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Browsing Thesis & Dissertations by TU Affiliated Institute "APF Command and Staff College Sanogaucharan, Kathmandu"
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Item A Comparative Study of Local Government System in Nepal(Department of Security Development and Peace Studies, 2019) Gautam, RajuThe Comparative Study of local Government System in Nepal offers an overview of the institutional, legal, financial framework, issues and challenges of different local government during the Panchyat, Unitary and Federal governments of Nepal. The research is a qualitative following descriptive and analytical method. The study identifies key issues to which the constitutional vision and objectives are being met and indicators identified to be taken into account as to how local governments are constrained, facilitated or enabled during Panchyat, Constitutional Monarchy and Federal System and the extent to which local governments address and meet the objectives of service delivery. The Local Self Governance Act (LSGA) of 1999 offers local bodies fiscal autonomy and authority to generate, collect and mobilize resources from various sources, but LGSA was never fully implemented. With the number of responsibilities delegated to very small and weak local governments, local elections in suspension and a lack of human and financial resources, the promises of the decentralization under the LGSA were never fully realized. In comparing governments during different periods, the present government is yet to be understood and studied deeply in the future. The research indicates that financial resources and it limitations to the local government and absence of proper management is likely to underestimate oversights dues to lack of experience, knowledge and implementation. Such realities can be addressed with the increased accountability between citizens and local institutions with increased autonomy and accountability to create the impetus for fulfilling the aspiration of public at large for needed development.Item Dark Tourism in Barpak, Gorkha(Department of Security Development and Peace Studies, 2019) Aryal, Dev RajNow a days, people are fascinated with death and disaster. Since most studies of Dark tourism related to holocaust, atrocities, deaths and disaster relating to motivations and benefits toward the deaths and suffering sites, this research study examines the dark tourism in Barpak, Gorkha, the epicentre of the earthquake 2015 where the understanding of dark tourism is very limited and the visitors and locals are barely aware of the concept of dark tourism. Nepal hit by the earthquake in 2015 having the epicentre in Barpak, Gorkha which made the huge suffering, there is the need to develop and promote the dark tourism in the place where motivation, authenticity and the experience play the greatest role in promoting dark tourism in Barpak. By employing three data sources: document review, interview and direct observation, this research study assesses theoretical understanding of the dark tourism, the society and culture of the disaster sites, the motivation of the visitors, beneficial aspects of the dark tourism, pull factors of dark tourism, changing trend of visitors in Barpak over pre, during and post-Earthquake 2015 and prospects of dark tourism in Barpak. The study finds that cultural values, history and heritage, deaths and dying, survivor‟s guilt, education, remembrance, edutainment, artifacts, role of media are the primary aspects in promoting dark tourism in Barpak. The study also finds that accessibility, accommodation and reconstructions are the primary challenges of dark tourism in Barpak. The study concludes by offering the key summary of the findings of the research.Item Internal Armed Conflict in South Asia and Implication to Nepal(Department of Security Development and Peace Studies, 2019) Khanal, Binod RajIntrastate conflicts have been deeply rooted in most of the South Asian countries and became a great security challenge. Intrastate conflict is the main cause of South Asian countries which greatly hampering the development and prosperity of the region. The development activities are hugely paralyzed due to conflict. Almost all countries are victim of armed conflict though current situation of some countries is an exception. Terrorism, separatist movements, extremism, ideological conflicts and MaoistsNaxalites' movements with other several campaigns have imposed huge obstruction in the prosperity and development of the entire South Asian region. All South Asian countries directly or indirectly inflected with armed conflicts and had huge negative impact of those conflicts and large amount of money is spending to fight against terrorism and armed conflicts. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is passive in the subject of intrastate conflict in South Asian and its initiation to fight against terrorism and organized crime is futile. Economic cost of violence, physical destruction, forced migration, displacement, local conflict, exploitation of child and woman are some of the negative impact that play vital role for the instability of the region. Similarly, Poor governance, poor representation, lack of accountability, lack of ethos in public service, role of big man, poor policing, rigged election, discrimination, poverty, global and local aspiration, development induced displacement, land and natural resources, social-structural and cultural system, population, family dispersal, distortion on government spending, power of corporate actor, regional imperialism, economy, gender bias, identity politics, low legal literacy, media bias, prevalence of arms, militarization, history and culture are some of the factors that are contributing and strengthening internal armed conflicts in South Asia.Item International Border Management: Learning From Nepal, India and Schengen Border(Department of Security Development and Peace Studies, 2019) Pandey, Ram JungBorder management is very tough, sensitive and complex issue for states. A single border management policy with applicability to every state simply does not exist. Available resources and security concerns shape border policy, and since each state has different needs to address, problems with border security vary greatly. They encompass, for example, issues of trafficking, transnational organized crime, terrorism, waves of illegal migration, political relations, and trade. The aggregate of these activities creates the environment in which affect a border management. As per the geographical condition, religious, ethnic, economic condition, security threats and relation between neighboring countries they practiced suitable border management system. International we can found mainly two types of border management system restricted (Controlled and Closed Border) borders and open borders. Both borders have same security concern which impact on country's economic and social values. Border Management is a mechanism to ensure the security of national borders and to regulate legitimate movements on borders to meet various needs of nation by cultural, social, economical interactions. There are some new approaches of border management which articulates a new strategic vision for border processing and clearance. Those approaches bring several key concepts together into a holistic new approach. They are collaborative border management, Coordinated Border Management and integrated border management. Nepal and India followed open border system and European