Browsing by Subject "Civil war"
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Item Apartheid as Cultural Determinant in J. M. Coetzee's Life and Times of Michael K(Department of English, 2008) Paudel, GyanendraJ.M. Coetzee's highly acclaimed novel Life and Times of Michael K , is concerned with the imposition of unwanted restrictions and confinements experienced by the central character Michael K, in the background of civil war due to apartheid in South Africa. Through the representation of personal, political and social crisis, Coetzee highlights the apartheid policy in South Africa that perpetuates the racist cultural values. He also focuses the strength of culture where Michael K is deeply rooted in order to resist the encroachment of all the opposing forces. The text revolves around the pain and suffering of a victimized character named Michael K. Here, Coetzee also satirizes colonial hegemony, imposed ideology, culture and so called civilization that germinates the intra-racial conflict in South African Society.Item Blurring the Line Between History and Fiction in Saad Z. Hossain's Escape from Bhagdad(Faculty of English, 2017) Aryal, NarayanUtilizing the concept of new historicism Stephen Greenblatta, M. H. Abrmas, Louis Montrose and H. Aram Veeser, this research concentrates upon the the textual representation incorporate traces and fragments of historical truth in tacit manner in the novel Saad Z. Hossain's Escape from Bhagdad. It also examines how the fragment of historical truth and cultural ethos enter the textual world in micro form. The truth which enters the text in this manner is subjectivized and textually manipulated. Self-consciously outrageous and at times silly to the point of becoming sophomoric, Escape from Baghdad!achieves its true emotional impact through expressions of genuine wit bound to powerful meditations on the inanity of war, and on the special inanity of a particular 2003 war.Escape From Baghdadby Saad Z. Hossain is a historical war novel which deals mainly with the issue of war-torn Iraq. Along with the presentation of prolonged conflict, the author has excavated the history of Iraq in the novel. The novel Escape From Baghdad has taken help of society, politics, culture and religion to flourish its ideas. Set in the scenery of Iraq war, it has depicted the notion of Druze's history, the origin of Islam, its fragmentation into Shi'a and Sunni, the Mukhabharat and other regional and tribal groups. The novel relies more upon politics and less on religion to mature its ideas. The pain of domestic civil war faced by much of the Iraqi people is scattered in the novel throughout several characters in several chapter. The ancient Iraqi city of Baghdad and Mosul are cited several times to show the terror, horror and havoc of the war.Item Depiction of Nicaraguan Civil War:Realistic Reading of Salman Rushdie's The Jaguar Smile(Department of English, 2012) Pandey, Buddhi RamSalman Rushdie's portrayal of Nicaragua stands as a realistic picture of Nicaraguan society, history, culture and politics. The Jaguar Smile as a travelogue is not merely an anthology of Nicaraguan society, history and politics; it stands as a realistic picture of Nicaragua. Rushdie, through his observation, experience and visit to Nicaragua explores the real picture of Nicaragua. His visit gives birth to the realistic portrayal of Nicaraguan politics especially incorporates the issues of Sandinista, Contra and FSLN. He time and again visits the people of Nicaragua and takes information so as to make himself determined. Not only that the sorrows suffering and pains of poor people is also reflected in his work since he traces the examples of poor people who are bound to join the Contra army and get killed. Due to the twin problems— volcanic eruption and civil war and destruction, Nicaraguan socio-political scenario becomes worse. The economy of the country falls down and runs with foreign aids only. The description of the facts and realities of Nicaragua is also mingled with the geographical topography too. He finds the major cities totally ruined and countryside miserable. Remaining in the frontier, Rushdie observers the Nicaragua's socio-political and economic condition and traces out that the situation is really touching and real.Item Influence of Social Situation on the Characters: A Social Psychological Reading on Narayan Wagle's Palpasa Cafe(Faculty of English, 2018) Sharma, Durga PrasadThis study deeply examines Palpasa Café by Narayan Wagle through a social psychological lens. It focuses on how all the major and minor characters are affected due to the contemporary social situation. It depicts all the characters' feelings, thoughts, behaviors and actions as the outcome of social ceriumstances of that time, created by Maoist insurgency. The characteristics manifested by the characters in the novel are a clear cut representation of the psychology of all Nepalese people in each and every part of Nepal. This novel is an exemplary of the situation during civil war that was full of bloodsheds and clashes. The novel explores youthful living along with the suffering through Maoist insurgency and government policy. This dissertation concludes that the contemporary socio-political situation directly affects the people. The feelings, thoughts, behaviors and actions of the characters are directly influenced by the state of mind which is affected by the situation.Item Institutional Coercion on Individuals: A Comparative Study on Mario Vargas Llosa's The Time of the Hero and Gabriel Garcia Marquez's No One Writes to the Colonel(Faculty of English, 2013) Singh, DevThis research aims to explore uneasy relationships between individuals and nation states that have been fictionalized in two Latin American novels The Time of the Hero (1967) and No One Writes to the Colonel (1968) written by Mario Vargas Llosa and Gabriel Garcia Marquez respectively. More over this study revolves around Latin American and Spanish Post Civil War era when majority of contemporary nation states in this region were terrorized by the dictatorial pattern of governance. Talking about coercive ways of ruling in Post Civil War period in Latin America, this study focuses on two fictional plots representing Peru and Colombia. From Peru the Nobel Laureate Mario Vargas Llosa precedes his journey to the world of institutional coercion through his controversial novel The Time of the Hero and Gabriel Garcia Marquez represents Colombia through his fictional work known as No One Writes to the Colonel. Both of these novels are set in Post Civil war Latin American territory regarding the issues of state driven atrocities upon the powerless people that ultimately created terror among subordinate groups. The Time of the Hero is a tale of ' power abuse' by personnel in Leoncio Prado Military Academy in Peru. The plot of the novel is centered on activities of trainee cadets