म रूपमा प्रभाव परेको देखिन्छ भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । प्रस्तुत शोधकार्यको तेस्रो शोधसमस्या पारिजातका कथामा क्षणको कस्तो अवस्था देखाइएको छ ? भन्ने शोधप्रश्न रहेको छ । क्षणलाई प्रस्तुत शोधकार्यको चौथो परिच्छेदमा विश्लेषण गर्नमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । यसको विश्लेषण गर्दा पारिजातले आˆनो युगमा घटेका घटना, देखेका, भोगेका व्यवहार र अनुभवलाई प्रस्तुत गरेको, राणकालीन र पञ्चायती शासनले पारेको प्रभावलाई क्षणका माध्यमबाट प्रस्तुत गरिएको, राजनीतिक परिवर्तन भए पनि जनताको जीवनमा कुनै पनि परिवर्तन नआएको अवस्थालाई क्षणका माध्यमबाट चित्रण गरिएको छ भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ
STRENGTHENING DEPLOYMENT OF APF, NEPAL ALONG CHINA-NEPAL BORDER: PROSPECT & CHALLENGES
(2025) Gaurav Bhattarai
Border security is a central aspect of national sovereignty, particularly for Nepal, since it shares a 1,414 km border with China. The research examined the opportunities and challenges of increasing deployment of the Nepal Armed Police Force (APF), Nepal along the Nepal-China border. The research employed qualitative research methods such as key informant interviews, interview, and field observations in Rasuwa District and other northern border regions. Findings indicated that logistical problems, bad infrastructure, and a lack of personnel pose significant barriers to border security. While the APF, Nepal, has established 10 BOPs along the northern border, it is hindered by long distances from the border, rented buildings, and a lack of surveillance equipment. The study also identifies the imbalance of security personnel with a more prominent presence of China in most areas. A language barrier, with a lack of Chinese or Tibetan speaking APF, Nepal personnel, also complicates operations. The research also analyses border treaties, security coordination, and rising issues of illegal operations such as smuggling and unauthorized cross-border travel. While there do exist joint patrols and coordination talks with the Chinese government, they remain irregular. The research suggested the deployment of additional APF, Nepal infrastructure upgrading, the implementation of language training schemes, and the strengthening of Nepal-China diplomatic interactions to increase security. A successful multi-dimensional responded that encompasses capacity building, infrastructure development, and cross-border coordination is needed to achieve border security. The study provided policy lessons to deploy more APF, Nepal personnel to preserve national sovereignty and regional stability. Keywords: Border security, APF, Nepal, China-Nepal border, cross-border cooperation, security challenges. v
Practices of extensive reading in English classroom: a case of private school in Gorkha district
(Department of Education University Campus, Tribhuvan University, 2025) Basnyat, Kritika; Hari Maya Sharma
Livelihood struggle among migrants in Srilanka (Koshi Tappu)
(Central Department of Sociology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2025) Chaudhary, Bhogendra Prasad; Gautam, Tika Ram
The study's primary objectives are to ascertain whether migrants in Srilanka Tappu hold land and to investigate their methods of subsistence. This study is based on the descriptive and exploratory research approaches. The villages of Belaka Municipality in Ram Nagar and Baraha Chhetra Municipality in Chilliya Tappu were specifically selected for the study. It has not been possible to conduct a thorough survey of every migrant household due to time restrictions and other issues. A total of 150 dwellings were found in the municipality's 2081 survey. Thirty household members were randomly selected from Belaka Municipality Udayapur district's Ram Nagar and Barahachhetra Municipality Sunsari district's Chilliya Tappu. Migration is the act of people relocating from one place to another, according to the study's findings. It is a fundamental aspect of human society. In addition to other aspects of human social life including interpersonal relationships and social transformation, it has a big impact on shipping. People relocate from their place of origin to their destination for a variety of reasons. All types of migration, including internal movement, international migration, and reactive migration, are growing in number. Sociology was then primarily concerned with migration. While some are forced to relocate in order to escape conflict and starvation, others opt to do so voluntarily in order to improve their opportunities and profession. Most individuals relocate in search of food and shelter, according to research. Twenty two families are looking into their food and shelter; seven families relocated here in2061, and the east dam was demolished by the Koshi river, which flooded their houses in the villages of Supul in the Bihar district and Sunsari in Nepal. Only one family household was forced to leave Asam, India, as a result of the Bodo Rebellion. During the observation, no Rohinga family was found. The results of the study show that before and after the migration, Sri Lanka Tappu families were either single or joint families. Thirty families had three single-family households and twenty-seven joint-family households before emigration, the survey found. Only one of the thirty family house holds lived in signal composition after the migration, with the other 29 living in joint family. This result led to the conclusion that society needed to change in order to go forward. The need for partnership in their new surroundings led to an increase in joint families.
