Browsing by Subject "Community Forest"
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Item Community Forest and Rural Livelihood(A case study of Guhele Chhopnarayan Community Forest of Gupteshwor VDC, Dawan, Bhojpur)(Department of Geography, 2008) Rai, Saran KumarNot AvailableItem Distribution and Habitat Use of Red Panda (Ailurus Fulgens Cuvier 1825) in Eastern Nepal(Central Department of Zoology, 2009) Kandel, KamalRed panda (Ailurus fulgens), a habitat specialist of Himalaya, were studied in Hangetham and Choyatar CF of Eastern Nepal. Altogether 10 transects summing to 18.7km were established along with 187 systematic and 28 sign plots comprising of 3 units (10x10m 2 , 5x5m 2 and 1x1m 2 ). The fecal groups of red panda was found in 6.91% (n=13) of the systematic plots. The evidences were scattered from 2200m to 2900m asl in the study area with index of sign abundance in between altitudinal range of 2700-2900m asl (42.85/ha / 12.14/km). Red panda used trees as defecation sites (substrate) most frequently (44.05%) followed by rock (33.33%), forest floor (11.90%), fallen logs (9.52%) and cut stumps (1.20%) and differed significantly (χ 2 = 53.97, df=4, p<0.05). Availability of water source (mean=40.17±6.53m) differed significantly within its different categories (χ = 1.1.83, df=4, p<0.05), as 61.90% of fecal groups were found 0-25m away from sign centered plots. Red panda used steep slopes of 40 0 more often (76.19%) and northern faces. More fecal groups (36.90% and 46.43%) were found in 26-50% range of overstory crown canopy and understory bamboo cover. Mann-Whitney U test showed six habitat variables (slope, bamboo cover, bamboo height, bamboo diameter, proportion of dry bamboo shoots, and shrub density) differed significantly (P<0.05) between systematic and red panda sign plots and therefore are important elements of the red panda habitat. Three individuals of red panda were sighted in two sighting incidents during the study. A carcass of red panda was also found which was supposed to be predated upon by Mountain Hawk Eagle (Spizaetus nipalensis). Inadequate species level awareness in the local community about red panda’s ecological importance and high dependency on its habitat for people’s livelihood is creating its survival pressure. For effective conservation of this species, it requires not only the considerations of red panda but also the wellbeing of dependent local community. Furthermore, it is needed the intense research on its spatial distribution, specific habitat requirements and threats on broader scale. Keywords: Red Panda, Community Forest, Eastern Nepal, distribution, conservationItem Externalities and Distributional Implications of Community Forest Management: A Case of Arun River Valley(Department of Economic, 2006) Dahal, Mahesh RajThe equity issues of community-based forest resource management have become major areas of disputed discussions in recent years. This study entitled Externalities and Distributional Implications of Community Forest Management:A Case of Arun River Valley tries to examine the contribution of community forestry to household-level benefits (income) and costs with emphasis on different caste and income groups focusing equity in benefit/cost distribution. This study aims to contribute towards the understanding of rural poverty-natural resource relation vis-à-vis the victim hypothesis,equity issues and externalities of community forest management.The primary objectives of this research study are: 1) to review the theories of development and povertyenvironmental/natural resource nexus 2) to analyze institutional mechanisms, property rights and distributional rules of community forest management 3) to verify empirically the victim hypothesis that whether those rural poor and lower caste or non-poor and high caste households depend more on natural community forest resources 4) to examine the equity and externality issues of management of common property forest resources byemploying benefit-cost analysis and 5) to provide suggestions for policy issues. The study was under taken in three Village Development Committees (VDCs) from Bhojpur district and one VDC from Dhankuta district of lower Arun River valley including a total of sixteen Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs). Compiling acensus of all households under the sixteen community forest user groups,a ParticipatoryRural Appraisal (PRA) technique was applied with focus group discussion meetings held at each CFUG to distinguish all the households into four caste/ethnic and three income groups for realistic assessment of poor and non-poor households based on multidimensional local criteria and to reach consensus regarding user’s price and bartergame prices of different forest products, working hour in a day and average daily wage etc.Based on identified households by the PRA group discussions, a stratified sample of400 household out of total 1224 household was chosen for household survey from October 2002 to March 2003. The household sample represented about average of 32 percent of total households from each CFUG vis-à-vis of each caste/ethnic and incomegroups of households in a proportional basis of the study area as a whole. The standard methods/formulas were designed to calculate the household level gross and net benefits from and gross costs including labour cost, transaction costs and cash expenditure of use and management of community forests. A multiple regression model was used with seventeen explanatory variables and household level income from CF as dependentvariable to understand the relationship between