Browsing by Subject "Diversity index"
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Item Diversity of macrofungi and nutrient analysis of selected wild edible mushrooms in Thulo Ban Community Forest.of Arjam, Myagdi District(Department of Botany, 2022) Shrestha, ShashiMacrofungi are Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes members that produce mature spore-bearing and morphologically distinct fruiting bodies. They grow either above ground (epigenous) or underground (hypogenous) in nature. They are key player conservation of forest ecosystems and biodiversity. The current study deals with the diversity of macrofungi in the subtropical mixed forest of Myagdi district. Survey was conducted from the end of June to the beginning of September 2020. Macrofungi were sampled using a systematic random procedure at altitudes ranging from 1250- 1450 meters above sea level. The sampling was done by using a 10×10m quadrat in three transects at the distance of 100 m, and a total of 18 plots were made. Distance between each plot was approximately 50 m. A total of 70 macrofungal taxa were collected. Among them, 60 were identified at the species level, and 10 were identified at the generic level belonging to 26 different families and 12 orders. Russulaceae was found to be the most dominant family with 16 species whereas Mycena sp. was found to be much denser with value 11.88 % and Cantharellus cibarius was much frequent species containing 44.44 %. The Shannon diversity index was 3.49 and Simpson index was 0.95. The study analyze the nutrient content of three wild edible mushrooms namely Cantharellus cibarius, Laccaria laccata, and Scleroderma cepa commonly consume by the local people of Arjam, Myagdi district. In total, 13 parameters were analyzed such as ash, carbohydrate, fat, moisture, protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc. Test method used for ash was ignition whereas carbohydrate was done by calculation method, fat was done by soxhlet extraction, moisture was done by oven dry method, protein was done by kjeldahl digestion method similarly carbohydrate, calcium and magnesium was done by titration method and phosphorous were done by spectrophotometric method and iron, manganese, copper, zinc and potassium were done by AAS method. All macro and micro nutrient composition were determined on a dry weight basis. Ash, carbohydrate, fat, moisture, and protein ranges from 7.05-13.38%, 61.8971.37%, 0.78-1.41%, 12.37-13.63% and 23.33-24.47% whereas calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium ranges from 0.13-0.15, 0.09-0.11µg/g, 0.25-0.33 µg/g and 0.41-3.40 µg/g similarly copper, iron, manganese and zinc ranges from 2.40-30.94 µg/g, 0.08-0.20 µg/g, 12.29-16.06 µg/g and 45.70-77.34 µg/g.Item FISH DIVERSITY OF RAPTI RIVER, CHITWAN, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) TAMANG, SAGARThe present study was conducted in Rapti River of Chitwan District located between latitudes of 27°20’ to 27°52’N and longitudes of 83°55’ to 84°52’E. The field visit was conducted from 23rd February to 28th June, 2020. Samples were collected from four stations, i.e. Manahari, Lothar, Kumroj and Sauraha for fishes and physicochemical parameters such as water temperature, DO, water velocity and pH. Fishes were collected with the help of well-trained local fisherman, by using a cast net of varying mesh sizes (6mm, 2cm). A total of 36 fish species were collected belonging to 5 orders, 11 families and 24 genera. The Cypriniformes was the dominant order with 24 species representing 65.71% of the total collection, followed by Siluriformes (8 species, 22.85%) and Anabantiformes (2 species, 5.7%). Each of Beloniformes and Synbranchiformes was collected a single species representing 2.85 % respectively. The highest species richness (9) was recorded at Kumroj and lowest species (3) at Manahari in rainy season. Similarly, the highest species richness (8) was recorded at Manahari and the lowest species (4) at Sauraha in winter season. The Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index was high at Kumroj (1.588) and low at Manhari (1.055) in rainy season. It is high at Kumroj (1.588) and low at Lothar (1.298) in winter. In rainy season, the highest Simpson diversity index (0.75) was found at Sauraha and the lowest (0.611) was at Lothar. In winter, the highest Simpson diversity index (0.768) was found at Kumroj and the lowest (0.702) was at Lothar. In rainy season, the highest Margalef’s index (2.09) was found in Kumroj and the lowest (1.243) was at Manhari. In winter, the highest Margalef’s index (2.164) was found at Sauraha and the lowest (0.965) was found at Lothar. Dissolved oxygen was recorded as the highest (11.5 mg/l) at Manhari and lowest (8.3 mg/l) at Sauraha in winter season. The dissolved oxygen was comparatively lower in rainy season which ranged from 7.4 mg/l (Sauraha) to 9.8 mg//l (Lothar). The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed a strong positive association between species like Barilius barila, B. bendelisis, B. modestus, C. jaya, and T. tor with DO. C. chagunio was found to be negatively associated with pH and