Microbiology

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14540/132

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Browsing Microbiology by Academic Level "Other"

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    Phylogrouping and Antibiogram of Escherichia coli from river water sample
    (Institute of Sciecne & Technology, 2024-06) Thapa,Suchitra; Dr. Dev Raj Joshi
    Water borne diseases like diarrheal infection caused by E. coli is a serious threat to public health. However, in Nepal there are no clear data on characterization of these E. coli based on their virulence or antimicrobial resistance. And phylogrouping will help to track the microbial source and help us understand the route of transmission. Also, antibiotic resistant profile will help to design a better treatment regime for the patients. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the diarrheagenic E. coli that are prevalent in the water sources and gauge their transmission potential to humans. For this E. coli was isolated and identified from water sample following the conventional culture techniques and enumerated by standard membrane filtration method. Further antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion method towards different classes of antibiotics that are used in clinical settings following the procedure recommended by CLSI. Further, gene detection was done by PCR using specific primers for phylogroup. The result was then analyzed using SPSS and WHONET software. Descriptive analysis as well as inferential analysis was done to fulfill the objective of the study. The result revealed a high occurrence of thermotolerant E. coli of phylogroup B1 (58.2%) in Bagmati river which is commensal in nature and originates from either human or animals. Also, isolates conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics (n= 6) were detected along with high priority isolates (n=11). Thus, circulation of such high risk isolates in aquatic settings of Nepal is concerning so a comprehensive study of such isolates should be done at genomic level so that to better understand their transmission potential and intervene their transmission.
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    Virulence genes in staphylococci isolated from paper currency and nasal cavity of bus conductor
    (2024-06) manandhar, Sagarika; Dr. Sarita Manandhar
    Because of their resistance to a variety of medications, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci (MRS) poses a serious threat to public health. These organisms also harbor various virulent factors that make them significant concerns in public health. They survive on various environmental surfaces including paper currencies. The purpose of this research was to assess the possible presence of MRS on bus conductor’s nasal swabs and the paper money they carried. A total of 100 samples (50 nasal swab and 50 paper currency) were collected in peptone water and saline water respectively. The samples were processed in Microbiological laboratory of Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Ghantaghar and Institute for Research in Science and Technology, Thamel from July 2023 - December 2023. The samples were exposed to standard bacteriological techniques for the purpose of isolation and identification of S. aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS). Cefoxitin disc was used to confirm MRS. Modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique, an antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out and, tsst, sea and pvl gene were amplified by conventional PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction. Of 50 nasal swab samples, 25 (50%) were identified as CNS and 8 (16%) as S. aureus. Among them, 14 (56%) and 4 (50%) were identified as MR- CNS and MRSA respectively. Similarly, from 50 paper currency, 11(22%) as CNS and 21 (42%) were identified as S. aureus. All CNS were methicillin resistant while only 7 (33.3%) were MRSA. Higher prevalence of MRSA and MRCNS were identified from age group 15-30. All MRSA and MRCNS were resistant to penicillin but sensitive to amikacin, meropenem and chloramphenicol. All MRSA and 9 (81,1%) MRCNS from nasal swab and all MRCNS and 4 (57.1%) MRSA from paper currency were MDR. None of the isolate harbor pvl gene whereas 52.2% MRS isolate carried tsst gene and 50% MRS isolate carried sea gene. High occurrence of MDR staphylococci & virulence gene containing MRS in community shows the need of regular surveillance & implementation of awareness programmed that help to reduce its hazards.