Browsing by Subject "Economic conditions"
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Item An Analysis of Public Debt in Nepal(Central Department of Economics Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu, Nepal, 2017-06) SILWAL, RITAItem Governance, corruption, and capital outflow and underdevelopment in Nepal(Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences ,Sociology, 2023) Ghimire, Dipesh KumarAvailable with full textItem Impact study on Re-Settlement and Livelihood Development Program for Abolished Kamaiya (A Case Study of Rajapur Delta, Bardiya District)(Department of Rural Development, 2006) Gautam, AmarThe Kamaiya system, which was the residue of the slave system, remains prevalent in the agricultural sector in Nepal. In particular, this system was found in some six districts of Terai of the mid and far Western Development Regions of Nepal. In July 17, 2000, Government of Nepal took a historical and bold stride by announcing complete liberation to all Kamaiyas from their age-old bondage relation. Thus the practice of bonded labour system has been declared illegal. The study on “Impact study on Re-Settlement and Livelihood Development Program for Abolished Kamaiya” was conducted in Rajapur Delta 11VDC of Bardiya district during the months of Sept-Oct of 2006. The main objectives of the study were. To identify the housing and current settlement pattern of freed Kamaiya. To determine the Livelihood Development Program for these Kamaiyas. To assess the economic conditions (property, Wealth, income, occupation and the likes) of the Kamaiyas. To find out the recommendation for Poverty reduction and re-settlement of Kamaiya. Both exploratory and descriptive research design were chosen for this study. Both primary and secondary data were collected through various sociological tools and techniques such as questionnaires, observation, focus group discussions. Randomly 116 Kamaiyas’ households from 35 resettlement camps of 6 VDC of Rajapur delta was selected as sample. The data were analyzed using simple frequency table and cross tables. Computer software programme is used for data analysis. From the study it was found that before liberation most of the Kamaiya families used to live in joint family but now they live in nuclear family. Before the liberation they were deprived from the educational opportunity but now they have started to send their children to school and even they go to the literacy classes. The accepted land to freed Kamaiyas is not as enough as it can sustain their life from its own agricultural products. Government has been providing funds in low interest rate to fulfill the required money for their income generating professions. In terms of agricultural input like fertilizer, improved seeds, pesticides, the adoptive level of freed Kamaiyas has not been encouraging. The government has been also providing funds under the Kamaiya Tatha Britti Bikash Kryakram and timber per family in order to construct house to ex-Kamaiyas receiving red card. The support providing to them is not sufficient to build houses according to their family size. Awareness of health and sanitation in Kamaiyas’ family is now better then before. After the liberation Kamaiyas of the study are in much better condition then in past. However, the conditions are not so much convincing. Without proper homework and planning Kamaiyas are still landless and jobless facing hands to mouth problemItem Poverty in Rural Nepal (A Case Study of Baluwa VDC, Ward No.9, Kathmandu District)(Department of Rural Development, 2009) Budhathoki, KuberAt present, the poverty has become crucial element causing so many disturbances to the human being and nature. All types of evils such as dissatisfaction, anger, anxiety, desperation etc. are emerged from poverty. Poverty is multidimensional phenomenon. Poverty is not only due to lack of income. It is measured in various ways such as health, education, nutrition, social and political participation, employment deprivation and other characteristic. Basically, poverty refers to the rural poverty because most of the poor, especially in developing countries, found in rural areas. Poverty is a great challenge not only to developing countries but also to the developed countries. To eliminate social evils, to reduce inequality and to maintain social justice, it is necessary to eliminate the poverty from society. This study deals with the poverty and its impact. The main objectives of the study are to explore the nature and extent of poverty of Baluwa VDC, ward No.9, Kathmandu; Nepal .It’s objective is also to recommend viable policies to reduce poverty in the study area. Poverty can be measured in various ways. To find the extent of poverty and nature of poverty, various methods like absolute poverty line, relative poverty line, total poverty line, Sen's poverty index etc. have used. To analyze poverty, various secondary data collected by CBS, WB, UN, VDC