forest dependency (household level in come from CF or value of outputs) and socio-economic determinants. In addition to vi primary data, the other necessary secondary information has been used as and whennecessary. Based on PRA technique, the study had found out that Janajati group had more poor households(48.7 percent)followed byDalit(41.9 percent),Newar(33.3 percent) and the Brahmin/Chhetri(23.4 percent) respectively. Two major types of forest products,consumption based and production based forest products were observed in the studyarea.The existing local institutional base and distributional rules of community forestry was found to be unable to distribute the common property forest resources and provide a significant contribution to the livelihood of poor and marginalized people. In terms of absolute dependency or contribution of Community Forest (CF), the Newar households obtained much more gross and net income from CF/year (NRs 6,393 andNRs 2,229) than theBrahmin/Chhetri(NRs 5,837 and NRs 1541),Janajati (NRs 5,370NRs 1,714) and the Dalit (NRs 5,108 and NRs 1,413) respectively. Per year gross household income from CF was far less for the poor income groups NRs.3, 236 (18.6percent) than the rich NRs. 7, 786 (44.7 percent) and the medium income groups NRs.6,397 (36.7 percent) respectively. The study findings suggested that in absolute term,NewarandBrahmin/Chhetri households were more dependent on community forests than the Janajati and the Dalit and non-poor households were more dependent on community forests than the poor households. In terms of relative dependence, gross and net income from CF as a percentage of total non-CF cash income was lower for Brahmin/Chhetri households (14.0 percent and 3.7 percent) than the Newar(21.8 percentand7.6 percent),Dalit (16.6 percent and4.6 percent) and theJanajati (14.1 percent and 4.5 percent).Similarly, gross income from CF as a percentage of total non-CF cash income was lower for non-poor households(13.1 percent) and middle-income (15.6percent) than the poorer households (18.2 percent). On the contrary, the poorer households had lower net CF income (3.2 percent) as percentage of total non-CF cashincome than the non-poor households (4.7 percent).This means, in relative term,Newar and the Dalit households were more dependent on community forests than the Janajatiand the Brahmin/Chhetri households and poor income households were more dependenton community forests than the non-poor households, findings that some contradict and some support the results from the other similar studies. Average gross value of forest used and cost of management for each of the Brahmin/Chhetri, Newar, Janajati and the Dalit caste/ethnic groups were NRs 5,837 and NRs 4,297,NRs 6,393 and NRs 4,164, NRs 5,370 and NRs 3,656 and NRs. 5,108 and NRs 3,694 respectively. The difference between average household gross value and cost or the average per household net benefits for Brahmin/Chhetri household was NRs vii 1,540,Newar NRs 2,229, Janajati Rs 1,714 and the Dalit Rs 1,414. This means the average percentage differences of household level benefit and cost i.e.net benefits of CF was positive for Newar (28.2-26.3 =1.9) and Janajati (23.6–23.1=0.5) and it was negative for the Brahmin/Chhetri(25.7–27.2 =-1.5) and the Dalit (22.5–23.4 =-0.9).Hence, the benefit–cost ratio (B/C) for theNewarand theJanajati household was morethan one (1.07 and 1.02) and it was less than one for the Brahmin/Chhetriand the Dalithouseholds(0.94 and0.96). Similarly, the average percentage differences of household level benefit and cost i.e.net benefits of CF was positive for the rich(45.0–41.0 = 4.0),zero for the middle-income(37.0–37.0 = 0) and negative for the poor income groupofhouseholds (22.0–18.0 =-4.0) respectively. Consequently, the benefit–cost ratio (B/C)for the rich households was more than one (1.09), middle-income households(1.0) and the poor income household (-0.81). Thus, as per the results of benefit-cost and externality analysis the Brahmin/Chhetri and the Dalit households had failed to internalize the benefit from CF as per the total grosscost incurred by them.TheNewarand theJanajati households were able to internalize the benefit from CF by externalized the total gross coston the Brahmin/Chhetriand the Dalithouseholds. On the other hand,the poor income households failed to internalize the benefit from CF as per the total gross cost incurred by them. The middle incomes households were able to internalize by equalize both of gross benefit and the gross cost.Therich income householdswere able to externalize the gross cost on the poor income households to gain disproportionate net benefits from CF.Thus, it is concluded that in case of benefit accrued (positive externality) and gross cost incurred (negative externality) of CF use and management by different caste/ethnic and income groups of forest users’ households, the externalities of CF had not created equity efficiencies with in and between the caste/ethnic and income groups of households in the study area. Although, the environmental value by vegetation cover (bio-physical condition)of forest resources were found remarkably enhanced since the forest resource management regimeshifted from state to local community participatory management, however, due to the lack of relationship about different linkages between rural poverty andenvironmental/natural resources, equitable distribution of forests resources within the rural community especially across the disadvantaged and marginalized groups of people has not been clearly demonstrated. Thus, this study raises the concern of whether