Browsing by Subject "Bird diversity"
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Item Bird Diversity along an Elevational Gradient in Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park(Department of Zoology, 2020) Kunwar, NabinaThis study assessed the diversity of bird along elevational gradient of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park though species richness of bird along an elevational gradient in Himalayan region including Nepal is less explored till present. The diversity, distribution pattern and habitat will help for biodiversity conservation. Understanding the habitat heterogeneity and bird diversity along elevational gradient is the key required to conserve the diversity. The major aims of this study were to explore diversity, habitat and distribution patterns of birds along elevational gradient in two site i.e. Sundarijal and Panimuhan. The study was carried out along the altitudinal gradients of Sundarijal and Panimuhan from 1300 m asl to 2700 m asl and 1600 m to 2700 m respectively. Point count method was used for the field survey. In both sites 15 and 12 point count locations were selected in every 100 m altitudinal differences and recorded all the seen and heard birds in each point count locations for about 20 minutes by using binoculars. Direct observation method was used for the bird’s identification with the help of field guide book (Birds of Nepal). Microsoft Excel 2010, PAST, CANOCO software were used for data analysis. Shannon- Weiner (H) diversity index was 2.994 in Sundarijal and 2.694 in Panimuhan which showed significant diversity of bird. The highest bird species were recorded in lower mixed hardwood forest and least in upper mixed hardwood forest in both sites which concluded that bird species richness were significantly associated with habitat heterogeneity. The distribution pattern of bird was monotonically decreasing species richness with increasing elevation in both sites.Item Bird Diversity and Factors Affecting the Bird Abundance along the Bagmati River Corridor, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2022) Mahata, NeelamAvailable with full textItem Bird species diversity and relative abundance in Suryabinayak municipality, Bhaktapur(Department of Botany, 2022) Sinkhwal, UrushaThe purpose of this study was to asses the diversity, distribution and relative abundance of avifauna in different habitat types in Suryabinayak Municipality, Bhakatpur, Nepal This study was conducted in December 2018 and June 2019 covering dry and wet seasons. Point count method was used to investigate the relative abundance of birds in Suryabinayak A total of 112 species of birds were recorded from the study area during two seasons. The highest species richness was found in order Passeriformes with 76 bird species and the order was Gruiformes and Charadriformes with 1 species. Maximum numbers of species were recorded during winter season. Species richness was in forest followed by agriculture, edge, and forest and settlement area. There was a insignificant difference in species richness of birds between two seasons (χ 2 = 54.8, df = 111 (n=112, p = 1) and among habitats (F = 4.198, df= 3 (n=4), P < 0.006). The diversity index of birds of Suryabinayk Municipality showed high biodiversity. Out of 112 bird species, 41 species were uncommon in its relative abundance, 31 species were frequent, 26 species were common and 14 species were found abundant. Similarly, resident species were higher while migrant species were very few. Also, most of the birds belong to least concern in IUCN red list of threatened species, two species were Globally and three species were Nationally Threatened were recorded. Of the total recorded species, nine species are included in appendix II and one in appendix III of CITES.Study showed that Suryabinayk Municipality areas are good sites for bird watching activities and should be promoted for bird tourism.Item Diversity and distribution of birds along an elevation gradient in Makwanpur district, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2022) Giri, Hari SharanThe purpose of this research was to investigate the variety, distribution, and associated characteristics along an elevation gradient of the Makawanpur District, Nepal. The field survey was conducted throughout the winter season (December–February, 2021). For every 100 m elevation gain, the point count method (radius=50 m) was used. Bird abundance, bird species, and environmental variables were evaluated, and diversity indices were computed. The generalized linear model was used to investigate the role of environmental factors in shaping the species richness pattern. Within the study area, 22 sampling plots were established ranging in elevation from 431 m (Hetauda) to 2503 m (Simbhanjyang). Data on variables such as the number of fruiting trees as a proxy for resource availability, distance to road, and distance to the village as proxies for disturbance, and habitat types were gathered and analyzed. A total of 1824 birds from 172 species were counted. The Shannon diversity index (H'=4.553) and the evenness index (e=0.551) indicated a diverse assemblage of avian fauna in the study area. The order Passeriformes and the Muscicapidae family have the highest species richness. The majority of the 172 bird species were residents (74%), followed by winter migrants (21%), and the remaining 5% were summer migrants. Bird species were more diversified in Riverbank areas than in agricultural and Forest habitats. The quantity of fruiting trees and the gradient of altitude had a substantial impact on the richness of bird species. The richness of large range resident bird species was favorably connected with the quantity of fruiting trees and forest environment, although it decreased with increasing distance to road and altitude. However, small-ranged and insectivorous birds were strong influence by Elevation gradients only. The research that diversified bird species and their associations with many factors require a more detailed survey to investigate more species as well as other patterns and processes throughout the elevational gradient.Item