Browsing by Subject "Antibiotics"
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Item Bacterial Etiological Agents of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients(Department of Microbiology, 2011) Dahal, RoshanIn Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected patients, bacterial lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are the most frequent respiratory diseases. This study was conducted to determine the bacterial etiology of LRTI in HIV/AIDS patients as well as update various antimicrobial alternatives available in the treatment. The study included sputum specimens from patients with or without complaints of LRTI. Gram staining, ZiehlNeelsen staining and sputum culture were performed. Antibiotics resistant pattern was also examined by Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Among 121 patients, 39.7% were growth positive whereas 60.3% growth negative. The study showed females had more LRTI (54.3%) than male (51.2%). It also revealed older age group, smoking habit and lower CD4+cell count are the risk factors for LRTI. Similarly, patients under Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) had lower LRTI. From 48 cultures positive cases, Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria were found to be 39.6% and 60.4% respectively. In addition 15.7% of cases had infection with Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB). The present study showed higher prevalence of gram-negative bacteria (60.4%) compared to gram-positive bacteria (39.6%). K. pneumoniae(27.0%)was the most prevalent gram-negative bacteria whereas S. aureus (20.8%) was the most predominant gram-positive bacteria. Antibiotic mostly resisted by Gram positive bacteria was Co-trimoxazole (68.4%) and Penicillin (68.4%) followed by Amoxicillin (47.4%), Chloramphenicol (42.1%), Ciprofloxacin (36.8%), Oxacillin (36.8%) and Azithromycin (31.6%). Likewise, Gram-negative bacteria was found to be mostly resistant to Amoxicillin (79.3%) followed by Co-trimoxazole (62.1%), Gentamycin (62.0%), Ciprofloxacin (55.2%),Ofloxacin (51.7%), Ceftriaxone (51.7%) and Azithromycin (48.3%).Item Bacterial isolates and Their Antibiogram from wounds and Abscesses of surgical Outpatients Visiting Bir Hospital(Department Science in Microbiology, 2008) Karkee, PrashamsaThe present study was carried out in Bir Hospital, Kathmandu with a view to observe the pattern of bacterial isolates and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern from wounds and abscesses of surgical outpatients for the period of 10 months (August 2006 to June 2007). Altogether400 wound specimens were collected and processed as per the standard protocol. Male patients were found to be marginally more vulnerable to wound infection constituting 56.75%(n=227) of the total patients than females 43.25% (n=173). The younger patients belonging to age group 21-30 (n=121, 30.25%) were found to be highly affected i.e. there was significant difference in the occurrence of wound infection among males and females in different age groups. Growth was found in 68.25% (n=273%) of the sample, out of which 239 (87.54%)showed the growth of single bacteria and 34 (12.40%) showed the presence of multiple bacteria. 307 bacteria of 15 species which included 6 species of Gram positive bacteria and 9species of Gram negative bacteria were isolated from 273 growth positive samples, out of which 204 (66.45%) were Gram positive and 103 (33.55%) were Gram negative.Different pattern of bacteria were isolated from different types of wounds. S. aureus(n=143, 46.58%)was the most common bacteria.E. coli was found to the second most common bacteria (n=38,12.38%) followed by CONS (n=35, 11.40%) and P.aeruginosa (n=23, 7.49%). Other is olates were S. pyogenes, other β haemolytic streptococci, non-haemolytic streptococci, Grampositive rods (unidentified),Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Acinetobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. Direct gram stain smear showed similar results as culture results.Antibiotic sensitivity showed Ofloxacin (82.33%) as the most effective drug followed by Gentamicin (74.67%) and Cipr ofloxacin (70.33%) for overall bacterial isolates. For Grampositive bacteria, most effective drug was Ofloxacin (87.81%) but for Gram negative bacteria Gentamicin was the most effective (72.81%) followed by Ofloxacin (71.84%). Most of the bacterial isolates were resistant to Ampicillin (61%) and Amoxycillin (52.33%). Hence it was concluded that wound infections are the major health problem of Nepalese. Routine microbiological analysis of the wound specimens and their antibiotic susceptibility testing is recommended that will guide clinician for treatment of wound infection.Item Bacteriology of Surgical Site Infection and Study of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern among the Patients Visiting Shree Birendra Hospital(Department of Microbiology, 2012) Maharjan, ShrijanaThe present study was carried out in Shree Birendra Hospital, Chhauni, with a view to observe the pattern of bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern from the infected