conservation-oriented measures that promote regulated systems of forest management in Nepal undermined social goals such as equitable distribution of benefits and costs amongthe forest dependent households. It is reasonable to require that policies aimed at allocating forest resources should not eschew equity concerns altogether. The study had made a number of recommendations to improve community forest management and viii equity in benefit-cost distribution in Nepal which include,class and income dichotomyconcept of poverty should shift towards across the socio-demographic and economic indicators to define rural poverty, representation on the Forest User Executive Committee (FUEC) should at least be proportional based on inclusion of caste/ethnic and gender,provision of membership possession should be in only one CFUG, CFUG fund should divert to income/employment generation, the existing monitoring systems andpractices of CF should considered equity in forest products sharing, the taxation on commons (forestry sector) should impose on the basis of per household net benefit and the benefit–cost ratio, provision of leasehold community forestry and private property options should introduced in CF,and the government should encourage of co-investment between multi sector stakeholders for more production of forest products within the CF. Since this study could not compare pre and post impact ofCFs on household income and cost. Further comparative study on organizational development processes of CFUGs,participatory action research for various ecological belt and socio-economic circumstances and explore market and forest product development potential at commercial (beyond subsistence) levels based on time series information would contribute to a richer analysis on the complexity involved in poverty, inequality and distributive consequences of regulated forms of CPR regime and all these may help comprehensive understanding about dependency and externalities issues of community forestry.Item Insect Fauna Of Kharkholi Community Forest Surkhet, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2021-06) Shahi, BirendraForest health is very important part of the sustainable forest management system. Forest insects are the member of forest bio-genesis including pest species that can kill trees, causes die back, decline and deformity of forest. The forest insects were studied in Sal dominated forest at Kharkholi Community Forest (KCF), Surkhet, Karnali Province, Nepal. Insects were collected from eight observation plots each one of 10 m *10 m size within the distance not less than 250 m from one to another plot. Insect were collected by using sweeping net, hand picking and beating techniques from June to August, 2019. Altogether 545 individual of insect's belonging to 6 orders, 30 families and 54 generawere identified. They belong to order Coleoptera followed by Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Balttodae, Lepidoptera and Mantodae. Among them identified pest species of Shorea robusta include defoliator Chrysolina spp., Apoderus sp., stem borer Dendroctonus sp. and the larva of family Lasiocambidae. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index shows the highest insect diversity and evenness during pre-monsoon (H'= 3.6706) than monsoon season (H'=3.1078).Item Participation of Women in Community Forestry: A Case Study of Pawannagar Vdc, Dang(Department of Rural Development, 2011-11) B K, ShantaThis thesis entitled Participation of Women in Community Forestry: A Case Study of Pawannagar VDC, Dang was targeted to examine the real situation of women's participation. The objectives of this study were (i) to examine the representation status of women in community forest user group committee (ii) To find out the problems faced by women in community forest activities (iii) To assess the women's participation in different activities of the community forestry. The research design of this study was both descriptive and analytic. Regarding the sample size 60 respondents were taken from 240 households. Different methods i.e. household survey, observation and through structured questionnaire were adopted for data collection. The data collected from primary and secondary sources are presented in tables to make the comprehensive analysis. The study has found that in Takiyapur CFUG, respondents are the age between 25 to 35 years the users are from different caste and ethnic group. The study has further found that women are mainly engaged in primary sector which has very low productivity. Similarly their educational status is also very poor; according to them this is the main cause of low representation of women in CF executive committee. Women’s participation in regular group meeting is also found very low though they use to attain some specific meetings regularly. It is quite surprising that more than half, 60 percent of the total respondents are not only non familiar with executive committee, they also don't have any idea regarding executive committee. Consequently, womens role in conservation, policy formulating and benefit sharing is relatively very poor as compared to men. So far as the forest conservation is concerned, plantation is not took place for many years. Mean while various operational activities like punning, thinning and fire-line conservation are also not carried out in this particular CFUG. By contrast, user groups are involved in different activities inside the forest such as firewood and fodder collection, grazing cattles etc which are some of the hindrances in the growth of N/TFPs.Item People's Participation