Browsing by Subject "Distribution"
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Item Analysis of Distribution Transformer Overload Management Using Battery Energy Storage System(I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023-07) Das, Umesh KumarPeak load power plants, certain types of renewable energy sources, are designed to provide electricity during periods of high demand when there is a significant increase in power consumption. These power plants typically have higher operational costs due to the need for quick start-up times and increased fuel consumption. To mitigate the reliance on expensive peak load power plants, suppliers often implement various techniques to reduce peak load and shift the demand to off-peak hours. Pumped storage hydro power plants work by using excess electricity during low demand period, such as at night or during weekends when power consumption is relatively low. The excess electricity is used to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. Then, during periods of high demand or peak load, the stored water is released to flow downhill through turbines, generating electricity and supplying it back to the grid. This process allows energy to be stored when the demand is low and released when the demand is high. It is found that using a battery bank, the energy can be stored and supplied to the Load to reduce the peak load of the respective Distributon Transformer. The installation of BESS at the point of existence of DT has been modelled and the simulation results obtained. The installation of BESS helps to reduce the peak loading of the DT including overloading and helps prevent the outage of the transformer. Based on the simulation results, a BESS of maximum 100kW, 2000Ah installed at the point of connection of DT of 200kVA results in number of overloading reduced from 264 kW to 180 kW. The simulation shows that the number of transformer outage is expected to decrease from 20.83% before the installation of BESS to 3% after the installation. Further, there will be a reduction in power and energy losses in the system as during the peak load condition, part of the load can be shared by the BESS which results in power loss reduction maximum of 84 kW and annual energy loss of 76.650 MWh at 50 percent annual peaking with daily hours. The voltage profile improvement is another front with voltage improving from 0.93 pu to 1.00 pu during peak load condition. Considering the fact that voltage plays crucial role in satisfactory operations of various household, commercial and industrial appliances, this has to be taken into account when deciding on techno-economical analysis of the proposed scheme. Under the assumptions for this research, the proposed scheme is potentially beneficial not only from technical aspects but also economical aspect as well. The investment cost of the BESS and inverter considered in the study at present value is NPR 530,000.00 whereas the monetaroy value of the energy saved annually has been found to be NPR 267062.00 for 90% overloading and peak time electricity cost of NPR 15.00 per kWh. Even for lower overloading percentage of 20 to 40 % of the rating of the DTs, the proposed scheme may be economically viable.Item Distribution and Abundance of Wild Mammals in Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park and Human- Wildlife Interaction in sundarijal VDC(Department of Zoology, 2015) Jha, Deependra KumarDistributionrefers to the spatial (or local)arrangement or pattern of a species within anarea where they are found.The abundance of populations in different parts of the Parkgives an indication of the distribution of the population. This study was aimed to assesshabitat characteristics and also to determine distribution, abundance and habitatpreferences of wild mammals. The pellet groups counting along line transect was carriedout in Shivapuri mountain of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park and questionnaire surveywas conducted in Sundarijal VDC adjacent to SNNP. Four major habitat types namelySalla forest, Mixed forest, Riverine forest and Grassland. The Salla forest was dominatedby Pinus sp.; Mixed forest was dominated by Rhododendron arboretum, Alnusnepalensis, Schima wallichii, Castanopsis indicaetc.; Riverine forest was dominated bySyzigium cumini, Prunus cerrasoides etc. and Grasssland was dominated by Ficusneriifolia, Buddleja asiaticaetc. Total density of tree species in different habitat typeswere 254.75/ha in Salla forest, 219.75/ha in Mixed forest and 190.50 in Riverine forest. Atotal of 431 pellet groups were recorded from 100 quadrates in all four habitat types (25quadrates in each). Rhesus monkey, Squirrel, Jungle cat, Ghoral, Langur, Barking deer,Rat, hare were found as main mammal species occupying the different parts of SNNP.Rhesus monkey was more abundant (1.14/quadrate) among the mammalian speciesfollowed by Squirrel, Jungle cat, Ghoral, Barking deer, Langur and Rat among therecorded mammals. Among four habitat types, Salla forest was found highly preferred(13.23%) for Rhesus monkey followed by Grassland (11.14%) for Rhesus monkey, Sallaforest (5.34%) for Squirrel, Grassland (5.10%) for Hare etc. A non-parametricSpearman’s correlation coefficient between pellet groups abundance and tree density(r =0.87) andcorrelation coefficient betweenpellet