the remaining species however showed the average association. It is evident that systematic research on regular interval of time basis is crucial to have more reliable data on fish diversity status. Long term research covering more seasons and more water quality parameters is highly recommended in this river in future.Item Forest Structure and Regeneration of Quercus semecarpifolia in Api-Nampa Conservation area, Nepal(Amrit Campus, 2022-07-19) Joshi, Daya KrishnaHimalayan forest is dominated by different species of Oaks (Quercus spp.) at different altitudes. This work was carried out to study the forest structure and regeneration of Q. semecarpifolia along altitudinal gradient in Api-Nmpa Conservation Area. The vegetation data was collected from a total of 48 number of 20×20 m square quadrat for tree species in which plots were established at lower limit of Q. semecarpifolia i.e. 2489 masl to uppermost limit i.e 3636 masl. The Shrubs and tree saplings including lianas were recorded from the nested plot sized by 25 m2 and herbs and tree seedlings from the quadrat size of 4 m2 . Importance Value Index (IVI) of tree, shrub and herb species, distribution pattern of seedlings and saplings, and soil attributes were analyzed. Regeneration was assessed by density - diameter curve. Fourty eight soil samples were taken for laboratory analysis. A total of 188 species of woody and non woody species belonging to 67 families were recorded. Tree species richness in the forest decreased with increasing elevation. The most frequent and dense tree species in the forest was Q. semecarpifolia with important value index percent of about 19% (IVI=56) and it was present in 80% of the sampling plots. IP of Q. semecarpifolia in the lower elevation range was 8% and in middle and upper range 17% and 41% respectively. Seedling and sapling were present in 30.2% and 75% of sample plot in the forest. The tree density of Q. semecarpifolia in the forest area was 235stem/ha with basal area 42.22 m2 /hectare. Seedling and sapling density of Quercus semecarpifolia in the forest was 4010 stem/ha and 1058 stem/ha. All the tree, sapling and seedling density and basal area of Q. semecarpifolia were higher in the higher elevations. The average maximum DBH of Q. semecarpifolia was 46.72 cm and average maximum height was 18.61 m. Q. semecarpifolia above 2800 m elevation showed sustainable regeneration as evident from reverse J shaped curve. However it below 2800 m elevation showed weak regeneration as evident from bell shaped curve. Altitude was the main factor for unequal distribution of species along the altitude. Soil nutrient such as nitrogen and potassium showed positive but insignificant relationship with seedlings and saplings.Item Forest Structure and Regeneration of Quercus semecarpifolia in Api-Nampa Conservation Area, Nepal(Faculty of Botany, 2020) Joshi, DayakrishnaHimalayan forest is dominated by different species of Oaks (Quercus spp.) at different altitudes. This work was carried out to study the forest structure and regeneration of Q. semecarpifolia along altitudinal gradient in Api-Nampa Conservation Area. The vegetation data was collected from a total of 48 number of 20×20 m square quadrat for tree species in which plots were established at lower limit of Q. semecarpifolia i.e. 2489 masl to uppermost limit i.e 3636 masl. The Shrubs and tree saplings including lianas were recorded from the nested plot sized by 25 m 2 and herbs and tree seedlings from the quadrat size of 4 m 2 . Importance Value Index (IVI) of tree, shrub and herb species, distribution pattern of seedlings and saplings, and soil attributes were analyzed. Regeneration was assessed by density - diameter curve. Fourty-eight soil samples were taken for laboratory analysis. A total of 188 species of woody and non-woody species belonging to 67 families were recorded. Tree species richness in the forest decreased with increasing elevation. The most frequent and dense tree species in the forest was Q. semecarpifolia with important value index percent of about 19% (IVI=56) and it was present in 80% of the sampling plots. IP of Q. semecarpifolia in the lower elevation range was 8% and in middle and upper range 17% and 41% respectively. Seedling and sapling were present in 30.2% and 75% of sample plot in the forest. The tree density of Q. semecarpifolia in the forest area was 235stem/ha with basal area 42.22 m 2 /hectare. Seedling and sapling density of Quercus semecarpifolia in the forest was 4010 stem/ha and 1058 stem/ha. All the tree, sapling and seedling density and basal area of Q. semecarpifolia were higher in the higher elevations. The average maximum DBH of Q. semecarpifolia was 46.72 cm and average maximum height was 18.61 m. Q. semecarpifolia above 2800 m elevation showed sustainable regeneration as evident from reverse J shaped curve. However it below 2800 m elevation showed weak regeneration as evident from bell shaped curve. Altitude was the main factor for unequal distribution of species along the altitude. Soil nutrient such as nitrogen and potassium showed positive but insignificant relationship with seedlings and saplings.