in Communityforestrya Case Study of Kumari Community Forest of Badikhel VDC, Lalitpur District(Department of Rural Development, 2009) Aryal, SaradaThis research has conducted in the issue of Community Forestry, whichis people oriented forest program in Nepal. The community Forestryprogram is handled through local organizations known as Forest UserGroup. The effectiveness of community forest in relation to people’sparticipation is thus very crucial.Thisstudy focuses in the institutionalprocess, participation in decision making, implementation and in benefitsharing and affecting factors relation to people’s participation andchanged knowledge and skill of Forest User Group of KumariCommunity Forest of Badikhel VDC Lalitpur District. The mainobjectives of the study are to access the institutional process ofcommunity Forestry, to judge the people’s participation in communityForestry activities, to find out the factors affecting participation, toexamine the changes of people’s skill and knowledge. To meet theobjectives of study, primary data were collected from the field visit. Atfirst, respondents were selected from random sampling method. Then thedata were collected from interview with respondents, formal andinformal group discussion, key informants interview and directobservation methods. The secondary data were collected from variouspublished and unpublished material related to community forestry andpeople’s participation. These data were analyzed descriptively andanalytically. In the community forest, Bahaman and pahari cast are the dominatingForest User Groupswhereas Chhetri, Magar, Newar and Damai are inminority.Hence, most of the respondents were selected from Brahminsand Pahari community.Participation of Brahman community is high incomparison to other casts. Women participation was satisfactory but lessthan male. The Users are satisfied with the work carried out by ForestUser Committee and community Forest Program. Newar users are farbehind in participation in community forestry activity. The educationlevel was found influential factor in active Participation. The differentcommunity forest related training, which were already held, hasbenefited the users. The users havemanaged to gain some knowledgeabout Community Forest from their Community forest Program. The v users who participatelessare lessactiveandare foundnot somotivatedto participate. Therefore, more training should be conducted to makethemactive for higher participation. The most appreciating thing is thatthe community forestry user group has separated 75% of its income forlocal development and from this; they have constructed differentdevelopmental works. In overall, this community forestry was found amodel forest with respect to technical aspects whereas; some majorchanges in social aspect should be made to improveparticipation fromall level, in community forestry.Item Relation and Conflict between National Park and People: A Sociological Study from Devchuli Buffer Zone Ward No 1 and 2 of Chitwan National Park(Department of Sociology, 2016) Bhusal, UmakantaNot AvailableItem Socio-Economic Benefits of Community Forest (A Case Study of Dumsi Vir Community Forest User Group Palungtar Municiplity-10, Gorkha District)(Central Department of Economics, 2019) Tiwari, MunaNepal’s community forestry has become an example of progressive legislation and policies in the decentralization of forest management. It has attracted international attention because in Nepal, decentralization is linked with emerging issues sustainable forest management, forest governance, policy advocacy, equity, gender, poverty and the role of civil society in community forestry. The general objective of this study is to identify the economic and environmental activities through development of community forest. The specific objective is the socio- economic benefits of Dumsi Vir community forest on socio-economic and environmental life of local community in Gorkha District Altogether there are 240 member households under study area community forest a fair sample of 60 households (FUGs) were selected by using random sampling of probability sampling method. Out of the Random Sampling Method, lottery method was used for sampling procedure. The FUG has been playing role for the development of local human resource and also enhance the rural livelihood. It has also empowered people towards team building, group dynamism as well as self- motivation in community development. The direct and indirect benefits from the community forestry have played the greater role in the social life of the people in the study area. The main economic activates of FUG in this forest are particularly agricultural, livestock farming and other home based industries. Iron based, furniture and bamboo based industries are making based to this forest for raw materials which are indicator of economy and are also acquired for additional income from forest. Another aspect of this research is the environment of forest. The bio-diversity is conservation very effective through various activities.Item Socio-Economic Impact on Community Forest A Case Study of Maulakali Community Forest User Group inNawalparasi District(Department of Economics, 2008) Tiwari, Samjhananot availableItem A Study on Socio-Economic Effects of Forestry: A Case Study of Basahathan Multi-Purpose Community Forest, Dagatumdada VDC, Baglung, Nepal(Department of Economics, 2012) Thapa, SabitriNot AvailableItem Women's Participation and Decision Making Role in Community Forest Management A Study of Bankhe Damara CFUG in Syangja District(Faculty of Sociology, 2014) Gurung, Khim