Browsing by Author "Shrestha, Ramesh Kumar"
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Item Analysis of Waiting Probability of Secondary Users in Cognitive Radio Networks(2015-02) Shrestha, Ramesh KumarCognitive Radio (CR) is an adaptive, intelligent radio and network technology that can automatically detect available channels in a spectrum and change transmission parameters enabling more communications to run concurrently. Thus the cognitive radio networks are emerging paradigm for future generation wireless networks where secondary users (SUs) opportunistically access the RF spectrum without causing harmful interference to primary users (PUs). SUs vacate the bands upon the arrival of licensed PUs. This thesis analyse the waiting probability of SUs to get channel access based on PUs activities. Multi-user cognitive radio system is considered where SUs contend for spectrum access using time division multiple access over idle PU channels. Secondary users of cognitive radio network would have no knowledge of activities of other users. Thus the probability of being idle of SUs in cognitive radio network has to be assigned according to the available local information. Further, this thesis focuses on SUs' waiting probability analysis, for which a systematic understanding is lacking. Analysis and results have revealed that the waiting probability increases when the arrival rate of SUs increases. The waiting probability of SUs decreases with increasing number of slots. Also it is noted that the probability of getting one or at least two slots by SUs increases with increasing number of slots. The average service rate also decreases with increase in number of SUs, and the average service rate is lowest among all when the number of SU is the highest. The trade-off between different parameters is required to make an efficient opportunistic dynamic spectrum access by SUs in CR.Item Provision of Capital Gain Tax and its Impact on Nepalese Stock Market(Faculty of Management, 2012) Shrestha, Ramesh KumarNot availableItem Techniques Used in Teaching English Atgrade Five : A Case study(Faculty of Education, 2014) Shrestha, Ramesh KumarThisresearch entitled "Techniques Used in Teaching English at grade Five : ACase Study" is an attempt to bring out the clear picture of existing classroompractices i.e. techniques used in teaching English at grade five. The researchwas carried out using both primary and secondary data. The data for the studyhadbeen collected through classroom observation. I observedforty classes of ateacher teaching at grade five. I selected the school and teacher by usingnon-random purposive sampling.The collected data hadbeen analyzed andinterpreted qualitatively. The research finding shows that though there wasgradual progression towards usingstudent centered techniques, still theclassroom is dominatedby the teacher centered techniques.Student centeredtechniques like role play, pairwork, dialogue reading,guessing games, groupwork, individual work and teacher centered techniques like lecture,explanation, demonstration and illustration were used toteach English at gradefive. This thesis consists of five chapters and other many sub-chapters. The firstchapter deals with the general background of the study, statement of theproblem, rationale andobjectives of the study, research questions, significanceand delimitations of the study, and operational definitionsof the key terms. Thesecond chapter consists of review of theoretical literature, review of relatedempirical literature, implication of the review for the study and conceptualframework. Similarly, the third chapter is about the methodology used inthisstudy. It deals with the design of the study,population of the study, samplingprocedure and researchtools anddata collectionprocedures. Likewise, thefourth chapter consists of resultsand discussion,andthe analysis andinterpretation of collected data. In the same way, the fifth chapter presents thesummary, conclusions and implications (Policy level, practice level and furtherresearch) of the study on the basis of the analysis and interpretationof data,followed by references and appendices.