and other institutions have used. Primary data collected by field visit has also used during the study. From the study, it is found that there are total 718 populations, out of which 348 are males and 370 are females. Among the total population of Baluwa VDC, ward No.9, 159 populations i.e. 22.14 percent of the total population has taken as the sample population. Out of total 123 HHs, 30sHHs has taken as the sample HHs which is 36.9 percent of total HHs of study area. Ethnic Composition of sample HHs is found as 20 percent HHs of Brahman, 22.66 percent HHs of Chhetry, 46.66 percent of Janajati and 6.66 percent of Dalits of total sample HHs. Educational situation of sample population is found to be 24.41` percent of sample population are illiterate, 67.92 percent people are literate (i.e. passed up to plus 2 or PCL) and 5.66 percent are educated. In comparison literacy rate of female is less than of male. Out of 83 female, 53 are literate and 30 are illiterate but out of 76 male, 55 are literate and 9 are educated whereas 12 are illiterate. Out of total sample HHs, 30 percent HHs are engaged in agriculture, 33.33 percent are engaged in labor, 16.66 HHS engaged in business and 20 percent engaged in service sector. Among the total sample HHs, 17HHs possess 64.6 ropani, 6HHs possess 50.4 ropani , 3HHs possess 31.8, 1HH possesses 13 ropani of land and 1HH doesn't posses any land. In the study area, 17 HHs which is 56.66 percent of total HHs are poor, 5 HHs i.e.16.66 percent of sample HHs are absolute poor and 12 HHs i.e. 40 percent of total sample HHs are relative poor. The value of Gini Coefficient of absolute poor HHs is 0.1236 which shows inequality in distribution of income. The value of mean deviation 0.3591,Value of coefficient of variation 0.4185,value of range1.3430and the value of variance 2206.75 all shows that the inequality in the distribution among the sample HHs. It is found that there is low degree of intensity of poverty in study area. The marginal propensity to consume of total sample HHs is less than the total absolute poor. The correlation between income and consumption of total sample HHs is 0.7693 and it is 0.9984 for absolute poor HHs which shows that there is positive relationship between income and consumption.Item Role of Remittance in Livelihood(Central Department of Rural Development Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 2016-08) LAMA, SITAA thesis entitled Role of Remittance in Livelihood : A Case Study of Gokule VDC, Kavre District, Nepal. The main objectives of this study are to find out the role of remittance in livelihood the selected Gokule VDC – 3 and 4, Kavre. This study was based on the qualitative and quantitative both methods. This study has been based on the primary as well as secondary data. 36 households were selected for my study The most of the respondents are decided to go abroad by the process of employment agency 5.6 percent followed by relatives and friends 8.3 percent, brokers 41.7 percent, and family members 44.4 percent. It shows most of the migrants depend on employment agency. The highest percent migrants are migrated due to high wage rate (5.6 percent), followed by easy availability of work (41.7 percent), easy entry and exit (22.2 percent) and social relationship (30.6 percent). The destination countries of Nepalese emigrants. Highest proportion (38.9 percent) migrants go in Gulf countries followed by (30.9 percent) migrants go others countries and (30.9 percent) migrants go in India. It shows that gulf countries are main destination of Nepali labour migrants. The occupational status of labour emigrants after going abroad. Drivers are highest than other occupations, which is 36.1 percent followed by labor 19.4 percent and others 2.8 percent. This study concludes that the majority of migrants have either below the primary level of neither education nor illiteracy. Almost all the youths are leaving their study because of the trend of going abroad with friends and neighbours. Unemployment, lack of agricultural land and low level of agricultural production are important factors for migration. Likewise, higher wage rate, demonstration effects and presence of friends/relatives at the destination place and no need of special skills and higher education are other important factors associated with destination. The large part of remittance is being used in unproductive sectors like construction of houses, ornament buying, household consumption, buying land, alcohol and other individual purpose. Besides agricultural sector, there are not any options to invest and reinvest remittance. There are not any cottage industry and manufacturing industries also. Similarly, saving proportion is very low.Item Socio-Economic Condition of Chamar Community (A Case Study of Bishunpurwa VDC-5 in Bara District)(Department of Sociology, 2010) Sah, Manojnot not availableItem Socio-Economic Condition of Chamar Community (A case study