Browsing by Subject "Macaques"
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Item Ecological Study of Rhesus and Assamese Macaques and Their Conflict with Humans in Nagarjun Forest, Kathmandu, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2015) Rijal, BishwanathEcological study of Rhesus and Assamese macaques and their conflict with humans in Nagarjun forest Kathmandu, Nepal were studied from February 2012 to March 2013. Monkey population was determined by direct counting of the individuals in each group. Quadrate method was used to analyze vegetation pattern of natural forest or monkey habitat. The distribution of the monkeys wasfound 270 and 166 numbers of rhesus macaques and assamese macaques in 7 different blocks respectively. The total area of 16 km 2 was surveyed by total count method, questionnaire survey and behavioral data were collected by scan sampling method. Two species of monkeys, Rhesus monkey (Macacamulatta) and Assamese monkey (Macacaassamensis) were found in study area. Habitat shown their preference maximum in tree shrub area (45%), which is followed by rocky area (23%), smooth ground (14%), stream side (10%) and crop land (9%) by Rhesus macaques while Assamese macaque shows their preference maximum in tree shrub area (65%) which is followed by rocky area (17%), smooth ground (17%), and crop land (1%). Crop raiding was the main cause of conflict to human beings; Maize (57%) and wheat (28%) were reported to be the worst affected crops, whereas pulses (1%) were the least.Shouting and following (31%) as well as using stone and catapult (25%) were the common methods of deterrent against the macaques. Additionally, there were considerable reports of human attacks and harassment (31%). Translocated M. mulatta individuals were more problematic to the local humans than naturally occurring ones. Our findings further showed that the macaque problem has increased from <50% in 2011 to 92% currently. Financial compensation was suggested to be an effective measure to reduce human-macaque conflict in these areas (47%).For the resolution, outreach education program launched from October 2013 to January 2014 in four different schools which includes 400 students and teachers, the 75% were reported awareness is important. From study some mitigation point is recommended for the Government and villagers.Item Ecological Study of Rhesus and Assamese Macaques and Their Conflict with Humans In Nagarjun Forest, Kathmandu, Nepal(Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2015-04) Rijal, Bishwanathconservation xii ABSTRACT Ecological study of Rhesus and Assamese macaques and their conflict with humans in Nagarjun forest Kathmandu, Nepal were studied from February 2012 to March 2013. Monkey population was determined by direct counting of the individuals in each group. Quadrate method was used to analyze vegetation pattern of natural forest or monkey habitat. The distribution of the monkeys wasfound 270 and 166 numbers of rhesus macaques and assamese macaques in 7 different blocks respectively. The total area of 16 km2 was surveyed by total count method, questionnaire survey and behavioral data were collected by scan sampling method. Two species of monkeys, Rhesus monkey (Macacamulatta) and Assamese monkey (Macacaassamensis) were found in study area. Habitat shown their preference maximum in tree shrub area (45%), which is followed by rocky area (23%), smooth ground (14%), stream side (10%) and crop land (9%) by Rhesus macaques while Assamese macaque shows their preference maximum in tree shrub area (65%) which is followed by rocky area (17%), smooth ground (17%), and crop land (1%). Crop raiding was the main cause of conflict to human beings; Maize (57%) and wheat (28%) were reported to be the worst affected crops, whereas pulses (1%) were the least.Shouting and following (31%) as well as using stone and catapult (25%) were the common methods of deterrent against the macaques. Additionally, there were considerable reports of human attacks and harassment (31%). Translocated M. mulatta individuals were more problematic to the local humans than naturally occurring ones. Our findings further showed that the macaque problem has increased from <50% in 2011 to 92% currently. Financial compensation was suggested to be an effective measure to reduce human-macaque conflict in these areas (47%).For the resolution, outreach education program launched from October 2013 to January 2014 in four different schools which includes 400 students and teachers, the 75% were reported awareness is important. From study some mitigation point is recommended for the Government and villagers.Item Feeding Behavior of Sympatric Rhesus (Macaca Mulatta Zimmerman, 1780) and Assamese (Macaca Assamensis Mcclelland, 1840) Monkeys in Nagarjun Forest, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal(Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science & Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal, 2017-02) Ghimire, AnjuFeeding behavior of Sympatric Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Assamese (Macaca assamensis) Monkeys was studied on Nagarjun forest of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal. The study have been carried out from November 2015, to July 2016. Feeding behavior and food items of the monkeys were noted by scan sampling methods. Population of the studied troops were counted by direct counting of the individuals. Similarly quadrate method was used to analyze vegetation pattern of natural forest or monkey habitat. The total population of studied troops was found to be 93 individuals monkeys of Rhesus and 149 individual of Assamese monkeys. Only two species of monkeys; the Rhesus and Assamese monkeys were recorded from Nagarjun forest. Mostly monkeys were encountered from the pheriphery of the forest near to human settlement areas and in Army canteen areas where they could get provisioned food easily. Moreover monkeys were also encountered from the natural forests where they completely fed on plant parts and their dependence on provisioned food was null. During study it was recorded Rhesus monkeys fed on 72% on plants, 16% on crops, 9% of waste foods, and 3% on insects. Similarly Assamese monkeys fed on 67% on plants, 9% on crops, 19% on waste foods and 5% on insects. There was not significnt difference in the food items consumed by Rhesus and Assamese macaques (x2=6.198, df=3 p value<0.01). From the study frugivorous nature of macaque was recorded followed by folivorous nature where fruit constitute 48% for Rhesus and 51% for Assamese whereas leaf constitute 31% for Rhesus and 26% for Assamese. Macaques were also found feeding on leaf, flower, seeds and other parts of plants such as branches, twigs, shoot, seedlings, tubers and roots. There was not significant difference in the utilization of plant parts by the macaques during feeding time (x2=1.5, df=5, p value <0.01). Similarly the study showed that Rhesus spent 49% of time on foraging/feeding, 29% on locomotion, 15% on rest or inactive and 7% on grooming whereas Assamese spent 44% time on foraging/feeding, 26% on locomotion, 19% on rest or inactive and 11% on grooming. Thus the study showed that Rhesus were active forager/feeder and locomoter than Assamese macaques. There was significant difference in the general behavior of Rhesus and Assamese macaques (x2=27.10, df=3, p value<0.05). Rhesus fed on 41 plant species whereas Assamese fed on 39 plant species out of 46 plant species.