Browsing by Subject "Biodiversity conservation"
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Item Assessment of crop raiding by wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2023) Gharti Magar, YamunaHuman-wildlife conflict arises when human and wildlife species come under the same niche leading to competition for available natural resources. The conflict increases particularly near the protected areas. The conflict between human and wildlife is closely linked to the economics, social welfare and resource availability. This study envisaged to access the crop damage by Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) and its effects on the livelihood of local people in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve (DHR). Direct field measurements on the damaged area from Wild Boar, a questionnaire survey to the local people and key informant interviews were used for data collection during August 9 to September 9, 2022. A total 268 households were selected for questionnaire survey. Wild Boar was the major crop raider, and Potato (Solanum tuberosum) was the major crop loss. The yearly loss is 8.59% (98568.38 kg) of Potato and 5.75% (4110.62 kg) of Oat (Avena sativa) of total production. Total average annual economic loss in DHR was NRs. 62113.39 (USD 472.27) per household including Potato and Oat. Majority of local people had negative attitude towards wildlife conservation. Commonly shouting, scaring by biting tin boxes, guarding and releasing dog, stone wall and wooden bar were the main preventive measures applied by local people in DHR, which are not effective. So, this study suggest that to minimize the crop loss form Wild Boar, adapting alternative crop like hot pepper, using repellents (chemical sprays and natural deterrents), regulate hunting and proper relief funds might be helpful.Item Biodiversity conservation generated livelihood options in the southern side of Shivapuri national park(Department of Zoology, 2009) Adhikari, ShantaThe research was conducted on biodiversity conservation generated livelihood options in two VDCs in the Southern side of Shivapuri National Park. The research explored both direct and indirect methods including field survey, identification of feces (scats or pellets), scratches, and questionnaire survey. Five mammalian species belonging to three orders and five families and nineteen tree species were recorded in their habitat. Conducting questionnaire survey in 102 households of the two VDCs, an annual loss of Rs 1,51,783.56- rice (Rs 68437.50), wheat (Rs 10899.00), maize (Rs 58692.00), and millet (Rs 13755.00) was estimated which were the most raided crops in both VDCs. Wild boar, monkey, and porcupine were the main crop raiders. The local people had adopted different techniques of crop protection, which were less effective. There was no significant difference in crop loss for paddy (t =0.7, d.f =85, P>0.05), wheat (t =1.929, d.f =77, P>0.05), and maize (t =1.959, d.f =86, P>0.05). But the analysis showed a significant difference (t=3.173, d.f=74, P<0.00) in loss of millet between the VDCs. A total of 1.878 ha of land was abandoned in Nayapati and Gagalphedi VDCs due to crop depredation by wildlife (3.66 %), lack of man power (2.182 %), irrigation problem (0.078 %), and also due to natural factor like soil erosion (0.174 %). More than 94 % and 96.07 % of the population were engaged in agricultural activities and in livestock rearing respectively. Almost 11% of the people had job in government and private sectors and the same number of people had their business. About two percent of the people involved in driving occupation and the labor work each. Almost eight percent of Tamang ethnic group made liquor and sold it for Rs 600 per gallon to meet their daily needs and about one percent of the people sold the forest based products (e.g. utensils) for their supplementary income. The present scenario of the livelihoods of the local people showed that the conservation programs of the Shivapuri National Park had not changed the livelihood strategy of the people of Nayapati and Gagalphedi VDCs. However, the local people, as usual, were highly dependent on the forest resources for the collection of fodder, firewood, timber and bedding materials for the livestock. These activities of the locals had created a conflict between them and the park leading to the degradation of the forest and wildlife habitat loss.Item Buffer Zone Resources and Socioeconomic Status in Meghauli Village Development Committee, Chitwan National Park(Department of Environmental Science, 2008) Paudyal, RameshTo understand ecology, conservation practice and social strata in buffer zone, Meghauli Village Development Committee of Chitwan National Park was examined as a case study. Methods applied