groups abundance andcanopy coverage (r= 0.86) shows that there is a high positive correlation between the pellet groupsabundance and tree density as well as canopy coverage. There were 505 reported cases of wild boar in sample areas, which is followed bymonkeys, birds, deer, rats and bear. The total visit of wildlife was 1337. The highestpercentage 32.05 of Net Area Damage of crops by Wild boar followed by deer, monkeys,rats, birds and bears 18.34, 17.11, 12.18, 10.11, and 4.42 percentages respectively. Theloss of crop from Wild boar which was the highest amount of 32432.1 kg. It was in thefirst position of ranking of crop damage. Similarly, Rat in second position whichdestroyed 14314.15 kg of crop, Monkey in third position with 13568.5 kg crop damage.Item Distribution of Soil Nematodes associated with Grapevine plant in Central Horticultural Centre (CHC), Kirtipur, Kathmandu(Central Department of Zoology, 2019) Deshar, AnuPresent study was carried out to find out the distribution of soil nematodes in the rhizosphere of grape vine (Vitis venifera) in Central Horticultural Centre, Kirtipur. Soil nematodes were extracted from 100 soil samples collected from rhizosphere soil of grape vine i.e. 50 samples each during summer and winter season. Nematodes were extracted by Cobb‟s (1918) seiving and decantation method and followed by Baermann‟s (1917) funnel method. The further processing of nematodes was done by Seinhorst‟s (1959) method in the laboratory of Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur. Altogether seven species of nematodes were isolated from grape vine rhizosphere soil samples; Tylenchorhynchus sp., Xiphinema sp., Longidorus sp., Mononchus sp., Diplogastrine sp., Rhabditis sp. and Mesorhabditis sp. . Among the isolated species, Tylenchorhynchus sp., Xiphinema sp., and Longidorus sp. were parasitic nematodes. Longidorus sp. were high in number in summer while Tylenchorhynchus sp. showed high infestation during winter season. Beside plant parasitic nematodes, predator nematodes were also isolated from the same soil samples. Mononchus sp. was found high in summer season however Diplogastrine showed no difference in both summer and winter seasons. Similarly several other free living nematodes were also isolated. Rhabditis sp. and Mesorhabditis sp. were free living nematodes equally distributed in both summer and winter seasons. In conclusion, the grape vine of Central Horticultural Centre were infected with plant parasitic nematode throughout the year. In order to increase the plant productivity treatment for plant parasitic nematode is necessary and recommended for the same.Item Distributions of Remittance: A Survey Study of Patu Village of Bardibas Municipality, Mahottari(Central Department of Rural Development, 2019) Paudel, Ram NarayanRemittance simply means transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual/family member in their own home country. Remittance thus has played significant role in the process of micro and macroeconomic development of Nepal. In this background, empirically, this study entitled “Distribution of Remittance: Survey Study of Patu Village of Bardibas Municipality” tried to analyze remittance from microeconomic perspective. In so doing, this study developed some of the specific research objectives such as to examine socio-economic status of the remittance receiving householders, to assess educational and professional status of the remitters and to analyse distributions of remittances in household economy. Methodologically, this study applied quantitative approach and survey research strategy. Required data/information were collected by applying household survey and key informant interview techniques in which survey questionnaires and interview guidelines were used as tools of the study. More specifically, survey questionnaires were filled up by 170 remittance receiving households selected by applying multistage sampling method. And interviews were conducted by six participants (i.e. key informants) selected purposively. Responding to the first objective, the study found that majorities 80 percent respondents have irrigated land but only 20 percent have food sufficiency. Similarly, 57.07 percent respondents are married male but only 20 percent are married female. And 57.06 percent respondents are living with nuclear family and 75.29 percent respondents are receiving remittance from single person. Likewise, most 27.06 percent remitters are working in Qatar and most 50 percent respondents expressed that unemployment is the major cause for foreign employment. Addressing to the second objective, the study found that most 45.88 percent remitters have completed lower secondary level education whereas only 12.94 percent mostly belong to Brahmin/Chhetri community completed Bachelor. Majorities 88 percent remitters completed vocational skills and earning more than those of unskilled. Similarly, 64.27 percent respondents are enrolling their children in private schools and changing their medical services in which traditional healing system is dramatically decreased from 34.11 percent to 8.23 percent. Explaining to the third objective, the study found that most 44 percent remitters earn NRs 35,000 to 45,000 monthly. And 38.24 percent are using banking service while sending remittance in which 31.74 percent remitters are sending