of Madhesa VDC in Sunsari District)(Department of Rural Development, 2009) Devkota, Parmeshwar PrasadThe aim of the study is to give a short description of the Chamars, a socially dominated caste group of Nepal, regarding their socio-economic status. They are found mainly in Terai Region. Chamars are poorest and backward caste people in Nepal. They are born in poverty, live in poverty and die in poverty. Their life and socio-economic status is still under the smoke of cloud. So, the question is how deeply these social trends affected their daily livelihood and what change it has brought to their socio-economic status. This research attempts to focus on the various aspects of socio-economic life of the Chamar community. The general objective of the study is to identity the socio-economic condition of Chamar people and the specific objectives are as follows: a) To provide an ethnographic study of Chamars. b) To identify the problems of Chamar community. c) To explore the cultural pattern of Chamar. For this purpose, the Madhesa VDC of the Sunsari district is selected purposively. There are 96 Chamar households. The total population of those households is 528. The descriptive and the analytic methods are used in this study. Mainly primary data are used from the field study to provide the reliability and quality to the project report. The Chamars are traditionally leather workers. According to the Hindu caste hierarchy, they are Sudras and are known as Achhut (untouchable). The Chamars had migrated from India to Nepal many years back. The Chamars of Madhesa were also migrated from India, but they first came to Siraha, Saptari and after then, they came to Sunsari district. When they came to the study area, they started their traditional work i.e. leather work. Along with the passage of time, their traditional work became scarce and they gradually started to shift away from their traditional occupation. They now are depending mostly on wage labour and agriculture. The Chamars are, in general, Hindus. They worship Hindu Gods and Goddesses. The festivals of the Chamars are similar with Brahmins and Chhettris. They mainly celebrate Chhath, Dashain, Tihar, Tij, Maghe Sakranti etc. They play their traditional and modern types of band (Baja) as well. Therefore, people invite them to play their band on weddings. The Chamars are poor and exploited by the high caste group like Brahmin, Chhettri etc. Most of them are landless. Therefore, they are backward in every field. They are uneducated and backward. They have forgotten their traditional way of life. In the study area, it is hardly to see their traditional type of occupation, dress and ornaments. Although they have their own native language, they prefer to speak Nepali language. Though caste based discrimination is not so rigid as it was in the past, some discriminations still exist in the study area. They are not allowed to enter the house of Brahmins and Chhettris as well as religious places. The water of a well is not used at the same time by the higher caste people and the Chamars The conclusions found from the study area as follows: - The economic condition of the Chamars of Madhesa is very poor. The majority of Chamars in the VDC consist of the landless, the marginalized or small farmers, who do not have enough land or other means of production for survival. - The literacy percent of the Chamars are very low and they hardly complete their schooling. The higher education attended person is nil in the Chamar community. - They practise diverse culturalal activities; they practise their religion, customes, traditions and their social values in a strong and rigid manner. - The Chamars have been subjected to economic exploitation, oppression and poverty. They are still being exploited by the so called non Dalits in many ways; opportunity, status, education etc. - Early marriage, unplanned family, economic disability, illiteracy, lack of decision making power, simplicity, landlessness, exploitation, conventional approach in agriculture are the main constraints for the socio-economic development of the Chamars of the Madhesa VDC. On the basis of findings the following suggestions are recommended for the upliftment of the overall condition of the Chamars of the Madhesa VDC. - Provide Land Ownership - Raising Educational Status - Raising Awareness - Raising Livestock - Aware for the Usages of Contraceptives - Launching Community Based Programs - Launching Skill Development Programs - Participating on Government Sector - Preserving Traditional Occupation - Raising Awareness about Health and Sanitation - Social InclusionItem Socio-Economic Condition of Chamar Community: A Case Study of Kurtha VDC, Dhanusha District(Department of Rural Development, 2009) Raghuvanshi, Dipak SinghNot AvailableItem Socio-Economic Condition of Musahar Community A Case Study of Hattimuda VDC (Morang District)(Department of Rural Development, 2007) Karki, BimalaNepal