were stratified random sampling of households and analysis of vegetation and land use change. Resources such as fuel wood and fodder extraction were higher than the sustainable supply. The annual demand and supply of fuel wood and green fodder from the buffer zone community forest did not match, and the deficits were met mainly through the national park. The buffer zone community forest fulfils only about 11 % of each fodder and fuel wood demand if extraction was sustainable. The average annual surplus of agricultural production on the study area was 5.66 months which was equivalent to Rs. 12,228.83. However there was more than eight months deficit for landless and more than three months of deficit for caste/ethnic group Majhi/Mushar/Bote. Remittance was the major alternative for the deficit management, followed by wage labor. Effective alternative energy utilization was poor; only two sampled households had the access to bio gas plant and both of them fall under big farm by land holding size and Brahmin/Chhetri/Thakuri by caste ethnic group. None of the landless were involved in buffer zone management and resources distribution was not in favor of poor as most of the community forests distribute fuel wood by calling tender among the member households of user groups. Due to this fact, crop deficit facing poorer households were willing to harvest resources from the Park even it was illicit activity. All these suggest that buffer zone communities were not self reliant and had on- going impact on the park resources. Efforts of Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) via buffer zone management were seemed to be less compatible in meeting the twin goals of conservation and development in Meghauli Village Development Committee. Key words: Biodiversity conservation, Socio-economy, land use, buffer zone community forest, rhino.Item Ethnobotany and Indigenous Knowledge System of SherpaPeople Incorporating Culture and Biodiversity Conservation A Case Study of Mabu and Jamuna VDC of Ilam(Department of Rural Development, 2016) Diki Sherpa, MingmaAvailable with full textItem Price fluctuation of large cardamom and It's impact on livelihood: A study of Phungling Municipality Ward No. 11, Taplejung, Nepal(Department of Rural Development, 2023) Bhandari, ThakurNepali large cardamom (Amomum Subulatum Roxburgh.) – also known as ‘black gold’ or ‘black cardamom’ and locally called alainchi belongs to the botanical family called Zingiberaceae. Large cardamom was introduced to Nepal in the 19th century by Nepali laborers working in Sikkim, India, in the Ilam district and so on in other districts. Since 1953, commercial production has begun in Nepal, and it has gradually evolved into a new source of income for Nepalese farmers. It is currently a high-value cash crop with expanding market demand both domestically and internationally. Contrastingly there is a great scope of large cardamom cultivation in Nepal because of wide climatic variation to grow different varieties of cardamom and its market value and demand in foreign market. Similarly, there is a great scope to improve farmer’s living standard and to uplift national economy. The fluctuation in the market price directly affects the production of cardamom and livelihood. The general objective of the study is to know the production of the cardamom and its factors affecting productivity and investigate the price fluctuation of large cardamom and its impact on the livelihoods of farmers in Phungling Municipality ward no 11 of Taplejung district. The specific objectives of the study are find out the current status of cardamom production and examine the reason of pricing fluctuations from 2017 to the present. The descriptive and exploratory research designs were used in this study. This study were applied purposive sampling for area selection. The major finding and recommendation of the study is that though some constraints were associated with cardamom cultivation, from the socio-economic perspective, it was beneficial to the rural livelihoods but from the environmental aspect it has somehow affected biodiversity conservation thus leading to the demise of some species and creating monoculture in cultivation. Cardamom marketing system of Nepal should be made systematic. Nepalese cardamom market limited so it is necessary to search new market overseas. There is always fluctuation in the cardamom price. So government should be well prepared to interfere and fix price conducive to farmers.Item Role of "Beyul" System in Biodiversity Conservation: A Case Study of Kyimalung in Gorkha, Nepal(Faculty of Sociology, 2016) Lama, NarendraSacred Beyul's are hidden valleys set apart by the Guru Rinpoche in the 8th century. There are 104 Beyul in world among them 4 of which are in Nepal. Kyimalung