quarterly, 8.82 percent monthly and least 6 percent are not yet sending. Likewise, most 28.82 percent respondents used remittance to build house, 34.84 percent are investing in commercial farming, and 21.17 percent are investing in micro entrepreneurship. Similarly, 38.82 percent respondents are also providing donations (philanthropy) in community/social levels and most 41.17 percent respondents are expensing NRs > 40,000 monthly. All in all, this study comes up with the conclusion that remittance in particular help to improve living standard of the remittance receiving households. Even investing trend of remittance in commercial farming, local business, micro entrepreneurship and philanthropy also have been increasing. Therefore, findings of the study can be applied equally in knowledge level, practical level and policy level as well.Item Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates in Modi River System, Gandaki Province, Nepal(Department of Botany, 2022) Ghimire, BabitaIn the face of several stressors in Modi River system, this research was conducted with the aim of assessing diversity and distribution patterns of benthic macroinvertebrates along the altitudinal gradient including the ecological health of a River system. Benthic macroinvertebrates sampling was conducted in 20 different (13-river's mainstem and 7- tributaries) following a multi-habitat sampling approach based on Moog (2007). Macroinvertebrates were collected by kicking the substrate or jabbing with a D-frame dip net and transferred into labeled vials and preserved in 99.9% ethanol for sorting and identification in the lab. Threats were identified from direct observation and key informant interview. Taxa richness was assessed using Shannon Diversity Index, Simpson Diversity Index, and Evenness. Similarly, Shapiro-Wilk normality test, One way ANOVA, Turkey HSD test and Wilcoxon pair test were conducted to know the difference between groups. R studio (1.2.5 version) and CANOCO (4.5 version) was used for statistical analysis. In total, 40 families belonging to 10 orders were recorded in the study area. 29 families belonging to eight orders were recorded in river’s mainstem while 39 families belonging to 9 orders were recorded in tributaries. Lowest numbers of taxa were recorded at higher elevations of both river (9 families at 1654m) and tributaries (14 families at 1719m). Among 40 families, order Diptera has the highest family richness. Turkey HSD test showed taxa richness between 1550-1800m and 1050-1300m (p=0.0004), and 15501800m and 1350-1500m (p=0.0389) differ significantly. Taxa richness is highest at the elevation of 1050-1300m and lowest at 1550-1800m. Similarly, Shannon Diversity index is highest in the sampling sites located at 1265m elevation and lowest at 1533m. Test Showed that the diversity index differs significantly (p=0.049) with altitude. Wilcoxon pair test did not show the difference in the Simpsons Diversity Index between river's mainstem and tributaries (p=0.195). Likewise, RDA diagram showed the temperature as the most important variable governing the BMI composition . Furthermore, river's mainstem are less polluted than the tributaries. Hydropower construction, sewage, sand and stone quarry, waste dumping, bathing and washing were the major threats for the river system. Keywords: Benthic macroinvertebrates, freshwater, diversity, distribution, stressorsItem Diversity, Abundance and Distribution of Small Mammals in Forest Patches of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2020) Budhathoki, SitalIn Nepal, researches on small mammals are mainly conducted in unaltered habitats such as national parks, high altitudinal forests and grasslands, located far from human settlements. However, forest patches in urban environments also have potentiality for supporting small mammals, providing them with shelter, resources and space for breeding. This study was aimed at exploring diversity, abundance and distribution of small mammals in forest patches of Kathmandu valley. Three sites were selected for the study namely Ranibari community forest, Swayambhunath hillock and Coronation garden. Methods employed were Direct Observation, Roost Survey and Line Transect. Field survey was conducted in June-July, 2019. In selected sites, 250 m transect was established and 25 live traps (Local, Sherman and Tube) were set for capturing species. Trapped individuals were measured, marked and released at the site. Data were analyzed by using MICROSOFT EXCEL 2010, PAST and CANOCO. From a survey of 625 trap nights, 61 individuals representing six species, three orders and four families were identified. Abundance was higher from Ranibari Community Forest having rich floristic constituent. Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) was the most dominant species. Shannon Weiner diversity index revealed moderate diversity (1.26). Diversity pattern was clumped in study areas owing to uneven distribution of resources in natural environment. Species response to five environmental parameters showed significant relation in Ranibari community forest (F=2.446, P=0.018) and Coronation garden (F=2.75 P=0.05), whereas it was insignificant in Swayambhunath hillock (F=1.60 P=0.17). These results suggested that small mammals in urban forest patches were influenced by ground cover, distribution of resources and environmental parameters. Therefore, research on small mammals is suggested to be conducted in other forest fragments in Kathmandu Valley.Item Ecology and impact of an invasive weed Ageratina Adnophora in central Nepal(Institute of Science and Technology, Botany, 2021) Poudel, Anju SharmaInvasive alien species (IAS) have been increasing at an alarming rate all around the globe with significant negative impacts on the environment, ecosystem services, human health and socio-economy. Therefore, understanding the ecological features of IAS invasion mechanisms, potential shift in climatically suitable regions of IAS under future climate change scenarios, and factors influencing abundance of their biological control agents is an urgent need to better inform the management policies and practices. In this study, ecological features such as distribution (current and future), functional traits variation along the elevation gradient, ecological impacts, and influence of abiotic factor (elevation) on the abundance of a biocontrol agent of a noxious invasive weed Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) R. King & H. Robinson were analyzed in central Nepal. Maxent model was used to predict the suitable areas of A. adenophora in Chitwan Annapurna Landscape (CHAL), Nepal under current and three future climate change trajectories based on three representative concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) in two different time periods (2050 and 2070) using occurrence data of the species in the study region, climatic variables, and topographic features. To analyze the change in area invaded by A. adenophora from the year 1990-2018 in CHAL, Landsat images were used and knowledge-based image classification technique of remote sensing was applied assigning seven rules (elevation, landuse, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), digital number, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall). Furthermore, spatial distribution of A. adenophora was assessed in small area of interests viz. Mahadevbesi (Dhading district), Sarangkot (Kaski district) and Ghasikuwa (Tanahun district) using both low spatial and spectral resolution (Landsat) and high spatial and spectral resolution (Worldview-2) images to find out the more accurate multispectral sensors. Six functional traits namely Specific leaf area (SLA), Leaf nitrogen content (LNC), number of floral heads per ramet, total seeds per floral head, seed size and seed mass of A. adenophora were taken into consideration for analyzing their variation along the elevation gradient of 240 2965 m asl in central Nepal. Changes in species richness, species diversity, species composition and soil chemical characteristics (Organic carbon, Total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) due to A. adenophora invasion was studied at two sites (Chandragiri and Simbhanjyang) in Middle Mountain region. Role of elevation on the abundance of a biocontrol agent, i.e., Procecidochares utilis Stone and on size of gall formed by this gall fly was explored. Furthermore, the effect of this agent on the stem diameter of the weed, and the capacity of the gall to act as nutrient sink was further analysed. Minimum temperature in the coldest month (bio 6) was the most important variable affecting the distribution of A. adenophora. About 38% of the CHAL area is currently climatically suitable for the weed, Middle Mountain being the most suitable one. A vii predicted increase in suitable area under future climate scenarios ranged from 1-2 % from the current suitable areas. All protected areas and three physiographic regions (Siwaliks, High Mountains and High Himalaya) are likely to gain climatically suitable areas in future climate scenarios. The upper elevational distribution limit of the weed is expected to expand by 31-48 m in future climate scenarios. The area invaded by A. adeophora increased from 0.22% in 1990 to 4.55 % in 2018. Multispectral sensors, i.e., Worldview-2 images had higher accuracy in comparison to Landsat images and provided a better scenario of species distribution. SLA, LNC, number of floral heads per ramet and total seeds per floral head decreased with the increasing elevation along the elevation gradient of 500 2500 m asl. However, different trend in functional traits was observed along elevation gradient of 1500-2530 m asl. Seed size and seed mass increased with the increasing elevation at all sites along the elevation gradients. A trade-off was noticed between seed size and seed number indicating the strategy of the weed to adapt to low temperatures at high elevations. Ageratina adenophora reduced the species richness as well as species diversity in the invaded sites. Shannons diversity index in non-invaded plots was 1.9 times higher than in invaded plots. Similarly, diversity index in non-invaded plots was 1.6 times higher than in invaded plots. Invasion by A. adenophora also caused significant change in species composition. difference in species composition between invaded and noninvaded plots. Furthermore, A. adenophora invasion increased the carbon and nitrogen content in the invaded plots. However, A. adenophora invasion had no effect on phosphorus and potassium concentration. Site-specific variation in the impact of A. adenophora was noticed. Elevation had a significant