Browsing by Subject "Land use"
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Item Land Use and Land Value Change Analysis of Chandragiri Municipality(Department of Geography, 2016) Neupane, MadhabaNot availableItem Land Use Intensity Dynamic in the Andhikhola Watershed, Nepal(Department of geography, 2020) Chidi, Chhabi LalLand use/land cover science has so far mainly focused on broad land cover conversions while the spatial patterns of the intensity systems remain highly unclear. Land use intensity refers to the function of energy use per unit area of land that can be measured on the basis of input and output of a land. Traditional approaches often only examine one or a few aspects of land use intensity disregarding the multidimensionality of the in tensification process in the complex land system. This situation hampers the development of a sound understanding of the mechanisms, determinants and constraints underlying changes in land use intensity. Thus, analysis and monitoring of land use intensity should follow an integrative conceptual framework of land use in tensification. Mountainous regions like Nepal have long practice of intensive subsistence farming in practice integrating all land use/land cover units, which requires integrative approach to fully understand. However, literatures concerning on integrated concept of understanding of this intensive subsistence farming in the hills of Nepal is still lacking. Thus, this study is concerned on 1) land use/land cover change, 2) land use intensity change, and 3) to identify major determining factors of landuse intensity change. This study consists of very valuable information to understand dynamics of land use intensity in the integrated agriculture system. Even in the incompatible spatial scale of various data sources, this study included maximum number of variable in order to identify major determining factors of land use intensity dynamics. This study is mainly based on secondary data source. However, primary information was used for update and verification of data in order to identify the ground reality. Various maps and other secondary information were collected from available sources. Land use/land cover data were derived from aerial photo and high resolution satellite image. Object based image analysis technique was used so as to derive land use/land cover data. Several raster and vector based processes were executed in GIS to derive explanatory variables. Quantified values of land use intensity makes possible to address the complex spatial relationship of land use intensity dynamics with its driving factors through multivariate geo-statistical analysis. Twenty four quantitative explanatory variables were selected to test the strength of defining the dynamics of land use intensity. Thus, the land use intensity change was response variable and 24 variables were explanatory variables. Finally, land use intensity method is very vi valuable concept to understand complex land use/land cover change and landscape ecological system. The following findings have been derived in order to fulfill the objectives of the study: This study was conducted in the northeast part of Andhikhola watershed area located in the middle Hill region of Nepal having altitude range from 800 m to 1600 m from average mean sea level, which is located in subtropical and warm temperate climatic regions. The annual rainfall is around 3500 mm in the study area, which is quite high than national average 1600 mm. Only 13% of land has less than 5° and more than 50% land is 5° to 30° slope. This area is more accessible than most of the other Hill regions of Nepal due to its connectivity with Siddhartha highway, which was constructed in 1960s. Siddhartha highway crosses the study area and connected by several branch roads to other parts of the study area. The district headquarter including other market centers provide services with several service centers located in urban areas and other rural areas. Traditional intensive subsistence farming practice is dominant economic activities with limited commercial agriculture practice at accessible areas. Recent outmigration of rural farmers from the hill, urbanization process towards low land and accessible area are general scenario of the study area. It has resulted increasing agriculture land abandonment in the hill slope area is responsible for increasing greenery and increasing built up area along with the Siddhartha highway. First, abandonment of agriculture land converts into shrubs and shrubs into forest are major land use/land cover changing pattern in the study area. Increasing built up area in lowland along with highway has developed slowly and gradually into urban area. Second, average land use intensity is decreasing in the study area. Most of the areas have decreasing land use intensity. Marginal and remote areas has higher rate of decreasing land use intensity than in lowland suitable areas for agriculture. Very limited urban areas along with the highway have increasing rate of land use intensity. Third, statistical analysis shows that the spatial distribution of land use intensity dynamics is highly controlled by physical, accessibility and natural resource variables. Incompatible spatial scale of socioeconomic data is the major cause of low strength of determining land use intensity dynamic. vii Implementing part of land use policies in Nepal has remained weak since many decades. Thus, traditional intensive subsistence farming system remained stagnant over a long period of time with very limited commercialization in the accessible areas. The income opportunities outside this area were the attracting attributes of rural farmer to move them from their original places not only resulted agriculture land abandonment, but also pressure release in forest, grass land and shrubs. These types of heavy land use/land cover change has multifaceted implications on food security issue due to shrinking agriculture land, loss of biodiversity due to the increasing invasive plant, inter species competition between human and wildlife, biomass intensity due to increasing vegetation and ground water recharge due to vegetation cover. These fields need for further investigation.Item Local Development Planning Process in Nepal (A Study on Formulation and Implementation of Annual District Development Plan of Bajura District)(Department of Rural Development, 2010) Rawat, Ram BahadurThe overall development system of nation depends upon the decentralization development planning in Nepal. The local development is grass root development plan and District Development plan is a bridge between grassroots plan and national development plan. District development plan seem to be theoretically decentralized plan considered one of the prime move for grassroots level development in Nepal. The backward society couldn't participation in real planning process. The legal producers in the case of Nepal are not inadequate especially in the theory and practice in decentralized participatory planning process. Thus this study report tries to review the practices, problems, prospects and coordination mechanism in formulation and implementation participatory development planning process based on Bajura District. The objectives of this study is to study the local development planning process in DDC of Bajura District, to study the involvement of non-governmental organization and private sector in participatory planning process of DDC, to examine the existing practices, to analyze the policy related issues to the planning process in DDC, to study the involvement and role of INGOs, NGO, donor agencies and private in participatory planning process. It is a mainly for academic propose. For this study the literature review has been done under two categories, the conceptual review and review of empirical study. For this study different books, journals, previous research work, reports plans polices, acts, articles and newspapers etc. related to this study has been reviews. It reviews the complex system governmental