is one of the Beyul lies in Gorkha district of Nepal. Beyul are declared as sacred and secret land with restriction on hunting and preserving the pristine nature. Respecting all wild life as protective deities locally called as Zibta in Beyul region. So people of Beyul area have a strong sense of respect to all wild life without disturbing their habitat and movement. Spiritual life and practice of Beyul based local governing systems is main feature of Beyul Kyimalung region in northern Gorkha of Nepal. The government and relevant agencies should give more focus for the implementation of indigenous system "Beyul" which have profound impact upon the religious communities of Manaslu region. It should be incorporated as legalized system for preservation and effective use in natural resource management. Beyul provides really sense of great love, affections towards nature and keeps harmony among people, nature and culture. The government, nongovernmental organization and the local communities should make a integrated effort to preserve Beyul traditions for prosperity of the local community and sustainable resource conservation in MCA region. Awareness on Beyul is extremely needed to younger generation for its preservation and implementation of Beyul traditions. The conservation of resources through Beyul can induces strong influence upon the local communities rather than science based conservation scheme. The strength of Beyul should be tapped and harness for the prosperity of local community, tourism promotions and resource management.Item Role of Sacred Groves in Tree Diversity Conservation in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal(Faculty of Botany, 2016) Shrestha, Laxmi JoshiStudy about the role of Sacred Groves in tree diversity, both native and planted species, conservation was conducted in Pashupati and Bajrabarahi Sacred Groves of Kathmandu valley, in the central middle hill physiographic region of Nepal. Study sites contain centuries old sacred groves preserved due to strong religious and sociocultural practices and belief systems. The study was conducted to analyze the community structure and carbon stock in tree canopy and to assess regeneration status and threats to determine the conservation and values of sacred groves. Concentric Circular Plots with radius of 20 m prepared along eight and four parallel transects in Pashupati and Bajrabarahi Sacred Groves were used to get information on tree and soil characteristics and forest disturbances. Structured questionnaires were used to collect local perceptions about the role of Sacred Grove in biodiversity conservation. From the phyto-sociological assessment three types of forest in Pashupati Sacred Grove and only one forest type was identified from Bajrabarahi Sacred Grove. In Pashupati Sacred Grove, 13 plant families with 17 mature tree species were recorded and 12 families with 18 mature tree species were identified from Bajrabarahi Sacred Grove. Both groves shared nine common families and ten common tree species with similarity indices 72% for families and 57% for tree species. Bajrabarahi Sacred Grove incorporated more developed forest community with mature trees and less number of stems (432 ha -1 ) and higher crown cover percent (90.8%) than that of Pashupati Sacred Grove. Tree species of Pashupati Sacred Grove were more diverse (diversity index = 1.91) and more evenly distributed (evenness = 0.67) than Bajrabarahi Sacred Grove. Trees of both study sites contains 1014.23 tons of average Carbon stock and CO2 3.7 mt. The highest amount of Carbon stock (622.09 t) and CO2 (2.28 mt) was reported in the trees of Quercus-Myrsine forest and the lowest Carbon stock (113.98 t) and CO2 (0.42 mt) in the trees of Schima-Pyrus forest of Pashupati Sacred Grove. The regeneration status of tree species in Pashupati was good and that found fair in Bajrabarahi Sacred Grove. Based on Disturbance Index the disturbance statuses of study area were identified as undisturbed, least disturbed, moderately disturbed and highly disturbed. The soil was found acidic in both groves; nitrogen content was low in Pashupati and medium in Bajrabarahi. The organic matter content was in medium range and potassium and phosphorus content were found very high in the soil of both groves. Local people perceived the objective to establish sacred grove was for biodiversity conservation. The forest was found more protected in Bajrabarahi and less conserved in Pashupati. Local perception towards the conservation of sacred groves was optimistic and stakeholders realizing the positive role of local faiths and belief system toward conservation. As a pioneer concept of the participatory biodiversity conservation model, government needs to provide priority for the sacred grove conservation.