Browsing by Subject "Earthquakes"
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Item Build Back Better: What Is It, and What Should It Be?(2019-12) ADB; Noy, Ilan; Ferrarini, Benno; Park, DonghyunItem Disaster Risk Management in Nepal: A Case Study from Selected Hospitals of Kathmandu Valley(Department of Sociology, 2008) Upreti, NivaNepal is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. According to a study conducted by UNDP/BCPR, Nepal stands at 11 th and 30 th respectively with regard to relative vulnerability to earthquake and flood among 200 countries around the world. Kathmandu Valley which, is located in the earthquake-prone area, has experience of several devastating earthquakes in the past. Based on the historical records many experts believe that a major earthquake similar to that of 1934 AD (IX MMI intensity) can occur anytime. Today, earthquake risk in Kathmandu Valley is increasing due to rapid population growth and high density, increasing unsafe construction practices, low level of awareness and unplanned urbanization. According to the study carried out by the National Society for Earthquake Technology Nepal (NSET) under the Kathmandu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Project (KVERMP), an earthquake with similar level of shaking as that of 1934 AD earthquake today would result into approximately 40, 000 deaths and 95, 000 injuries in the Kathmandu Valley (Dixit et al., 1999). Hence, this study focuses on assessment of the status of preparedness and earthquake response capacities of health related institutions, agencies and hospitals system operating in Kathmandu Valley and draws conclusion for enhancing the preparedness. All together, 41 major hospitals from Kathmandu district (29 hospitals), Lalitpur district (7 hospitals), and Bhaktapur districts (5 hospitals) were surveyed as sample hospitals. The target hospitals were the government, as well as private ones. Different health related institutions / agencies located in the valley were inquired to identify their efforts in disaster risk management. Primary data was collected from the hospitals with the help of structured questionnaire. Personal interviews and Telephone interviews were also used as a method of data collection. A majority (71%) of the hospitals are located in the core urban area inside the Ring Road of the valley. There are a very small number of hospitals with small capacities in Bhaktapur District. Large part of the rural Village Development Committees (VDC) of the valley has no hospitals except one hospital located at Sankhu, at Kathmandu District. Two of other hospitals located at Jorpati, are very close to Kathmandu Metropolitan. Hence, large part of VDCs in the valley are dependent on primary health care centres, health post and sub-health post that usually suffer from insufficient health resources both in terms of human and medical iv Disaster Risk Management in Nepal: A Case Study from selected hospitals of Kathmandu Valley supplies. The existing number of beds available in the valley is 4,900 and with the addition of extra bed and mattress, the emergency state capacity increases to 5,400. This number of available beds is extremely low as compare to number of victims due to an earthquake of VIII or IX MMI intensity where nearly 1,00,000 to 1,50,000 injuries is expected. The number of doctors available in the hospitals is difficult to calculate, as there is no systematic association of doctors with the hospitals. However, it is calculated to be around 2,050 doctors and 2, 500 nursing staffs. It is also found that VDCs are more vulnerable with unavailability of doctors (with only one doctor is present in Primary Health Care Centre) during any major disasters. Other major surgical facilites like operation theatre (132) , ICU (88), X-rays (86), blood banks (11) and ambulances (60) in number seems to be extremely insuffecient for any huge earthquake disaster. Similarly availability of other critical lifeline facilites in the hospitals such as water supply, electricity, communication is likey to suffer during major earthquake. However, all hospitals have backup generator and many (50 percent) with suffecient alternative water supply system such as boring. Very few hospitals (24 percent) have suffcient space outside the hospitals. Almost all hospital administrators consulted during survey lack any formal classes, training, workshop etc. on disaster risk management. 32 hospitals (78 percent) lack disaster management plan and out of 9 hospitals (22 percent) having disaster management plan, only 6 hospitals have conducted drill to test the plan. In general, capacities for preparedness and response during disaster have started being developed in health sector of Kathmandu Valley although much effort is required to improve the present situation. The existing hospital capacity will be extremely insufficient for huge earthquake of VIII or IX MMI intensity where the injuries is estimated to be around 1,00,000 to 1,50,000 in number. Efforts are being made by government, non-government, institutions / agencies, international bodies, UN systems and hospitals to enhance preparedness and capacities and of the health sector in the valley as well as throughout the country.Item Eathquake 2015: Its Impact On Human Life And Challenges In Resilince Sociological Analysis Of Dukuchhap Village, Lalitpur(Department of Sociology, 2018-08) Rai, Indra DeviN/AItem Impact of Earthquake - 2015 on vulnerable populations in Nepal(Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Population Studies, 2023) Mabuhang, BalkrishnaThe purpose of the study is to unravel the impact of earthquakes on vulnerable populations. The impact of the quake is literally measured in different perspectives- social, physical, economic, demographic, and esthetic; however, this study covers to impinging of an earthquake on vulnerable groups or populations from socio-demographic and cultural perspectives. Hazards, vulnerability, and risk are all uniquely intertwined in the development of death and destruction from disasters. Almost 82 years back, the earthquake in April 2015 triggered the disaster with its epicenter at Barpak; Gorkha situated about 80 kilometers