BahadurCommunity Forestry is one of the most successful programme in Nepal since last three decades. As more than two-third people of the total population live in the rural areas and they directly indirectly depend on forest for their livelihood, forest has become very much significant to them. With its importance, the proper management of forest for its sustainability is also equally important and essential. As the rural women are directly concerned with forest and forest products, their participation and decision making role to manage and conserve the forest area shouldn’t ignored. To analyze the women’s participation in community forest management, specific study and research is necessary. Moreover, in the case of Bankhe Damara Community Forest and its user group, no any studies and researches have done so far by any of the individuals or organizations. Thinking that my first attempt will reveal different aspect of studies of the forest and the people in this area for the scholars in coming days and this tiny research work can be one of the references for them, this study has been carried out. The general objective of this study is to find the women's participation and decision making roles in community forest management. However, the specific objectives are as follows: • To find out the women's participation in community forest management of the study area, • To explore and analyze the role of women on decision making process of community forest management, Bankhe Damara Community Forest lies on the north-east of Syangja district. This community Forest has covered ward nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the Majhkot VDC. The VDC or user group lies in the middle hilly region of Nepal which is situated at the height of 2,517 meters from the sea level. The total user households of this CFUG are 187 with 181 households of Gurung and 6 Kaami community. Both descriptive and explorative research designs were applied to analyze the present situation of the study area about the issue of participation and decision making role of women in the management of community forestry. Bankhe Damara Community Forest Users Group of Majhkot Siwalaya VDC was taken as universe of the study. Out of 187 household users, 65 households (ghar dhuri) were selected for respondent according to simple random sampling method. The data and information are qualitative and quantitative in nature which collected through primary and secondary resources. The major findings of the study have been briefed below; Most of the respondents were Gurung (95.3 percent) and following Buddhism (95.3 percent). The community forest was entirely managed by married people (95.4 percent). Out of the respondents, 87.3 percent were literate and educated. 83.1 percent households of the respondents were directly dependent on firewood for fuel energy. Among them, 90.6 percent were entirely dependent on community forest. Likewise, 55.5 percent of the total respondents relied on community forest for fodder. The respondents reported that they felt the community forest is their common property. The major factor affecting to participate in CF is the need based motivation (81.5 percent) mainly for firewood, wood and fodders. The position occupied by the female in the executive committee was more than one third but the posts hold by female were less vital than the male hold. 80.0 percent of the respondents were participated in the CFUG assembly. Similarly, as per the respondent view, 30.7 percent were involved regularly in mass meeting. 54.2 percent female respondent had feeling of significance of the CFUG/CFUC meetings which is less than the male (100.0 percent). More than 53.8 percent respondents were found to have expressed their views in FUG forums of which 66.6 percent of the male respondent can express their views, suggestions, feedback in the assembly and meetings freely whereas females are only 42.8 percent. Out of total, one third (36.6 percent) of the male respondents were participated in any kind of the training and exposure but only 11.4 percent of the female were participated in the training programmes. The meeting and assembly is the main forum of the discussion of community Forestry activities. 60.0 percent of the male respondents participate actively but only 31.4 percent female can actively participate in meetings of CF. According to respondents, 78.4 percent decisions were good followed by 15.3 percent average (not good or bad) and 6.1percent very good. 92.3 percent of the respondents have freedom on decision of the CF in the users assembly however, 100 percent of the male respondents feel freedom but 85.7 percent female respondents feel freedom in decision making. To further increase the women’s participation and decision making role in the Bankhe Damara Community Forest Users Group, the following programmes, especially for the women are suggested to conduct in the study area; - Awareness programmes - Workshops for women empowerment - Leadership Development Trainings - Programmes for confidence development - Observation tours to other community forests - Complete support from the males by delegating power to women - Full right to the access of forest resourcesItem Womens’participation in Community Forestrymanagement[A Case Study of Patlemuldol Community Forest Of Bishnukhunarayan VDC,Lalitpur](Department of Sociology, 2008) Rizal, Damantanot availableItem Women’s Knowledge and Participation in Community Forest (A case Study from Pragatishil Community Forest of Lekhanath, Kaski District)(Department Of Sociology, 2008) Bhandari, Puspa K.C.This research was