Browsing by Subject "Livelihood strategies"
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Item Change in Occupation and Livelihood Strategies of Pattharkattas: A Study of Kapilvastu District(Department of Anthropology, 2011) Devkota, Laxmi PrasadNot availableItem Changing livelihood strategies of dalit community in Kohalpur Municipality-10, Banke, Nepal(Department of Rural Development, 2022) Bhatta, SwastikThe purpose of this study, titled Changing Livelihood Strategies of Dalit Community In Kohalpur Municipality-10, Banke,Nepal is to examine Dalit ancestral occupation, to discover the changing pattern of dalit occupation, and to analyze the influence of new occupation taken on their livelihood. The research is based on descriptive research. The population of Ward 10 has been chosen for this study in its entirety. 175 households respondent from Ward No. 10 of Kohalpur municipality were chosen for this study using a simple random selection procedure. There were 175 dalits among the total responses, out of a total of 325. The study reveals that, among the 116 respondent who adopted a new occupation in the past and present time, information was obtained about which profession they had adopted before. Earlier, the number of respondents who adopted a new occupation was only 73. In addition, there were 59 respondents who had adopted their old occupation, 102 more than whom had adopted their traditional occupation in the past. The study reveals that, among the 116 respondents who have adopted a new occupation , in the past there were only 3 respondent who earned more than 20000 ,but now there are 56 people. It can be seen that the number of respondents who have enough food for more than 10 months is now 75 percent. in the same way. It can be seen that the income of those who adopted the traditional occupation has increased. Especially the tailor occupation has seen such progress. Likewise, with the increase in income, it can be seen that their property, quality of living standard , food sufficiency level ,is also increasing. The study reveals that, among the 33.71 percent population work in traditional occupations, while the rest (49.14%) work in agriculture, agricultural labor, service, and other sectors. Because of prepackaged commodities and their impact on local products, the market economy has a negative impact on Dalit traditional occupations. Due to various challenges in the Dalit occupation, they are deprived of continuing their traditional occupation. There are mainly challenges are as well in Dalit profession, Financial problem training challenge like raw material etc. they always have to face. It seems that the relevant bodies should pay attention immediately, which will help in protecting their traditional profession.Item Changing Livelihood: A study of Freed Bonded labourer (Mukta Kamaiya) of Shivnagar Sivir, Tikapur-1,Kailali District(Department of Sociology, 2022) Chaudhary, SanjitaNot availableItem Impact of Covid on Remittance Receiving Household (A Study of Arthar Village, Parbat)(Department of Sociology, 2022) Gurung, SusmitaThe research has been conducted on “Impact of Covid-19 on remittance receiving household” a study of Arthar village Parbat, having the research questions as how the pandemic had affected their livelihood strategies? What were their struggle in income during pandemic? And how they managed their economic situation to fulfill their needs during pandemic? The specific objectives of the study were to assess the impact of Covid-19 on the socio-economic life of remittance receiving household and to explore the livelihood strategies adopted by remittance receiving household of Arthar village. Both qualitative and quantitative method have been used to make the research successful. The primary and secondary data have been collected for the study. Primary data were collected by schedule questionnaire; field observation whereas secondary data were collected through published data on different site, journal, articles and reports. Arthar village, was selected as the sample settlement that is entirely inhabited of families of different castes. Likewise, different castes Gurung, Bishwokarma and Darji and 35numbers of respondents were taken respectively for the study from 41 households of respective ethnicity. Mainly, schedule questionnaire of household survey, case study and observation were used to collect the information. From the research findings, social status and socio-economy have been changed. During the Covid-19 situation they bounce back their economic life following own agriculture pattern. To overcome the pandemic situation they worked on construction site and even started their own business of farming.Item Livelihood Strategies of Street Vendors in Kathmandu Valley(Department of Sociology, 2013) Adhikari, NabinNot availableItem Livelihood Strategy of Musahar Community (A Case Study of Ishworpur VDC, Sarlahi, Nepal)(Department of Rural Development, 2015) Ale, Mukund KumarMusahars are marginalized caste group people deprived of various basic facilities like education, health, communication, electricity and other services that are the essential factors for the development of the modern citizen. The present thesis Livelihood strategy of the Musahar community: a case study of Ishworpur VDC, Sarlahi, District is formulated according to the statement of the problems. The study is focused on the marginalized ethnic group of Musahar people and explores livelihood patterns of the Musahar community of Nepal. The main objectives of this thesis are: to describe socio-economic condition, to explore the traditional livelihood strategies and to find out the alternate livelihood strategies of Musahar community due to modernization. To get the objectives, 60 households were taken by using random sampling out of 290 households. Conceptually livelihood connotes the means of activities entitlements and assets by which people make a living. It is related with both agriculture and non-agriculture sectors. The sources of livelihood of rural people are mainly through cash crops, horticulture, animal husbandry, dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, organic farming- vermin compost, handicrafts, rural artisans, and non- timber forest products etc. which are also followed by the Musahar people of the study area. Dependence on wage labor, mostly of the unskilled and underpaid variety, is another important source of livelihood for majority of Musahar in the study area. Unskilled labors from Musahar community migrate to the urban center and in India for wage labor especially during lean agricultural periods. Musahars have lots of hardship and drudgery in their livelihood earning. Musahar people of Ishworpur VDC practices multifarious strategies to maintain their livelihood. Such practices include wage labor, agriculture, animal husbandry, investment and saving. Agriculture, with lesser impact of modernization is yielded to wage-oriented agriculture. Animal husbandry, despite of any hybrid animals and sufficient land for shedding and cultivation is mounting up due to the developed market in nearby village. Transport goods loader, agricultural labors, Rajmistri, Janman, labor at factory and industry are the chief wage- related activities which are of utmost importance livelihood strategy of majority households of