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Item Conflict for Food: A Sociological Study of Human-Monkey Conflict in Sikre VDC, Nuwakot(Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 2014) Pandey, Bishnu PrasadHuman-monkey interactions are descended from the human civilization. Some generalist and most adaptive species of wildlife can adapt in, or nearby human settlement or farmland, where they are using easily accessible food materials. Primates are the frequent crop-raiders in Nepal and Assamese monkey has no exception. This study was carried out in proposed buffer zone of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park and targeted to access the human and primate interaction. Particularly, assessment of the crop preference, quantity of crop loss and costs of crop damage were the main objectives. Samples were drawn randomly by lottery method and field observation, structured and un-structured interview with 12.8 % household was made. Simple mathematical tools were used to analyze the data and results were presented by texts, tables, and figures. The study reveals that there is a mosaic of ethnicity and fairly uniform religious belief. Majority of households (80%) are headed by male and diversification of occupation was observed. On an average each households have 5.8 members with standard deviation of 2.15. 30% populations are illiterate while 30% have only primary education and 40 % secondary education. It was found that each house hold has 8.85 Ropanies of farm land. Shifting of occupation could be boosted by low agricultural productivity and frequent crop raids in areas of close to the national park. The distance between farmland and forest has a negative co-relation values (r = -0.5, -0.6, and -0.7) while the distance between farmers’ house and farmland has positive relations (r = 0.07, 0.1, and 0.14) on Doyam, Sim, and Chahar land respectively. It was found that maize was the top favored crop followed by millet, Skhush, beans, pumpkin, and rice while wheat was heavily damaged during winter followed by radish, potato, and mustard. Uprooting by infants and juveniles for curiosity and play is common. Maize was highly damaged by 77 kgs, millet 56 kgs in summer while wheat was top raided by 38 kgs, radish 24 kgs, and potato 13 kgs per family in winter. Banana was frequently raided (12 kgs). The mean cost paid by local farmer for crop damage was NRs 5933 per family while cost of crop protection tolls NRs 6602. The area of land and cost of crop raid has highly correlated (r value: 0.8) in study area.Item Gastrointestinal parasites in human and rhesus monkey of Nilbarahi area, Bhaktapur, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2022) Chhetala, SabinaGastrointestinal parasites are usual threats to primate populations. The study was conducted from March to April-2021 to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in humans and monkeys in the Nilbarahi area, Bhaktapur, Nepal. Altogether 200 samples from humans (100) and monkeys (100) were collected and preserved in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. These samples were analyzed microscopic by direct wet mount method and concentration procedures, viz. flotation technique and sedimentation technique, in the laboratory of Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur. Out of 100 samples of humans, 13(13%) samples were found positive, with the prevalence of protozoan parasites found higher compared to helminthic parasites. The most common protozoan parasites detected were Cryptosporidium sp. followed by Ascaris lumbricoides and Taenia sp. The infection rate was found higher in females than in males. The old age (above 60 yrs.) indicated the highest infection rate than other age groups. Only one parasite Cryptosporidium sp. showed heavy infection. The single parasitic infection was significantly high as compared to double infection. Similarly, in 100 fecal samples of monkeys examined, 81 (81%) were found positive prevalence with protozoan parasites indicated greater as compared to helminthic parasites. Among the protozoan infection, the most common parasites detected were Entamoeba spp. followed by Entamoeba coli, Balantidium coli, Cryptosporidium sp., Cyclospora sp., Giardia sp., Eimeria sp., and Endolimax sp. Among the helminthic infection, the infection of Ascarid spp. and Strongyle sp. were highest followed by Taenia sp., Hookworm whereas Fasciola sp., Controrchis sp. and Capillaria sp. infections were equal. All the identified parasites showed light infection. The single parasitic infection was high as compared to double, triple, and multiple infections. The common parasites were detected from two hosts were Cryptosporidium sp., Taenia sp., and Ascarid spp. due to poor sanitation habits, lack of safe drinking water, open place defecation, barefoot walking habits, demand for traditional practices, and sharing houses with animals increases the chance of infection with intestinal parasitic infection in people of the Nilbarahi area. There is a great need of generating awareness regarding periodic anti- parasitic treatment of such animals and other prevention and control measures.