Union and Schengen States applied integrated border management system, which is more effective than Nepal and India border.Item Post Disaster Tourism in Langtang, Rasuwa(Department of Security Development and Peace Studies, 2019) Lamsal, Bhanu BhaktaThe frequency, intensity and severity of disaster are increasing day by day. The number of dead, injured, displaced and damage is also increasing, so it needs collective effort to cope up with. Disaster is becoming a great threat for human, social, economic and environmental sustainability and for development. Natural disasters are frequent treats to tourism area, and have the potential of adversely affecting tourism industry; as one of the world’s largest economic sectors. Subsequent to a disastrous event, destinations are faced with not only the daunting tasks of rebuilding infrastructure and communities, but also restoration image of destination. Where communities have considerable economic dependence on tourism related activities, their vulnerability to crisis occurrence is significantly increased, given that they need to maintain a positive image of attractiveness for continued success. On 25 th of April 2015, earthquake triggered landslide and avalanches in Langtang valley. The impact of disaster was severe and great damage to all infrastructures in Langtang valley. The analysis has been based on primary and secondary data. The primary data collected through KI interview, focused group discussion and observation method; and secondary data collected through published books, articles, journals, documents and reports. The findings show that post disaster reconstruction played a crucial role in smoothly post disaster tourism in Langtang. The local people got opportunities to be active agents in the reconstruction programs. The vital role of early recovery and reconstruction in Langtang was NGO/INGO, business owner, government and local people. The post disaster reconstruction gave confidence to shop owners, tea shops, hotels and trekking restore their businesses and the government can get revenue from the tourism. After the post disaster reconstruction the flow of tourist has been increased because of the protection and security. There are various tourist to come in Langtang for adventure tourism, trekking in mountainous region and visit in one of the richest area of flora and fauna.Item Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Policy Making in Nepal(Department of Security Development and Peace Studies, 2019) Pyakurel, Keshab RajNon-Governmental Organizations, Community Based Organizations and Civil Society Organizations convey similar meanings. Primarily NGOs and CBOs help for the development and operation of infrastructure through various development activities such as in land development, and so on. In communications, NGOs are fast and efficient. They translate the people’s concern and provide the service to the local communities with the involvement of locals. The present thesis is prepared with secondary and primary data through purposive sampling method of data collection from the pre-determined respondents. Out of 49000 NGOs here short listed major NGOs are focused for the study and paper is based on that with the views of executives and NGOs experts. Almost all the NGOs in Nepal are funded by INGOs and they are not working with local resources so regulation of their activities by new laws and or by amendments is required. NGOs are playing role in all the fields with no effective monitoring and evaluation mechanism in assessing intervention activities. Mainly NGOs in central level also work in policy issues as well. Policy intervention or role in the policy making issues, NGOs are work differently in setting agenda, lobbying, networking , mass communication, pressure built-up, policy advocacy and campaigning. They are mainly based on mandates influenced by their funding agencies. The NGOs contribution in policy making process should be only a participatory and supporting but influences from funding INGOs is critical context of influences exerted in the policy framework through NGOs in Nepali context. After the change in political regime in 1991, NGOs increased significantly and their activities widened and influences as well. Policy and influence by the NGOs requires balanced understanding of need of the country rather than advocacy of development partner’s donor agenda to maintain ethical and fair to the state. NGOs should be clearly defined by assessing their overall activities, nature, and necessity. From the registration their activities should be monitored consistently in line with government policy and national priority. The need of coordinating body and mechanism with new laws or amendment in existing law is required for regulating activities for effective outcomes and averts contentions.Item Role of Remittance to Communities Economic Security of Chandragiri Municipality(Department of Security Development and Peace Studies, 2019) Khanal, Top BahadurThe substantial number of Nepali youths leaves the country seeking opportunities to overseas. Most of these migrant labors are in the Gulf countries, Malaysia, Korea and Japan totaling to 4.5 million. The remittance plays significant role in economic security of the developing countries like Nepal. The outcome of remittance increases the income level of the households as well as society at large. The social contribution of migration is encouraging in terms of improving health, children’s education and food. Remittance has increased the living standard of the recipient households by reduced the poverty and providing the various economic opportunities in the nation. It contributes 25% of the GDP in the national economy at presently. There has been a rapid increase in remittance inflows in Nepal since the last decade however the numbers of migration people are slightly decreasing since 2015. The research is descriptive using quantitative and qualitative data in the analyses and interpretation in the present thesis report. The Interview is the primary source of information supported by secondary quantitative data sources. The research finding indicates that the role of remittance in economic security of Nepal is significant. Even though major part of remittance is being used fueling “consumerism” and marketization of the society with in non-productive sectors such as investment in speculative real estate transaction. However, some positive impacts of remittance are in health education and livehoods consequences at the community level. Heuristically, Nepal youths mobilized in the development of other countries is neither amenable at present nor positive when citizens fail to achieve intended goals and met by hostilities in the working environment and degradation of health and socio-psychological outcomes. Such realities cannot be addressed by the immediate remittance outcome for the holistic development of individual and their respective communities. The Government of Nepal has not been able to use remittance in productively nor have developed future plans creatively to address the concerns of the returnees. Limited understanding of migrant workers and increases national economy of the country does not justify the future needs and the wants of people and communities. Government of Nepal should bring appropriate plan and policy to make the foreign employment holistic with future goals relevant to the aspiration of the people for sustained development through “well-being” of labors seeking employment overseas to improve livelihoods in general.