carried out aiming at analyzing the women's knowledge and theirparticipation rate in management activities of Pragatishil Community Forest (CF),Lekhanath, Kaski district, Nepal. The data were collected through Household (Hh)interview and a set of questionnaire format was used as adata collection tool with 10%sample intensity were taken for this study where respondents were selected randomly.Field observation and informal discussion with different strata people of the study areaalso helped to draw the findings. The weighted meanscore obtained on theLikertscalewas used to determine the participation rate of the women in different CF managementactivities, for this three point scale was taken. Besides these, frequency distribution andother simple statistical tools were used indata analysis. Majority of the general users of Community Forest User Group (CFUG) are stillunaware about the CF management system whereas most of the committee membershave a good knowledge about it. Young aged women are more knowledgeable thanmiddle and old aged women except few events. Participation rate of middle agedcommittee member in decision making process as well as basic forest productscollection is higher than others. Due to the gaps in information dissemination, highlevel of unawareness among the women and male dominant community are reducingwomen's participation in CF management activities. Intensive extension program regarding awareness should be launched for users abouttheir rights and duties. They should be made aware of the government laws, policiesand administrative arrangements of CF program. Networking and coordinationmechanism should be established between the users and DFO/other organization foraddressing the problems concerning inadequate technical knowledge and otherfundamental women's requirement. Key words:Community Forest, Knowledge, Participation and WomenItem Women’s Participation in Community Forest Management and Use:A Case Study of Bhaktpur District, Nepal(Central Department of Rural Development, 2009) Thapa, Narsingh BahadurForest plays an important role in our daily lives and clearly. It is one ofthe country's most important national resources. Nepalese economybased on agriculture and livestock farming is greatly dependent on forestresources so in this dissertation, one of the most important to promotewomen's empowerment awareness. The objectives of the Study was to describe the activities and tasks, of thewomen committee, women's role in utilization of forest resources andmanagement decision making to determine the factors of women'sparticipation in community forest and to describe the present condition ofcommunity forest committee and its management. Applying the purposive sampling technique essential information hasbeen collected from five VDCs of Bhaktapur District. Semi-structuralquestionnaire, discussionwith key informants, participation observationand secondary sources of data also has been used for collection data tomeet the objectives the study. The life of people especially in the out of municipalities areas is totallydependent upon forest resources. Firewood, timber, fodder leaf litters,which form the vital needs for the forming as well as cattle rearingactivities in the out of municipality's area. In fact there has been a veryintimate linkage between agricultural activities and forest resources. For good management of community forest, independent and dependentvariables play vital roles. Independent variables such as size of usergroup, participation of women, size of forest, social and cultural normshave been analyzed for showing the relationship with dependentvariables. In the research the dependent variables is Women'sparticipation and collective group. The relationship between independentvariables and dependent variables has been found positive relationshipfor good management of community forest. Many women think that as they are uneducated, the presence in thecommunity meeting and assembly is unless this hesitation has alsocontributed in making women's participation low. The absence ofobligatory rules (expect for the quota requirement of women in thecommittee) is also a factor that has not promoted the women'sparticipation in CF activities. Women always been relegated to asecondary status due to countries of male domination in the society. Thishas also become a hindrance to women's participation in CF activities. Out of total population of the study area, there was9% illiterate women'sparticipation. Male participation in executive committee was 89% andfemale participation in executive committee was 11%. The monitoring ofCFwas satisfied. They social composition of the study population ismixed. Due to gender's work differences and interests within the same productsin the society, it has been necessary to address gender issues. Withoutaddressing gender issues in the planand program, it is very difficult tolaunch development strategy for the upliftment of the society. Lack ofawareness among the women themselves and insufficient awarenessprogram by the donor's agencies and the government to involve women inCF management has also hindered women's participation in CFactivities. Social and cultural practices, customs and traditions are thegreatest factor that restricts women's mobility. Many families disapproveof their women going away from home to participate in CF activities,training and work.The dissertant noted that women's participation means to promotewomen's involvement in the programme, mentally, physically andeconomically for their common welfare. Two type of Recommendation are given end of the study chapter nine.