Practices of extensive reading in english classroom: a case of private school In gorkha district
(Department of English Education, 2025) Basnyat Kritika; Hari Maya Sharma
Abstract This research study entitled Practices of Extensive Reading in English Classroom: A Case of Private School in Gorkha District aimed to explore the extensive reading practices in grade nine ELT at St. Mary’s School, Gorkha. It also evaluated the effectiveness of the materials used for ER and offered suggestions for improving practice and materials. A case study design was used, with purposive sampling to select participants. Primary data were gathered from St. Mary’s School through classroom observation, interviews with ELT teacher, and Focus Group Discussion with some students. The data were analyzed and interpreted thematically. The findings from the study on Extensive Reading (ER) highlight several important aspects, that students are more engaged and motivated in ER when they get to pick up books that interest them. Teachers help by suggesting the right books, explaining difficult words, and encouraging group discussion an deepen understanding. Moreover, the variety of reading materials helps improve Students vocabulary, fluency and comprehension. While students face some challenges, teachers offer extra help and resources. Students also recommend adding more digital tools and modern texts. Overall, ER is helping improve reading skills, and with more relevant materials, it could be even more effective. This thesis consists of five main chapters. The first chapter deals with the introduction of the topic in which the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance of the study, delimitations of the study and operational definitions of the key terms are included. The second chapter includes the review of both theoretical and empirical literature, along with the implication of the review of the study. It also includes a conceptual framework. The third chapter deals with the research design and method of the study, population sample and sampling procedures, study area/field, source of data, tools for data collection, data collection and procedures, analysis and interpretation procedures and ethical consideration. The fourth chapter includes, and concludes the results and findings. Moreover, the final chapter suggests some pedagogical results and discussion of the study. The fifth chapter includes conclusion of the study and implications based on the policy-related, practice-related and further research related study. This chapter is followed by references and appendices used for the study.
Discourse Analysis on Social Inclusion Narratives in Nepal's Bureaucracy
(Central Department of Sociology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2025) Mijar, Madhu; Pasang Sherpa
This study explores the narratives surrounding social inclusion within Nepal's bureaucracy through a critical discourse analysis (CDA) framework, drawing on the theories of Michel Foucault, Norman Fairclough, and Teun A. van Dijk. The primary aim of this study was to examine how policy and legal frameworks influenced social inclusion practices within Nepal's bureaucratic structures. By analyzing official discourse, this research investigated how bureaucratic actors construct and interpret social inclusion policies and their implications for marginalized groups in Nepal, including women, ethnic minorities, and lower-caste communities. The study has applied the theory developed by Foucault who has focused on the ideas of power, knowledge, governmentality, and how social inclusion is constructed and regulated within state institutions. Foucault's notion of “regimes of practice” was useful in analyzing how bureaucratic actors internalize and reproduce certain discourses around social inclusion. Another theory developed by Fairclough who has discussed critical discourse analysis approach, focusing on how language constructs power relations and ideologies within institutional settings. Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework (text, discursive practice, and social practice) has helped to examine both the text of policy documents and the broader social practices that influence inclusion. Also van Dijk’s model of discourse as a representation of social cognition has been applied to understand the role of narratives in shaping public opinion and attitudes toward social inclusion, as well as how power and ideology are embedded in those narratives. Thus, utilizing Foucault's concepts of power and knowledge and governmentality, Fairclough’s three-dimensional approach to discourse, and van Dijk’s theory of ideological discourse, this study critically examined the role of discourse in shaping and reproducing power relations within bureaucratic settings. The analysis highlighted how bureaucratic actors, such as civil servants and policymakers, both reflect and challenge prevailing social hierarchies in their interpretations of inclusion policies. Additionally, the study delved into the influence of power dynamics within the bureaucracy, exploring how these dynamics impacted the development and implementation of social inclusion policies, as well as the broader societal implications of such policies.