effect on the gall abundance as well as gall size. Both gall abundance and size peaked at mid elevation (1950-2000 m asl). Stem galling by the fly reduced the stem diameter of the weed and all the three nutrients (N, P and K) were higher in galls than in ungalled stems. This study indicates that the elevation is an important abiotic factor that influences the P. utilis stem gall abundance and gall size. Furthermore, the galls formed by P. utilis act as nutrient sinks. In conclusion, probability of range expansion and upslope movement as revealed by niche models and functional trait studies suggests for a need to prevent further spread of the weed in the study area. Significant negative impact on plant community and soil chemical characteristics reported in this study also emphasizes for a prompt action and management interventions to be adopted by scientific community and resource managers. As the study revealed that insect gall abundance is affected by elevation and peaks at mid-elevation range, this knowledge on gall dynamics is central to the successful management of the weed through the use of biological control agents. Keywords: Invasive species, Distribution, Functional traits, Impact, BiocontrolItem Ecophysiological study of Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban of Nepal(Department of Botany, 2011) Devkota, Anjanavii Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, commonly known as Indian Pennywort, is an important ethnomedicinal plant of tropical to subtropical region. It is a clonal perennial herb with a wide range of enthomedicinal uses such as blood purifier, memory enhancer, anticancer, antidepressive etc. Distribution pattern, abundance, life history traits, leaf nitrogen content, genetic diversity of population, and quantification of eight secondary metabolites of 21 populations of Centella asiatica from different habitats and regions of Nepal were studied. Effects of different environmental factors (moisture, soil texture, light and shading) and integrated manuring on growth traits and yield of C. asiatica were determined in pot-grown plants treated under randomized block design. Centella asiatica grows in a wide range of habitats from shady grassland, open grassland, to open agricultural land in tropical to temperate area in Nepal. In terms of density and plant biomass, partially shaded grassland was the most suitable natural habitat for C. asiatica. Density and biomass yields varied significantly with habitat types, with mean value of 72.53 pl/m 2 and 37.95 g/m 2 , respectively. The flowering peak was recorded in April-June and it little varies in different habitats. The freshly collected seeds had the highest viability which declined progressively as the duration of storage increased. Pretreatment like soaking seeds with GA 3 prior to sowing reduced the time required for initiation of germination. Seed germination of C. asiatica was affected adversely by salinity. Aqueous extract of some invasive plants viz. Chromolaena odorata, Parthenium hysterophorus, Ageratum conyzoides and Xanthium strumarium had inhibitory effects on germination, which threaten the population density of C. asiatica in nature. The pot experiment with different moisture levels (125% FWC (surplus water), 100% FWC, 70% FWC and 30% FWC) showed that the dry matter production and yield in Centella asiatica was highest in 100% FWC, followed by 70% due to higher growth characteristics such as number of primary branches, leaves, and leaf chlorophyll contents. Growth under four levels of shade (0, 30, 50 and 70%) showed that dry matter production and yield was significantly higher in 30% shade, followed by 50 %. Asiatic acid was significantly higher in 70% shading. There was no significant effect of shading on other measured secondary metabolites. Growth traits and yield of C. viii asiatica was significantly higher in sandy loam soil than clay-loam and pure sand. All measured secondary metabolites were significantly higher in sand than in clay-loam and sandy loam. The pot experiment with different integrated manuring conditions (Urea: FYM, 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; 0:100; and control - no manure) showed higher yield and better growth traits of Centella asiatica in integrated manuring . Concentration of all secondary metabolites measured in present study was significantly higher in open agricultural land than in shady and open grasslands. Mean concentration of asiaticoside, the most important bioactive component of C. asiatica, was 1.8% (dw). Concentration of secondary metabolites was higher in samples from central Nepal than western and eastern Nepal. Asiaticoside content was inversely related with the altitude of samples collected. Asiaticoside content was higher in samples collected from 150600 m asl. Thus, a negative correlation was observed between altitude and asiaticoside content while the opposite was for quercetin-3-O- glucuronide content. Concentration of secondary metabolites was higher in wild than in transplanted samples. Essential oil yield of Centella asiatica from different habitats ranged from 0.10 (open grassland) to 0.12% (shady grassland). Total yield of essential oil was higher in samples from partially shaded habitat, but concentration of major components was higher in open agricultural land. Genetic diversity