Diversity and Habitat Association of Avifauna in Someshwor Range of Madi, Chitwan, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2015) Thapa, BishnuThis study was carried out in and around Someshwor range Forest of Madi, Chitwan, Nepal with the objective of investigating the Avifaunal Seasonal Diversity and its association with vegetation structure. To facilitate the research objective, forest range were categorized into two different belts i.e. lower and upper belt on the basis of altitude. Bird surveys were conducted in two different seasons of a single year from January to June of 2014. For the survey, point count method was used for bird sampling on each 50m altitude difference. Human trail were taken as reference line for the plot setup and size of the Plots were of 50 m radius and vegetation character such as DBH, Basal area and tree diversity was measured from the same sampling plots where birds sampling were done. All the data were analyzed by using SPSS-17.0 software. Altogether, 101 bird species belonging to 11 orders and 32 families were recorded. Among them 65 bird species were resident, 22 species winter migrants and 14 species summer migrants. The highest number of species which was 59 was represented by the order Passeriformes. I found significant difference (P-value= 0.674, df = 1, χ2 =1.134) in species richness of birds between two different seasons. The species richness was higher in winter season and lowest in summer season. Easy availability of food, suitable climate, increased vegetation and flowering of plant in winter attracted large number of birds in winter. One way ANOVA revealed that there was a significant difference (F = 5.46, df= 1, P < 0.05) in bird species richness among the two different belt of the forest. The species richness was higher in Lower belt than the upper belt. Different Factors like availability of food and disturbances, elevation, heterogeneity and edge effect were the important factor for occurrence and distribution pattern of birds in different belts in the study area.Sharp effect of altitude variation was seen on the species richness and population of bird species. Tree species diversity and density were found more on lower belt but tree DBH and Basal area were found more on upper belt. The correlation between avian diversity parameters and vegetation structure revealed that Bird species richness was significantly positively correlated with tree species diversity (r = 0.69) and tree density (r = 0.71) but Negative correlation was found between bird species richness and tree DBH (r= -0.539).Habitat disturbances, forest fire, overfishing, Use of pesticides by the farmers near the forest, Hunting and rearing, lack of awareness education were the major threats to the avian community. Further research should be conducted to find out more interesting relation between birds and its habitats throughout the Someshwor range.Item Diversity and Habitat Utilization of Birds in Lumbini, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2021) Gyawali, AsmitaThe study was conducted in Lumbini Master Plan Area of Rupandehi District, Nepal with the main objective to explore the bird diversity and habitat utilization of birds. Point count method was used for bird survey. Altogether, 994 individuals of 111 species representing 15 orders and 41 families were recorded in which 79 species were resident and 32 species were winter migratory. Passerformes (48 species) was found dominant order. Shannon diversity index in LMPA was 3.686, whereas Simpson diversity index is 0.9721 and the evenness value is 0.8867. The habitat utilization rate was higher in forest with the utilization rate 0.46. Carnivores didn’t show significant relationship with habitat types whereas frugivores were associated with forest, herbivores were strongly associated with wetlands, insectivores and omnivores showed significant relationship with forest and grassland habitat. Feeding guild of the species also drives the habitat utilization pattern of the a vifauna. Presence of people and livestock had a significant effect on diversity and abundance of birds. This study suggested that human is the key factor for degrading the habitat that negatively impacts on the distribution, diversity and abundance of birds in LMPA.Item Diversity and Relative Abundance of Avian Fauna of Karra River, Hetauda, Makwanpur, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2016) Parajuli, KanchanThis study has been carried out with the objective of determining seasonal diversity, relative abundance and ongoing threats to birds and their comparative study on three land use gradient in Karra river belt, Hetauda. Eighteen kilometer of transect of Karra river were surveyed by stratifying it into three blocks on the basis of disturbance. Birds were surveyed within the months of Dec/Jan 2014(winter) and May/June 2015 (summer). Birds were surveyed by using line transect methods and call count methods. Only the bird heard and seen within the band up to 50m on either side of transect were recorded. Altogether 27 hours were spent in each season in the field. All the collected data were enter in a excel sheet and analyzed. Shannon-Wiener diversity index were used to calculate species diversity and Relative abundance of avian species was determined by using encounter rates that give crude ordinal scales of abundance. A total of 153 bird species were recorded belonging to 15 orders and 38 families. Order Passeriformes was found dominating order comprising 70 species and order Upupiformes was found to be least dominating order comprising only one species. Among 153 species, 98 species were resident, 37 species were winter visitor, 17 species were summer visitor and one species was found vagrant. One way ANOVA revealed that there was significant different (F = 0.8872, df= 2, P < 0.0422) in bird diversity in three different block in two different seasons. 