आधुनिक नेपाली उपन्यासमा आधुनिकता
(नेपाली केन्द्रीय विभाग, त्रि. वि. कीर्तिपुर, 2025) भण्डारी, मुक्तिप्रसाद; रमेशप्रसाद भट्टराई
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Fish diversity of Rampur ghol, Chitwan, Nepal
(Amrit Campus, 2025) Shrestha, Puja; Om Hari Shrestha
The present study was conducted to explore the diversity of Rampur Ghol, situated in Bharatpur Municipality, Chitwan. The fieldwork was carried out from August 2023 to February 2024, covering the summer, autumn, and winter seasons. Samples were collected from four sites, and physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, depth, pH, and dissolved oxygen were analysed. The cast net (mesh size 5 mm) and ghamka (mesh size 2 mm) were used to gather fish with the help of a local fisherman. A total of 25 fish species belonging to 6 Orders, 14 Families, and 17 Genera were recorded. The dominant order was Cypriniformes (40%), with 10 species, and the dominant family was Cyprinidae (32%), with 8 species. The most abundant fish species is Puntius sophore with a relative abundance of 22.44%, followed by Puntius ticto at 14.49%. Temperature had a positive correlation with fish variety, while pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and water depth had negative correlations. The highest Shannon Weiner diversity index was recorded at site III (2.48) and in winter (2.59), whereas the lowest was recorded at site IV (1.99) and in autumn (2.36). The evenness was found to be maximum at site I (0.87) and in winter (0.93), whereas it was minimum at site IV (0.8) and in summer (0.8). Similarly, the highest species richness was obtained at site III (3.74) and during summer (3.98), while the lowest was obtained at site I (1.99) and during autumn (2.98). The Shannon Weiner diversity index, Margalef’s richness and evenness index revealed a strong relationship with overall species richness. Therefore, it can be concluded that Rampur Ghol provides a suitable habitat for a variety of fish species. Keywords: Diversity indices, Fish diversity, Physico-chemical parameters, Rampur Ghol
Practices of extensive eeading in english classroom: a aase of private school in Gorkha District
(Department of English Education, 2025) Basnyat, Kritika; Hari Maya Sharma
This research study entitled Practices of Extensive Reading in English Classroom: A Case of Private School in Gorkha District aimed to explore the extensive reading practices in grade nine ELT at St. Mary’s School, Gorkha. It also evaluated the effectiveness of the materials used for ER and offered suggestions for improving practice and materials. A case study design was used, with purposive sampling to select participants. Primary data were gathered from St. Mary’s School through classroom observation, interviews with ELT teacher, and Focus Group Discussion with some students. The data were analyzed and interpreted thematically. The findings from the study on Extensive Reading (ER) highlight several important aspects, that students are more engaged and motivated in ER when they get to pick up books that interest them. Teachers help by suggesting the right books, explaining difficult words, and encouraging group discussion an deepen understanding. Moreover, the variety of reading materials helps improve Students vocabulary, fluency and comprehension. While students face some challenges, teachers offer extra help and resources. Students also recommend adding more digital tools and modern texts. Overall, ER is helping improve reading skills, and with more relevant materials, it could be even more effective. This thesis consists of five main chapters. The first chapter deals with the introduction of the topic in which the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance of the study, delimitations of the study and operational definitions of the key terms are included. The second chapter includes the review of both theoretical and empirical literature, along with the implication of the review of the study. It also includes a conceptual framework. The third chapter deals with the research design and method of the study, population sample and sampling procedures, study area/field, source of data, tools for data collection, data collection and procedures, analysis and interpretation procedures and ethical consideration. The fourth chapter includes, and concludes the results and findings. Moreover, the final chapter suggests some pedagogical results and discussion of the study. The fifth chapter includes conclusion of the study and implications based on the policy-related, practice-related and further research related study. This chapter is followed by references and appendices used for the study.