and quasi- governmental relations at local level in Nepal. It embraces an assessment of the appropriateness of the existing institutional and financial arrangement for promoting local self-governance, self reliance and people participation in accordance with announced government policies. The study has been limited in only one local development planning and on only one Bajura district. This study has been foundation based on field survey, it studies the primary and secondary sources information also has been used form appropriate sources. Local NGOs staffs, line agencies staffs, DDC officials, key informants, members of civil society, political party, local development planners, and other intellectual interviewee's structured, unstructured and open ended questionnaire have been used in collected primary sources of field survey. Similarly many reverent secondary sources of information from library related offices, research cents, and websites have been used during secondary information collection. The study area has been selected through theoretically the study area is enclosed under the framework of participatory planning process of local development, physically the study area has been selected in Bajura district, the Headquarter of "Martadi" is around 120 Km far from Dipayal (Headhunter of far western Development region).It covers the area of 2188 square Kms with population 108781. It has only one electoral constituency, 9 Ilakas, and encompasses 27 VDCs. Achhham and Kalikot district is in south, Humla is in North, Mugu and Kalikot is in east side and Bajhang is in west neighboring districts of this district. Participatory local development panning requires the broad participation of each development stakeholders in plan formulating and implementing. The local development planning without popular participation results the unsustainable development even hampers the practice of decentralization. The broad participation of responsible local development stockholders, local bodies, and district based line agencies, local and national NGOs, donor agencies, private sector and civil society and political parties. Their involvement in common form common agenda local development planning could be possible through good coordination among them at local level. During the field survey interaction with DDC ex members, DDC officials, NGOs staffs, line agencies officials, private sectors in Bajura the overall problems in regards with local development planning at district level identified were found which is lack of strong coordination mechanism among all development stakeholders in bottom-up planning practice. There is another problem that government grant is inadequate for local development activities. Similarly final selection of program and final ceiling of budget from center level is the main constraint for local development planning, many respondents argued to influence this condition. This study finds that private sectors seem highly profit oriented; however they are concentrating to the development work at present days then they were before, programs supervision; monitoring and evaluation aspect is very in this district. Analyzing the collective measures of district level government for decentralized planning the study concludes that per-planning homework has been performed in order to make the planning bottom up and to involved development stakeholders in local level planning process of district. DDC has been given vaguely defined powers to undertake planning directly coordination and settle disputes. According to the LSGA 1999, the DDC should concentrate on planning and coordination rather then directly involvement implementing the development activities. The district based line agencies which are under the umbrella off DDC planning needs to conduct the feasibility study and proposed the plan to DDC in timely. Wonderfully some district line agencies which should have most trained staffs, have less percent of the trained staffs in total. The isolated activities of the responsible authorities for local development leads program duplication and gap in panning. This study has found planning of NGOs is well but their implementation is not sustainable. It is because they are highly influenced by local bodies in the local development program. Generally DDC is responsible that coordinate its development partners in its planning mainstream. In either mode NGOs might be supportive for decentralized development. However most of the programs launched by NGOs and line agencies are duplication. This study has also identified that less percent of NGOs are involved in line agencies plan implementation. The budget once relished is also reduced time to time a fiscal year. The financial accountability remains questionable in the case of user's committee and service providers. The project implemented by local is service provider is submitted to users committee between the agreement of users' committee head treasurer, technician and local service providers which causes the financial mismanagement. In this context present study has given some recommendation for local level planning especially for district development. For sustainable development and strengthen the local governance, local election for the government should be necessary. If it is not possible, then there should be appointment of the one committee from representatives of all the political parties, civil society and different organization who are concerning to the local governance for wellbeing the overall development of district. The DDC should be fully authorized to select its plan and allocate the budget finally. Subjective resources should be provided to local bodies in order that they could implement the local development program directly. Ilaka level plan formulation should be strong and effective. Private sector should be integrated DDC umbrella in plan formulation. DCC should be strong mechanism coordination, monitoring and evaluation the district level committee to check their work performance. Weak financial management at local level cases the whole planning process fail. Thus the DDC should be select the most transparent agencies and make provision to reward themItem Understanding Biodiversity Conservation and Buffer zone Vegetation in Manahari Buffer Zone Village Development Committee, Chitwan National Park(Department of Environmental Science, 2007) K.C., AnilThis study entitled “Understanding Biodiversity Conservation and Buffer Zone Vegetation, in Manahari Buffer Zone Village Development Committee, Chitwan National Park.” was carried out in the Buffer Zone (BZ) of the Chitwan National park. It includes two wards (ward no 1 and 2) of Manahari VDC, Makawanpur district. The study aims to find out the dependency of the local people in the park resources and the income generation activities in relations to rhino status. Vegetation analysis of the community forests in the buffer zone, socioeconomic survey in 62 households and GIS analysis of land use change were done. About 11 tree species, 40 shrub species and 18 herb species were recorded in 222.47 ha. The fuelwood and fodder resources of the buffer zone were insufficient and the harvest practice was not sustainable. The total demand of fuelwood and fodder was 2002.03 t/ha and 3099 t/ha respectively where only 23 percent and 27 percent were supplied from the BZ forest. Unpalatable species like Lantana sp and Mikania sp had high density (7880/ha and 7240/ha) and frequency (80 percent and 70 percent) of these species are higher too. There were no timbers available. Poaching and killing of the wildlife species were not reported. The economic status was relatively poor in compared to the other areas and crop production was not sufficient. The illegal harvest of the park resources and encroachment in the Buffer zone forest was ongoing. The migration in this area was ongoing and this could increase more pressure on park resources and also forest of the BZ. In addition, the 1992 land use map of Manahari VDC shows 4.6 percent decrease in forest coverage.