in the camp who are engaged in pranks and ragging, which ends up in the murder of one of the cadets. The exposure of this incident to the commandants, however, further results in curtailing the fact more systematically. Meanwhile, No One Writes to the Colonel presents the protagonist as the victim of the monopoly of the Colombian regime. After the Civil War, the official act of force retirement and sanction of pension to the personnel becomes a perplexity as the old Colonel has been waiting for pension for fifteen years, but without any success.Item Internal Armed Conflict in South Asia and Implication to Nepal(Department of Security Development and Peace Studies, 2019) Khanal, Binod RajIntrastate conflicts have been deeply rooted in most of the South Asian countries and became a great security challenge. Intrastate conflict is the main cause of South Asian countries which greatly hampering the development and prosperity of the region. The development activities are hugely paralyzed due to conflict. Almost all countries are victim of armed conflict though current situation of some countries is an exception. Terrorism, separatist movements, extremism, ideological conflicts and MaoistsNaxalites' movements with other several campaigns have imposed huge obstruction in the prosperity and development of the entire South Asian region. All South Asian countries directly or indirectly inflected with armed conflicts and had huge negative impact of those conflicts and large amount of money is spending to fight against terrorism and armed conflicts. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is passive in the subject of intrastate conflict in South Asian and its initiation to fight against terrorism and organized crime is futile. Economic cost of violence, physical destruction, forced migration, displacement, local conflict, exploitation of child and woman are some of the negative impact that play vital role for the instability of the region. Similarly, Poor governance, poor representation, lack of accountability, lack of ethos in public service, role of big man, poor policing, rigged election, discrimination, poverty, global and local aspiration, development induced displacement, land and natural resources, social-structural and cultural system, population, family dispersal, distortion on government spending, power of corporate actor, regional imperialism, economy, gender bias, identity politics, low legal literacy, media bias, prevalence of arms, militarization, history and culture are some of the factors that are contributing and strengthening internal armed conflicts in South Asia.Item Representation of Class Struggle in Samrat Upadhyay's The Royal Ghosts(Department of English, 2019) Koirala, ShekharThe present research entitled “Representation of Class Struggle in SamratUpadhyay'sthe Royal Ghosts” tries to include the inclusion of middle as well as lower class people and exploitation of their innate psychological realities. The novel focuses on the ongoing realities of Nepalese society. It includes different stories from various fields, issues on social problems that are associated to child marriage, polygamy, exploitation over others, status of widows and workers, discrimination against women in the society. Multiethnic, socio-cultural and religious context represent conflicts and struggles with one another among various characters. The novel tactfully handles the stories during a decade long Civil War wages by Maoist where the working class people have to bear overburden of themselves and their family and they have to face the torture, pains and suffering given by the rich people, which reflects the notion of class struggles in the name of haves and have not’s. Novel also reflects the social, political and psychological impact of war on people and deep rooted problems of ills and evils of the conventional society. Similarly, the sign and symbols of conflicts, among the characters indicate the notion of class struggle.Item Representation of the Sierra Leonese Civil War in Ishmael Beah's A Long Way Gone(Department of English, 2021) Bhandari, AnuThis research has explored the issues of "Representation of Sierra Leonese Civil War in Ishmael Beah's A Long Way Gone". This memoir has depicted the issue of what war is like through the eyes of a child soldier. This memoir has represented the African civil war, where people have been suffering from a miserable life due to the dominance of power holders. On the surface, this memoir appears to be text- driven by the central view of the historical pursuit migrating from the little place for the new historical literary analysis. In-depth, it has explored the suppression of poor people by the people who are in power through war. The researcher has seen it from the lens of New Historicist perspectives using the main concepts of H. Aram Veeser's “New Historicism”, Foucauld's “Power and Knowledge” and “New Historicism”, and Stephen Greenblatt and Catherine Gallagher’s “Practicing New Historicism”. This research explores the Sierra Leonese suppression by power holders because of how much they try to escape from the injustice they get more abused. The Hero: Ishmael Beah is forced to go to war and bound to carry AK-47s the tendency of official history.Item War Trauma in Nepali and Russian Stories: A Comparison and Contrast(Department of English, 2022) Sunar, AnjitaThis research has excavated the major theme of war trauma embedded in western and non-western literature, especially short stories. The main aim of this research is to identify the nature of war trauma, and also to relate war with trauma. The thesis has focused on what kind of manifestations of trauma are presented in the Nepali and Russian stories. Similarly, it has brought into light the traumatized characters through psychoanalytical and cultural perspectives of trauma. In doing so, it has taken two Nepali short stories, namely "Maoist in the Village" and "The Bond of Blood" and two Russian stories, "The Mother of a Traitor" and "The Fate of a Man" as the primary texts. While analyzing the causes and consequences of war trauma, the research has taken into account the life events of the characters and the circumstances they undergo. Furthermore, it shades light upon the overall traumatic framework of the stories through descriptive, interpretative and analytical approach in the research. Besides, it compares and contrasts between the stories written in these two different countries and contexts. It has taken references from different scholars’ ideas like; Cathy Caruth’s “Claimed and Unclaimed Experience”, Jeffrey Alexander’s “Cultural Trauma”, Laurie Vickroy’s “Trauma as a Social Theory” and Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic approach to authenticate the claims made. The contemplation over the stories through various versions of trauma theory discovers that trauma is a grim but unavoidable part of war.