Browsing by Author "Kunwar, Bal Mukunda"

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    Design, Fabricate and Performance Evaluation of Portable Incubator
    (I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2022-09) Kunwar, Bal Mukunda
    For rural water supply system, the microbiological parameter such as Escherichia coli needs to be monitored at least thrice a year. Lack of portable incubator is an obstacle for monitoring the water quality. The research focused on design, fabrication and performance evaluation of the portable incubator and performs validation of the setup. Experimental research methodology was performed for the research where data were collected from various devices of empty and loaded setup of two incubators using heating foil and 12V DC bulb as heating source, placed in an AVC-144 vaccine carrier box powered by solar PV setup or grid electricity. The weight of the portable incubator with full test plates is 3.0kg. The results shows that the inbuilt incubators performed satisfactorily consuming less 0.620A and 1.322 A, and 7.44 W and 15.864W of power for bulb and heating foil incubator, respectively. The heating core operated 16 times for heating foil-based and 14 times for bulb-based incubator to complete one cycle of incubation. The total operation hours for one cycle of 24 hours were 1.07 hours and 2.33 hours for heating foil-based incubator and bulb-based incubator respectively. The temperature inside the incubator casing remained uniform with significant reduction of heat loss.
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    Economic Cost of Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation in Lekbesi Municipality
    (Department of Economics, 2022) Kunwar, Bal Mukunda
    The economic cost of safe drinking water and sanitation in Lekbesi municipality, Surkhet explored the cost for safe drinking water. Socio-economic, consumer’s preference over treatment methods, costs associated with human health, water-borne diseases, was studied. The descriptive research design was followed supported by quantitative evidence, supplemented by microbial water quality testing at the point of use in systematic random samples of 121 households. 58.7% of the respondents are drinking water directly, followed by 38.8% using a ceramic candle filter, 9.1% and 6.6% are using chlorine and boiling to drink water, respectively. It has been observed that 30.3% and 9% of water samples of filters are in intermediate and high risk, respectively. Out of 625 people in 121 households, 38 households and 62 persons had suffered from diarrhea or worm and had to take rest for 85 working days. The economic cost for selection of water treatment methods was estimated to be NPR 1632.8 with maintenance cost per annum NPR 146.3. The cost of treatment for water-borne disease (diarrhea) was NPR 1500 for all travel, medicine and logistic arrangements the opportunity cost for caretaker was NPR 2436. Overall, the gross economic cost of treatment for unsafe water was NPR 3936 per person per annum.