Balancing work and life: household work,professionalcareer and problems of employed women in Kathmandu
(Central Department of Sociology, 2025) Rawat, Geeta; Tika Ram Gautam
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Cinematic Representation of Body Shaming in Chbosky’s Wonder and Katariya’s Dum Laga Ke Haisha
(Central Department of English, 2025) Gartaula, Sudeep; Pokhrel, Nripesh; Dhruba Bahadur Karki
Sharat Katariya's Dum Laga Ke Haisha (2015) and Stephen Chbosky's Wonder (2017) examine the contradiction that arises when mainstream film frequently shapes society's fascination with beauty. Following Adorno and Horkheimer's culture industry criticisms, this dissertation interrogates body shaming to argue that both films disrupt capitalist beauty norms, reframing heroism through non-ideal protagonists. While typical movies uphold generalization, fueling cruel abuse, harassment, and mockery, these films instead foster critical awareness, revealing how systemic marginalization persists within capitalist commodification. Applying textual interpretations, methods and techniques, I have examined and analyzed representative shots, scenes and sequences pertaining to body shaming in these films. My methodology combines critical theory with close examination of camera angles, character dynamics, and verbal and nonverbal clues in textual segments. Although my primary focus concentrates on the films discussed, I include a short observation about the body politics of the Nepali cinema industry. By centering self-acceptance over conformity, these films challenge filmmakers globally to abandon stereotypes. Their narratives urge Nepali creators to confront cultural roots of body shaming and create stories that celebrate diversity beyond physical appearance.
Contribution of Anagarikas for the development of Theravada Buddhism in Nepal A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
(2081) Rajkarnikar, Jayju; Nirmala Pokharel
Menstrual practices in western nepal- persistence and change a dissertation submitted to the central department of sociology, mphil-phd programme i
(CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY , TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY, 2025) Gurung , Rajya Laxmi; Madhusudan Subedi
Menstruation is the indication that women body is fertile and capable of carrying child which is one of the essential biological processes that assure the continuation of the human species. However, menstrual practices had been culturally framed, in global north it is associated with Shame and guilt (McHugh 2020), whereas in South Asia it is associated with ritual impurity (Höfer 1979, Khatiwoda et al 2021). Menstruation as ritual impurity in some communities of far-west region of Nepal take the extreme of menstrual restriction/ exclusion where menstruating women are banished to “chaupadi” menstrual hut (away from the main house) for certain number of days while menstruating. In 2018, government of Nepal declare practicing “chaupadi” illegal and punishable by law which include 3 months of jail time and 3 thousand rupees of fine. This effort from government is also complemented by Nongovernment organization work in far-west region which include creating awareness regarding menstruation in WASH initiative. Many view menstrual exclusion from feminist or from human rights perspective and associate it with the discourse of women liberation. To understand menstrual exclusion, there are number of studies done on menstrual exclusion specifically focusing on far-west region of Nepal. However, these studies either focuses on presenting negative impacts of menstrual exclusion on women or present the menstrual exclusion from health perspective only. Only handful of the studies tries to explore the practices from sociological perspective, however these studies examine the menstrual practices from the perspective of either oppression/ empowerment duality or present it as the religious dogma having rigid structure with no space for negotiation or where women or community has no agency to change. Only handful of the studies have attempted to study the change in the menstrual practices, however these studies have very narrow focus taking one or two factor as the cause of change – like education and that too over generation only. These studies do not take account of the different sociological changes and external intervention these communities have been experiencing over the three decades including changes in political regime. To address the above mention gaps, this study engages with three main research question current menstrual practices, underlying structures and value system that upheld the practices; Changes