surgical wounds of patients for the period of 7 months (October 2010 to May 2011).Altogether 200 wound specimens were collected and processed as per the standard protocol. Male patients were found to be more vulnerable to Surgical Site Infection constituting 61% (n=122) of the total patients than females 39% (n=78). The patients of working age groups 16-40 years were found to be highly affected with a significant difference in the incidence of SSI among males and females of different age groups. Most of the samples were collected from patients with orthopedic surgery (24.5%) followed by GI surgery (11%). Growth was found in 78% (n=156) pus specimens, out of which 83.3% (n=130) showed the growth of single bacteria and 16.7 % (n=26) showed the presence of multiple isolates. A total of 183 bacteria of 12 different species were isolated which included 4 species of Gram positive bacteria and 8 species of Gram negative bacteria. Out of 183 bacterial isolates 54.1% (n=99) were Gram positive bacteria and 45.9% (n=84) were Gram negative bacteria. Different types of organisms were isolated from different types of surgical sites. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate (n=49, 26.78%) followed by CONS (n=43, 23.5%), Escherichia coli (n=39, 21.31%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=17, 9.29%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (n=14, 7.65%). Other isolates were Klebsiella oxytoca, Morganella morganii, Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter fruendii, β-haemolytic streptococci and non-haemolytic streptococci. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolated organisms showed Polymixin B (78.14%) as the most effective drug followed by Amikacin (77.60%), Gentamicin (61.20%) and Pefloxacin (60.66%). Most of the bacteria were resistant to Cloxacillin (79.24%), Amoxicillin (49.73%), Cefepime (49.73%) and Ciprofloxacin (40.44%). Out of 49 isolates of S. aureus, 18.37 % (n=9) were MRSA and all of them were sensitive to Vancomycin. A significant number of isolates (75.96%) were found to be multi-drug resistant with 84.62% (n=33) of E. coli and 74.42% (n=32) of CONS, 78.57% (n=11) of K. pneumonia and 70.59% (n=12) of P. aeruginosa. Hence, SSI was found to be a predominant cause of morbidity for the surgical patients with male patients being affected more than the female patients. Therefore routine microbial analysis of surgical site infections and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates is recommended so as to guide clinician for the treatment of surgical site infections.Item Screening and Characterization of Bioactive Actinomycetes and Their Products From Nepal Against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria and Fungi(Department of Microbiology, 2020) Lekhak, BinodActinomycetes are versatile producers of diverse secondary metabolites including antibiotics. New therapeutics of microbial origin is essential to combat multidrug resistant human pathogens. This descriptive study was conducted to isolate, screen and characterize bioactive actinomycetes and their anti-microbial product along with optimization of cultural conditions for better metabolite production. A total of 240 soil and 48 water samples were collected from different parts of Nepal and actinomycetes were selectively isolated, primarily screened by perpendicular streak method and secondary screening was performed by agar well diffusion technique against selected bacteria and fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethyl acetate extract was carried out by tube dilution method. The screened actinomycetes strains were characterized by cultural, morphological, biochemical and 16SrRNA sequencing. Optimization of fermentation was carried out by cultivating the screened strains separately at different nutritional and cultural conditions. Characterization of ethyl acetate extract was performed by FT IR and LC-MS method. Out of 320 actinomycetes isolates, 120 (37.5%) were found bioactive against one or more test microbes. Among them only 4(3.3%) were inhibitory against all test organisms. In secondary screening, the most potent strain A3 showed highest activity against C. albicans with zone of inhibition of 41.33± 1.5mm and lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.5mg/ml against C. albicans and E. coli. Phenotypic characteristics predicted that strains A 3, D 2 , P 4 and J 1 were Nocardiosis prasina, Streptomyces violarus, S. krainskii and S. tsusimaensis respectively and the most potent strain A 3 was genotypically characterized as N. prasina. Optimization study revealed that starch, casein and potassium nitrate supported maximum bio mass and metabolite production in A 3 , P 4 and J 1 strains. Likewise, incubation temperature of 30 v 0 with pH 7-8 for 7-8days incubation time were found optimum for all screened strains. FT-IR and LC-MS analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate extracts of all the strains contained diverse functional groups and compounds having molecular mass (m/z) ranging from 106 to 986. Key words: Antibiotics, Multidrug Resistant, FT-IR, LC-MS, Actinomycetes.