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Item Livelihood Strategy of Damai Community(Central Department of Rural Development, Tribhuvan University, 2016-08) K. C., KarunaThis Thesis on the „Livelihood strategy of Damai community‟ was conducted in Makadum VDC of Ramechhap District. The study is focused on the marginalized ethnic group of Daami people and explores livelihood patterns of Damai community of Nepal. Conceptually livelihood connotes the means of activities entitlements and assets by which people make a living. It is related with both agriculture and non-agriculture sectors. The sources of livelihood of rural people are mainly threw cash crops, horticulture, animal husbandry, dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, organic farming- vermin compost, handicrafts, rural artisans, and non-timber forest products etc. which are also followed by the Damai people of the study area. Dependence on wage labor, mostly of the unskilled and underpaid variety, is another important source of livelihood for majority of Damai in the study area. Damai unskilled labors migrate to the urban center for wage labor especially during lean agricultural periods. Damais have lots of hardship and drudgery in their livelihood earning. Research in Damai Tole of Makadum shows that historically people had their livelihood from wage laboring and Caste based occupation based activities. Land was a major household asset and crop production (Maize, millet, paddy, wheat etc) was the means of survival. But rapid urbanization and globalization pushed them in the transition providing both opportunities and constraints. The household assets have undergone rapid modification. Now they have no option other than modifying the traditional occupation. Land fragmentation, change in social institution, resulted from the urbanization and globalization. The livelihood diversification and introducing of foreign employment have recently emerged livelihood strategies of the people in the study area. Due to the proximity to the market, the influence of the urbanization is more apparent in the Damai Village. In the study area most of the households follow the multiple occupations besides agriculture. The role of agriculture activities in their life is substantial. Although a few households sell their crops, most of them sell the vegetable. The livelihood strategy of Damai community in the study area is in transition. It shifted from caste based occupation to wage loboring one. The household assets of vi this community have greatly influenced the process of adaptation of new strategy or modification of traditional occupation. Economic development and other economic activities change the surrounding environment of the people of a particular area have to change their way of life to adopt with the changing environment. Livelihood difficulty reflects on unprofitable Caste based occupation or un-remunerative employment, which may not even allow the poor family to meet their basic needs. So, it is inevitable to identify and disseminate the effective livelihood strategy, especially, for the improvement of livelihood of Damai. It is necessary to ensure access to resources and increase social and political participation of Damai community for integral development of rural community in Nepal.Item Occupation and Educational Status of Musahar(Central Department of Rural Development Tribhuvan University, Kritipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2017-03) Rana, Madan KumarNepal consists with villages where most of the people live in rural area. It is a country of multi-lingual, multi-ethnic and multi religious society. One hundred and twenty six casts/ethnic groups live throughout the country. Among them Musahar is one of the small ethnic group of Nepal. Musahar are those people who have been almost isolated and neglected by the government. Musahar are basically agricultural daily waged labour. They are secluded ethnic groups of Nepal and are inhabitants of terai and inner terai. The settlement of Musahar in Bardibas Municipality in Mahottari is in considerable number with comparison to the other districts. As seen by the study, the Musahar’s socio-economic condition in Bardibas has found as illiterate, oppressed and backward. They have adopted different professions like agricultural labor, carpentry, clearer, factory labor and vivid daily waged/labor. From the ancient period they developed their own customs, arts, morals, beliefs and socio-economic institutions. The general objective of the study is to analyze the occupational and educational condition of Musahar of Bardibas Municipality in Mohattari district. The specific objectives of study are to describe the practices of occupation of Musahar community, to identify the educational status of the Musahar community in Bardibas Municipality and to identify the occupation and education related program. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. Primary data were collected through interview, key informant survey and observation method in the field and secondary data were collected from Municipality office, private agencies, government offices, and various published and unpublished report. There are 7869 household in the Municipality among them 50 households of Musahar's community were taken as sample for the study. Musahar community is clustered, disadvantaged, backward, marginalized, dogmatic, patriarchal and separated from other caste settlement. Occupation of Musahars includes agricultural labour (28%), daily wages(42%), business(14%), foreign remittance (8%), driver (8%). Average household size of Musahar people is 5.85 higher than national level. No any single household occupies registered land. All most everybody are landless. Literacy rate of Musahar people is 43 percent (male 22.68% and female 19.38) only vii and 57% is illiterate. The dropout rate of Musahar student is 34% and 55% Musahar students used to escape from the school. The Musahar people spends 46% on food, 12% on alcohol, 6% on education in average of their income. Due to the influence of ―Phadiyas‖ and other high casts some significant changes are seen in education, health sector, sanitations, economic activities and way of life style of Musahar community in Bardibas Municipality. Based upon the findings the paper suggests some recommendations to increase occupational and educational condition of Musahar in Bardibas Municipality. It mainly highlights the low literacy rate of Musahar people. So there should be special incentive to the children of this tribe for education. They were not trained in any vocational guidance so proper training for mobilization of internal resources is required.Item Role of Ngos for Peoples Participation in Tharu Community(Central Department of Rural Development Tribhuvan University, 2017-01) CHAUDHARY, DEVANANDA thesis entitled Role of Ngos For Peoples Participation in Tharu Community: A Case Study of Jogidah VDC of Udayapur District. The objective of the study is to analyze the role of NGOs working in the field of peoples participation. This study has become limited to the NGOs and their contributions only on peoples participation and fostering people‟s participation in the Udayapur district. It also identifies the major problems faced and prospects of NGOs in the study area. The research design of the study is descriptive research design. This research has been qualitative and quantitative by nature. The study has been focused both the primary and secondary data. There are 1821 households in the Jogidah VDC. The households of beneficiary groups is 102 households. Among them 50 respondent has been selected purposively. the sample is 51 % of total households. Out of the total respondents 52 percent of them are female and only 48 percent of total respondents are male. The age distribution ratio of the study area shows that, the highest numbers of the involvement in these NGOs were age of 25-30 years 44 percent. The age between 30-35 years are constituted 10 percent of the total respondents, between the age 35- 40 years constituted 4 percent of the total respondents, at last 2 percent of my respondent is between the age of above 40 years. This field Survey shows that, 72 percent of the migrant people are married and 28 percent were unmarried. My field research shows that, 32 percent of respondents were under SLC who can read and write as well as passed primary level, out of this 34 percent of the respondents is SLC passed. 36 were passed 10+2 level and 12 percent were able to complete their bachelors‟ level. 44 percent of respondent have regular participation in NGOs Meeting/General Assembly and remaining 52 percent are not the regular participants. Only 30 percent are indifferent to participate in decision due to negligence of their voice, fear of elite and fear of exclusion.