GC-MS, ANTIBACTERIAL, CYTOTOXICITY AND ESSENTIAL OIL OF (SPRENG. PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN CHEMISTRY T.U. REGISTRATION NO.: DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE OF MS, ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT, TPC, TFC TOXICITY AND FTIR ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTS AND ESSENTIAL OIL OF AGERATINA ADENOPHORA SPRENG.) R.M. KING & H. ROB. FROM PALPA DISTRICT OF NEPAL

Abstract

Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob. is an important perennial medicinal herb that belongs to the family Asteraceae. It has scented leaves that have historically been used as a medicine. The plants of A. adenophora were collected from the Palpa district and were air-dried. The goal of this study was to look into GC-MS analysis, phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antibacterial and antifungal activity, toxicity, Thin layer chromatography, and column chromatography of A. adenophora extracts and essential oil. Clevenger-type hydro distillation apparatus was used to extract the essential oil. The air-dried powdered plant materials of A. adenophora were extracted with methanol, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate solvents for the extract. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of methanol, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of A. adenophora plants showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, quinones, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrate, terpenoids, proteins, and amino acids. The GC-MS study of chloroform extract revealed ten different possible compounds, whereas essential oil revealed fourteen. 1-naphthalenol (24.33%) and α–bisabolol (18.01%) were the most numerous components in the chloroform extract, and 1-napthalenol (24.56%) and α-bisabolol (14.74%) were the most abundant components in the essential oil of A. adenophora. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using (DPPH) free radical. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was determined to be 50.24 % at 15 mg/mL of sample solution, while the antioxidant activity of chloroform extract was 62.84 % at 2 mg/mL of sample solution. The IC50 value of essential oil was found to be 17.21 mg/mL whereas that of chloroform extract was found to be 1.46 mg/mL. The TPC content of the essential oil and extract was found to be 53.42 mg gallic acid/g of equivalent and 89.75 mg gallic acid/g of equivalent. The TFC content in essential oil and chloroform extract was found to be 3.372 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract and 49.252 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract respectively. The essential oil, as well as chloroform extract, also showed LC50 values of 64.56 µg/mL and 174.78 µg/mL respectively. Antibacterial activity was shown to E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus subsp. aureus in both chloroform extract and essential oil of A. adenophora. There was no evidence of antifungal action. In FTIR analysis of chloroform leaf extracts of A. adenophora studies revealed the presence of these functional groups: 1° amine (N-H), the carboxylic acid (-COOH), alkane (C-H), aldehyde (-CHO). A single spot was seen in the solvent system of ethyl acetate and hexane (5:95), (10:90), (20:80) by the use of column chromatography.