in menstrual practices and factors that led to those changes; menstrual practices under different socio-political regime. The study was carried out in four sites of four vii districts of far-west region of Nepal- Kanchanpur, Dailekh, Jumala and Achham. The study uses qualitative research methodology and uses in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussion in four study sites. The findings indicate that, the underlying structure and knowledge upholding the exclusionary menstrual practices is the religious belief that present the origin of menstruation to a sin and menstruating bodies as a ritually impure body. This belief is upheld by the elaborate system of divine punishment and wrath, where Hindu priest and religious healers / leaders like Dhami act as an interpreter who interpret any misgivings to the individual, family, or the community to the lapses in the menstrual practices. The study also challenges the discourse where religious practices especially associated to global south is presented as rigid structure. The study shows that the socio-economic changes like migration, education and other external intervention from government and nongovernment actors does bring the changes in menstrual practices. The study also presents the menstrual practices adopted by communities and women under different socio-political regime, however the study concludes that, without demystifying and de-linking the interwind belief system of purity and cosmic balance, women agency cannot be expanded simply by force or by shame. The study also includes methodological reflection especially doing research on sensitive issues where researcher’s gender is deeply interwind with the very essence of the research, the researcher’s positionality; her ontological belief; her ethical and moral compass as well as her ability for critical reflection including reflexivity, plays a crucial role in the quality of qualitative data being collected and the way she analyzed the data. And many times, lead to ontological shift in the researcher as well.
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(2025) basanta; C
A study on working capital implementation position of commercial Bank. (with special reference to Nabil Bank ltd.)
(Central Department of Management, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2012) Pradhan, Pabita Maharjan; Shrestha, Bal Krishna
Submitted to APF, Command and Staff College,
(APF, Command and Staff College,, 2025) Koirala, Ishwor; Ramesh Raj Kunwar
This study examines the factors influencing young people’s interest in Nepal’s security forces, including the Nepali Army, Nepal Police, and Armed Police Force, Nepal, amid a 19% youth unemployment rate and the annual entry of 500,000 individuals into the labor market. Globalization, political instability, and foreign job opportunities have affected interest in security careers, raising concerns about their declining appeal, which is crucial for national stability. The research aims to analyze application trends from 2071 to 2080 B.S., identify key motivators and barriers, and suggest strategies to enhance the attractiveness of these careers. Using a qualitative approach within a constructivist paradigm, data was collected through semi structured interviews with 42 participants, including prospective candidates, recent applicants, and key informants, along with an analysis of archival recruitment records. This method provides an in-depth understanding of youth perspectives. Findings reveal fluctuating application rates for non-commissioned officer positions, such as NP Constable applications peaking at 57.8:1 in 2074, intense competition for junior commissioned officer rank like APF ASI at 94.6:1 in 2078, and a steady yet selective interest in commissioned officer ranks, with NA Officer Cadet averaging 22:1 and APF Inspector at just 9.9:1.The primary motivator for youth, particularly among economically disadvantaged individuals, is job security, followed by patriotism, social prestige, and career growth opportunities. However, factors such as low salaries, limited career advancement, political interference, nepotism, and the lure of overseas jobs significantly deter interest. The study emphasizes the need for modernized and transparent recruitment processes, competitive salaries, merit-based promotions, public awareness campaigns, university collaborations, depoliticization, gender inclusivity, skill development, and patriotic appeals to align security careers with youth aspirations better. These measures are essential to maintaining a sustainable and motivated workforce within Nepal’s security sector.

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