is consists with villages where most of the people live in rural area. It is a country of multi-lingual, multi-ethnic and multi religious society. One hundred and three casts/ethnic groups live through out the country. Among them Musahar is one of the small ethnic group of Nepal. Musahar are those people who have been almost isolated and neglected by the government. Musahar are basically agricultural daily waged labour. They are less scudied ethnic groups of Nepal and are inhabitants of terai and inner terai. The settlement of Musahar in Hattimuda, Morang district is in considerable number with comparison to the other districts. As seen by the study, the Musahar’s socio-economic condition in Hattimuda has found as illiterate, oppressed and backward. They have adopted different professions like agricultural. Labour, carpentry, clearer, factory labour and vivid daily waged/labour. From the ancient period they developed their own customs, arts, morals, beliefs and socio-economic institutions. The general objective of the study “Socio-economic Condition of Musahar Community; A Study of Hattimuda VDC” is to analyze the socio-economic condition of Musahar of Hattimuda VDC of Morang district. The specific objectives of study are to describe the socio cultural practices of Musahar to explore the economic condition of Musahar in the study area and to trace out the factors of socio cultural and economic changes of Musahar community. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. Primary data were collected through interview, key informant survey and observation method in the field and secondary data were collected from VDC office, private agencies, government offices, and various published and unpublished report. Among the total 26 household are selected following proposive sampling method and descriptive cum exploratory research design had been applied in the study. The Musahars stated to observe Hindu festivals such as Dahain and Tehar with given more priority rather than their own festivals such as “Falgu” and “Shankranties”. The way of worshiping their village deities, believe in spirits, typical dresses pattern, and cluster types of settlements pattern distinctly differ from other ethnic groups. On the one hand due to the domination from high class castes and “Pahadiyas” Musahar are losing their native cloture. Philosophy of life style, self confidence about their own traditions, language and beliefs, and on the other hand; due to the influence of “Phadiyas” and other high casts some significant changes are seen in education, health sector, sanitations, economic activities and way of life style of Musahar community in Hattimuda VDC. Based upon the findings the paper suggests some recommendations to increase socio-economic condition of Musahar in Hattimuda VDC. It mainly highlights for the low literacy rate of Musahar people so there should be special trend in incentive to the children of this tribe for education. They were not trained in any vocational guidance so proper training for mobilization of internal resources in required.Item Socio-Economic Condition of Tharu Community (A case study of Patihani VDC of Chitwan district)(Department of Rural Development, 2008) Paudel, SumanNot AvailableItem Socio-Economic Impact of Biogas Plant in Rural Setting (A Case Study of Shukranagar VDC, Chitwan District, Nepal)(Department of Rural Development, 2006) Ghimire, TikanathThis thesis entitled "Socio-Economic Impact of Biogas Plant in Rural Setting: A Case Study of Shukranagar VDC, Chitwan, Nepal". The general objective of this study is to assess the socio-economic impact of biogas plant installation in Shukranagar VDC, Chitwan. The specific objectives of the study are: to study the biogas plant as an appropriate alternative source of energy, to study the impact of biogas in relation to the workload; improvement in health and sanitation; time and money saving; overall energy, environment and economic benefits, to study the potential benefits of biogas plant installation in relation to use of digested slurry as fertilizer and to make recommendations and suggestions to promote biogas plant installation situation. This study has been chosen as a special topic to address the problem of energy in the study area and to provide the scope for the dissemination of the biogas technology. This study is basically based on both primary and secondary sources of data. Like an island between Narayani and Rapti rivers Shukranagar VDC is situated in the west-southern part of Chitwan. In this VDC, there were 1436 households. In the study area there were 506 households (in selected wards-1 and 2). About 30 households have been taken as sampled households out of 506 households. Sampled households were those who had installed biogas plant. Simple random sampling technique has been used to select sample. In this study data were collected from field survey by applying household survey questionnaire