Musahars. Emigration to India, particularly to Delhi and Punjab, is increased which is much helpful to support their livelihood and the occupation is suffice to introduce them with outside world. The consumption of modern equipments like Motorcycle and car is totally not seen but the use of television; DVD, CD, VCD and mobile are increased with untapped electricity. The expenditure is below the poverty line which is, more precisely, less in education and health. With uneven income and sources for earning, the Musahar community might be the victim of social discrimination and the Musahar community people might be discriminated as haves and haves not group which might collapse the unity and cohesiveness of community in future. So, the Musahar community people are afflicted despite of some changes. Research in Ishworpur VDC shows that historically Musahar people had their livelihood from landlord being Haruwa and Charuwa and migrating to India being agriculture based labors. But rapid urbanization and globalization pushed them in the transition providing both opportunities and constraints. The household assets have undergone rapid modification. Now they have no option other than modifying the traditional occupation. Land fragmentation, change in social institution, resulted from the urbanization and globalization. The livelihood diversification and introducing of foreign employment have recently emerged livelihood strategies of the people in the study area. Due to the proximity to the market, the influence of the urbanization is more apparent in the Musahar Village. Most of the households follow the multiple occupations in the study area besides agriculture. The role of agriculture activities in their life is substantial. The livelihood strategy of Musahar community in the study area is in transition. It shifted from agriculture to non-agricultural one. The household assets of this community have greatly influenced the process of adaptation of new strategy or modification of traditional occupation. Economic development and other economic activities changed the surrounding environment of the people of a particular area hence resulted change in their way of life to adopt with the changing environment. Livelihood difficulty reflects on unprofitable farming activities or un-remunerative employment, which may not even allow the poor family to meet their basic needs. So, it is inevitable to identify and disseminate the effective livelihood strategy, especially, for the improvement of livelihood of Musahars. It is necessary to ensure access to resources and increase social and political participation of Musahar community for integral development of rural community in Nepal.Item Occupational Change and Livelihood Strategies Among Magar Community in Dangse, Ward No.10, of Waaling Municipality, Syangja(Department of Geography, 2006) Thapa, Kamal BahadurNot availableItem Striving for Livelihood and Urban Space A Study of Street Vendors of Pokhara(Faculty of Anthropology, 2018) Khawas, NamrataThis study was undertaken with the general objective of assessing the living condition of street vendors of Pokhara metropolitan City and the contribution of street vending in making their livelihood. The specific objectives were to examine the reasons for these people being engaged in street vending in Pokhara City and to investigate the vendors’ striving for getting subsistence livelihoods in the context of increased rigidness of local authorities towards them. Embedded with the thematic notions of urban anthropology conceptually, theoretically and methodologically, this study was guided by the concepts like livelihood and informal sector. Right to the city has been used as the main theoretical guideline. Literatures related to these conceptual and theoretical bases as well as others, which were undertaken on and about street vending in and out of Nepal have been reviewed during this study. Methodologically, this study was carried out in main market centers of Pokhara Metropolitan City, namely Mahendra pool, Chipledhunga, and Prithivi Chowk including Buspark. These areas were purposefully selected for the data collection of this study. This is a study based on qualitative research tradition. Within this tradition, this study made use of the basic elements of ethnographic research. In terms of research design, this study is based on exploratory and descriptive research designs. There have been no documented /official records on the total number of street vendors in Pokhara Metropolitan City as the metropolis authority has classified this activity as an illegal act. However, street vending is quite a common practice in the major market centers of Pokhara and all those street vendors formed the universe of this study. Thus, for the qualitative research, I had selected 11 woman street vendors as the main informants of this study by adopting purposive sampling procedure. Besides, four informants were chosen purposively for case studies and additional two informants for key-informants interview. Basically, this research has been based on primary types of qualitative data collected from the ethnographic fieldwork undertaken mainly by making use of the techniques of in-depth interviewing with the informants, key-informants and participant observation. To be precise, fruits selling women as street vendors in Pokhara were main sources of primary data. Some important secondary data were also gathered through the review of published and unpublished documents available in libraries, official records of Pokhara Metropolis office, and personal collections. Data analysis followed a kind of cyclical pattern of data collection, recording, analyzing, and returning to the field to collect more data. During data analysis, at first I collected data from participant observation and interviews. After that I transcribed all of those recorded data in Nepali by using computer software named VLC media player. Then each of the transcripts was translated into English and the translated data ware coded in English to generate themes and categories. Finally, those themes and categories were analyzed descriptively. There are several reasons for which the women street vendors have been engaged in street vending in Pokhara. The most important reason that has been discovered is that street vending can be started with much lower investment. Besides this, lack of appropriate alternative, lack of educational qualification, more personal freedom etc. are other reasons. Therefore, street vending can be a good option to avoid business insecurities. Metropolis authority has been trying to prevent them from appearing on the streets but they are not in a mood to give up. In the streets, they have to strive against a number challenges which are posed by metropolis authority and their police, their customers and other shop keepers. As evident in their stories, they have been continually striving against these challenges for generating income. Their incessant striving for some of the urban space for undertaking vending practices has been going on and on. Such tireless engagement of the street vendors in coping with the adversities created by the local authority, local entrepreneurs, businesspersons and their associations also gives an unspoken or indirect message that the vendors have been claiming their right over urban space.