130 species of birds were recorded from winter season and 74 species were recorded from summer season. Shannon winner diversity index shows that winter season (H=1.86) was more diverse than summer season (H=1.62). Evenness index showed that birds were evenly distributed in winter season (E=0.8815) than summer (E=0.8761). Karl Pearson‟s Correlation coefficient showed that there was not any relationship between bird species richness and river width (r= -0.155). However, bird species richness was found high in the area where the river width was buffered with good vegetation structure. Bird species richness was found high (126) in moderately disturbed land use type (block 2) than other supporting intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Out of 153 birds recorded, 26 were common in its relative abundance, 49 species were frequent, 73 were uncommon and one species- Common Myna were found most abundant. Habitat destruction, Pollution at the industrial belt, mining, overfishing, poaching and keeping of cage bird and lack of awareness were the major threats to birds around the study area.Item Factors Associated with Diversity of Birds in Chandragiri and Nagargun Forests of Kathmandu(Department of Zoology, 2020) Sapkota, SamikshaComparative study of the avian diversity is important to understand the variation in species richness and associated factors in two forest sites (Protected and Unprotected area) of Kathmandu valley. This study aimed to explore the bird diversity, variation in two different sites and associated factors in Chandragiri and Nagarjun Forests of Kathmandu. Bird survey was carried out from April 2 to June 2, 2019, in both sites. Point count method was used with a total of six birding routes were, three in each site, observed in eight circular plots at an interval of 100 m elevation, each with a 50 m radius from the fixed point in a center, for 15 minutes. A total of 24-point count locations were set up in both study area. Data on environmental variables like elevation and habitat types were collected as well as distance to road and distance to human settlement were also estimated in the field. All the collected data were analyzed by using Microsoft excel 2016, PAST software and CANOCO 4.56. Species richness was higher in Nagarjun forest, a protected forest patch of ShivapuriNagarjun National Park as compared to Chandragiri forests. Shannon Wiener diversity index (Nagarjun forest, H'=3.841 and Chandragiri forest, H'=3.851 indicated slightly diverse bird assemblage in Chandragiri forest in comparison to Nagarjun forest. Analysis of variation T-test showed statistically insignificant variation (T stat= 0.366) in species richness in two sites during the study period. Decline in species richness along elevation was illustrated as a pattern of diversity (Chandragiri forest, P ˂ 0.001 and Nagarjun forest, P ˂ 0.001). GLMs illustrated that the species richness was negatively associated with distance to road and distance to human settlement, indicating reverse pattern with more species near roadsides and settlement area. Likewise, Canonical Correspondence analysis (Monte Carlo significance test with 499 permutations) showed that among different habitat types the species distribution and richness was strongly associated with forest habitat, highly in more open forest stands, followed by agricultural land and human settlement area. Study on avian fauna with their association with additional factors is needed in coming future. Comparison between two sites requires detailed and extensive survey to figure out the variation and to implement necessary measures in conservation of species both inside and outside the protected area.Item Study of the Diversity of Birds With Seasonal Variation and Habitat Types of Godawari and its Adjacent Regions(Department of Zoology, 2006) Basnet, DineshThis work was carried out in and around Godawari, south east of the capitalcity, Kathmandu, Nepal with the objectives to assess the species diversity, species-richness and status of birds with seasonal variation and habitat types. For seasonal diversity of bird species four seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring) were taken while the area was broadly divided into six habitat types (broadleaved subtropicalforest, wooded grassland, human habitation edge, agricultural land, wetland and moistbroadleaved lower temperate forest), for the assessment of species diversity in the major habitats of the study area. For the whole survey line transect method was adopted. Only primary data were used. Direct count method was applied to census the birds. Species diversity and relative diversity of the birds were calculated by using Shannon-Wiener function and Jacob’s coefficient. Altogether 161 birds species belonging to 11 orders and 36 families were observed in the study area. The highest number of species, one hundred and twenty seven(78.88%) was represented by the order passeriformes while the lowest number of species one (0.62%), was represented by the order apodiformes, upupiformes,coraciformes and ciconiformes each. Out of 161 species, 109 (67.7%) species were resident species, 30 (18.63%)were winter visitor, 19 species (11.8%) were summer visitor and 3 species (1.86%)were passage migrant. This showed that the area is paradise for the resident birds.Similarly the highest species-richness was in subtropical broadleaved forest 106 species (65.83%) and the lowest in wetland 17 species (10.55%). The highest speciesdiversity index was found in broadleaved subtropical forest (1.9035) and the lowest inhuman habitation edge (0.9896). Similarly relative diversity index was also found to be highest in broadleaved subtropical forest (0.9398) and the lowest in human habitation (0.7485). Among the four seasons, the highest species-richness was found in winter 127 species(78.88%) and the lowest in autumn 100 species (62.11%). The highest species diversity index was found in winter (1.9355) and the lowest in autumn (1.8219).Similarly, the relative diversity was found to be highest in spring (0.9274) and the lowest in summer (0.9100). This result showed that the most favourable season was winter and the least favourable was autumn. The above figures of species-richness indifferent seasons and different habitats of the study area are not a cumulative figure because several birds have been seen in more than one habitat type and season.