and observation method. This study found that majority of the households (50%) out of total interviewed reported that they had adopted agriculture as a main occupation. Average family size of the sampled household was 5.6 per household. About 86.6 percent plant owners out of total interviewed were literate whereas only 13.4 percent were illiterate. Average landholding size is 17 katthas per household. About 53.3 percent out of total interviewed reported that they were from Brahmin caste. Out of total sampled biogas plant owners, majority of the households (83.3%) had taken loan from financial institutions. About 80 percent households reported that the main reason behind the installation of biogas plant was easy and smokeless cooking. Around 86.7 percent plant owners had attached toilet with the biogas plant. Average livestock population size of sampled household was 4.3 per household. Average dung production was 24.4 kgs per household. Majority of the respondents (73.3%) reported that the agricultural production had been increased. Total average time saving was 2½ hrs per day per household. Average saving amount of money was Rs.600/- per month per household. It was found that from the study, majority of the respondents (43.3%) has used saved time on farm activities. This study also revealed that improvement was found in health and sanitation situation. About Rs.310/- per year was saved on health treatment by each household. Majority of the respondents (86.7%) out of total interviewed reported that their social status was raised. It was also found that women were highly benefited by the biogas plant (63.3%). About 50 percent households out of total interviewed accepted that the overall energy, environmental and economic condition had been improved.Item Status of the Elderly People in Nepal: An Analysis of Socio-Economic, Demographic, Health and Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly Living in Siddhapur VDC, Baitadi(Department of Population, 2007) Bhatt, Lok RajIncreasing the elderly share in its total population is challenging phenomena in demography. It has many pros & cons in over all economic, social, demographic part of the countries. Both the developed and developing countries are experiencing the ageing population with the increase in life expectancy. Although various problems remain of the elderly according to ground reality and social-cultural context of nation, the elderly people have better quality of life in developed regions then the developing one. Poverty is the main enemy for the elderly that they are unable to fulfill their basic and additional needs. In Nepal ageing started since 1950 A.D. But the status of the elderly has not been improved. Unstable political situation of the country, lack of commitments to implement policies & programs at national level, decreasing social esteem towards the elderly at community level and influence of western culture at family level are main barriers for the elderly welfare. This dissertation aims at collecting information on the elderly people’s socio-economic, demographic, health & psychological characteristics of the Siddhapur VDC Baitadi which is one of remote rural area. Out of 254 the elderly living in study area 125 respondents (65 males and 60 females) were chosen for the study. The literacy rate among the elderly seems very poor only 28 percent of the elderly are literate. Agriculture and cattle raring are main occupation of the elderly people. Hinduism is practiced by all of them. The majority (70.4%) of the elderly are living in joint families. Almost 62 percent of them were married below 15 years of their age. Majority of them (57.6%) are living with their son and daughter in law. The 29.6 percent of the elderly do not have any role in decision making. Almost (59.2%) of the elderly consume food twice a day. Incase of land ownership 69.6 percent of the elderly in study area have ownership of land. Only 28.0 percent of the elderly receive old age/widow allowance. According to health status 85.6 percent of the elderly reported something disability in them. Most of the elderly (35.2%) still take help of Dhami/Jhankri to cure diseases. Mobile health camps are the demand of majority (30.4%) of the elderly people. Majority (64.0%) reported they feel the domination in family. Almost of the elderly (48.0%) pass their time doing household activities. Most of them perform religious activities to follow tradition, achieve heaven and prosperity of off springs. The esteem of family and society is gradually decreasing towards them.Item Tribhuvan University Livelihood Strategy of Urban Poor: (A Case Study of Squatter Settlement at Manahara Pragatinagar,Koteshower, Kathmandu)(Department of Rural Development, 2009) Rayamajhi, Binunot availableItem Women in Electric Vehicle (Safa Tempo) Driving Profession (A Study of Lady Drivers of Kathmandu Valley)(Department of Sociology, 2010) Poudel, BijayaNot Available