to the North- West from Kathmandu. The moment magnitude of 7.8 MW, with a depth of about 10-15 kilometers down to earth created waves that lasted for almost 50 seconds recorded, followed by numerous aftershocks that hit many lives and physical amenities very severely. Nepal Government has produced a report on Post Disaster Need Assessment (PDNA) in almost two and half months of the aftermath of the earthquake measured death tolled 8,790 casualties and 22,300 injuries along with lives affected about eight million. Of 75 districts, thirty-one districts were affected, out of which 14 districts declared: 7 mountain districts as ‘severely hit,’ and 7 hill districts including Kathmandu Valley as ‘crisis-hit,’ to prioritize rescue and relief operations. The report also says that the death toll of young people could have been much higher considering that nearly 7,000 schools were completely or significantly damaged. But fortunately, the day was Saturday- all schools both private and public were closed for a weakly official holiday in Nepal. Besides children, the elderly, single women-headed households, and all populations were at a high risk of exposure to the disaster victims. Natural hazard including earthquake does not go along with the line of age, gender, social, cultural, or ethnic settlements; rather it hits disproportionately. But the impact on the affected population lasts for an extended period and varies with a spectrum of vulnerable populations to affluent and accessible populations. This study uses two data sets- ‘Nepal Earthquake, 2015: A Socio-demographic Impact Study: With reference to 14 most affected districts,’ which was carried out by the Central Department of Population Studies in 2015, and a study on, ‘Community Resilience,’ which was conducted by Central Department of Anthropology (CDA) in 2020. Quantitative data sources are triangulated with qualitative information collected during both survey research. This study has employed descriptive data analysis along with ꭓ2 – test and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. Study findings show that there is a clear discrepancy between socio-economically, culturally, and demographically between dominant populations and vulnerable groups. The findings apparently show the impact with the spectrum where the head of households of severely hit districts, rural families, female-headed households, agricultural occupation, no education or at least primary, Christians in religious, and Dalit (hill) and other hill Janajati groups were very badly hit while head of the households of Kathmandu Valley districts, urban families, male-headed households, salaried wageworkers, head of the households with tertiary education, Hindu religion, and Brahmin and Newar ethnic groups are less likely to be impacted. However, the community resilience survey shows that the recovery revealed just the reverse. Descriptive analysis clearly shows the relationship that recovery is taking place even in vulnerable populations, but whether it statistically significant or not multivariate linear regression is applied. The result shows the positive relationship that the recovery is well explained by the different categories of explaining variables. Multivariate linear regression analysis is adopted to show the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Vulnerable populations in general and Dalit communities, in particular, were found to be brought back better than their counterpart who were less likely to be impacted by the earthquake. In the context of Nepal, an own house building is the hallmark indicator of household loss in the disaster, and a gain after 5 years of individual, as well as state support, satisfactorily can be measured as the best indicator of recovery. In the study, a dependent variable such as the opinion of households asked that satisfied with the recovery measures or building back the house building. Cross-variate analysis showed pretty good. However Multivariate linear regression analysis also indicated a significant relationship between the dependent variable with the Earthquake Affected Domains, Gender, Education, Religion, and Caste/ ethnicity. The novel findings of the study are that the vulnerable groups- hill Dalit and Janajati got better brought back after 5 years in recovery than the other groups. The plausible reason is that the disparity between the vulnerable groups and their counterparts was huge before the disaster. The disaster hit disproportionately, but the former experienced worse than the latter. Under the reconstruction measure, both the vulnerable groups and their counterparts found recovery more or less the same yield better to the former. In other words, the gap was larger before the quake, disaster hit equally, and the reconstruction measures adopted brought a small gap between vulnerable groups and their counterparts. By caste\ ethnic groups, other hill-ethnic minor groups account for 91 percent completely lost their house. Similarly, households with Christianity in religious faith also account for 92.5 percent; the highest number of houses\huts damaged which is slightly greater than hill ethnic minor groups. As far as the recovery is concerned, the highest proportion of Rai ethnic groups (56.5%) reported that they were fully satisfied followed by Chepang (53.3%). Whereas Majhi reported the least percentage (6.1%) fully satisfied.Item Microfinance for Disaster Recovery: Lessons from the 2015 Nepal Earthquake(2019-05) ADB; Dhakal, Nara Hari; Simkhada, Nav Raj; Ozaki, MayumiItem Population Vulnerability for Earthquake Hazard: A Case Study of Ilam Municipality(Department of Geography, 2008) Sapkota, Dila RamNot AvailableItem Propagation of Positive Effects of Postdisaster Policies through Supply Chains: Evidence from the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami(2020-01) Kashiwagi, Yuzuka; Todo, YasuyukiItem Responsiveness of the Ngos in Post-Disaster Situation(Central Department of Rural Development Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 2016) Wagle, BikalaItem Socio-Economic Impactof 2015 Earthquake in Nepal(Central Department of Economics Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2016) Acharya, Santosh