study of 21 different populations of Centella asiatica was carried out by morphological and molecular marker (RAPD). Morphological characters were significantly different among 21 populations. Two distinct morpho-types of Centella asiatica were clearly distinguished in dendrogram based on morphology; one with small leaves, dentate to serrate margin, and creeping form, and the other with large leaves, crenate to entire margin, and erect form. Molecular marker data showed similarity coefficient from 0.52-0.91 among the population indicating a moderate diversity of C. asiatica in Nepal. In conclusion, morphology, genetic character and active phytochemicals in Centella asiatica at different habitats and ecological regions of Nepal varied. Transplanted samples had lower amount of secondary metabolites than in wild samples. Key Words:Item A Study of Food System Characterization in Rapti -Tinau and Banganga River Basin of Western Region of Nepal(Central Department of Rural Development, 2008) Rai, Deeb RajFood system is dynamic. It interacts between and within the biogeophysical and human environments that result in the production, processing, distribution, preparation and consumption of food. Socioeconomic and biogeophysical factors both determine food security. Three principal component encompass (i) food availability (production, distribution, and exchange), (ii) food access (affordability, allocation and preference), and (iii) food utilization (nutritional value, social value, and food safety). Climate probably has the greatest effect on production and distribution. The study aimed to find out the food production under water stress and food security. Survey tools and PRA tools were used for primary data collection. A total of 303 households were surveyed, 20 FGDs were held and 10 key informants were interviewed. Gender role was discussed in 10 separate groups. Major summer crops such as paddy, sugarcane, pulses, and vegetables are exposed to floods, sand casting and erosion during the monsoon. Traditional method of farming is sensitive to water stresses. There is no regulation for crop production and no regulation for processing and packaging exists. The Price is very sensitive to water stress. Prices of commodities go up during the monsoon season and dry season. Unserviceable roads, damaged infrastructures and swollen rivers make mobility difficult during the monsoon. Food prices fluctuate depending upon the market forces. About 99 percent of the households prefer rice as staple food. To avoid storage loss, farmers' sale food immediately after harvest, save money to buy food. The stress remains sensitive to water stress for three months of the rainy season. Key words: Food system, Food access, Production Nutritional and social Value, Food Safety, Affordability, Allocation, Preference, Distribution, Exchange,Item A Study of the Distribution and Abundance of the Adult Culex Mosquitoes in Ten Villages in Chitwan District Nepal(Central Department of Zoology, 2009) Neupane, Vaijayanti DeviThe present study, aimed to determine the distribution of different Culex mosquito species on 10 village (5 VDCs) of Chitwan District, to determine the indoor and outdoor resting species presented in the study area and their relative density, to assess seasonal changes; to determine vector abundance and species composition in the study area and to determine the resting habit of mosquito species, was carried out from August-September, 2007 to March-April, 2008 in Chitwan District. During the study period, a total of 1197 Culex species were recorded. About 12 species were reported in post monsoon and only 5 species in pre monsoon season. A total of 718 and 479 Culex samples were collected from post monsoon and pre monsoon season. Highest samples (n=279) were collected from human dwelling and (n=226) from cattle shed in post monsoon and pre monsoon season respectively. Among 4 month September is most preferable month for the distribution of Culex species. About 12 species were recorded in September from Bramhapuri village (Patihani VDC) of Western Chitwan. Culex quinquefasciatus was most abundant species about 26.90% and 18.71% was recorded in post monsoon and pre monsoon season respectively. The indoor resting density (human) was highest (9.33) at 27.25ºc in post-monsoon, and lowest (0.72) at 21.75ºc in pre monsoon at Champanagar village. Highest indoor resting density of cattle (5.55) at 22ºc in Suryapur and lowest (0.70) was in Kholesimal at 25.37ºc in post monsoon. Highest outdoor density (0.22) at 22.5ºc was in Kholesimal and lowest (0) at 21.5ºc in Champanagar village in pre monsoon. Resting habit of Culex mimulus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was infinitive in post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively. Highest room density of Cx. quinuefasciatus (6.5) was recorded from Champanagar in post monsoon. The number of mosquitoes is positively correlated with temperature. The number of mosquitoes collected in post monsoon survey and pre monsoon survey is dependent. Effect of seasonal change, temperature, surrounding vegetation, monthly variation for distribution of mosquito species and their resting density is discussed.Item A Study on Distribution Of Pharmacuetical Products In Rupandehi, District Nepal(Faculty of Management, 2012-03) Senchuri, SunilN/A