Browsing by Subject "Malaria"
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Item A comparative study of Malaria cases visiting government district hospital and private clinics at Parasi, Nawalparasi district(Department of Zoology, 2009) Sharma, Ashok KumarThe present study was conducted with an aim to compare the malaria cases among the people visiting Government District Hospital (GDH) and Private Clinics (PCs) at Parasi in Western Nepal. During study period, two hundred and thirty six blood samples were collected from the suspected individuals visiting GDH and PCs. Thick and thin blood smears were examined microscopically followed by questionnaire survey. Out of 236 blood samples, 4 were positive for malaria infection i.e. 1.69% of slide positivity, with 3 cases of P. vivax and 1 case of P. falciparum. The positivity rate was higher (4.9%) in Private Clinics although the number of people visiting were higher in GDH (72.88%) than in PCs (27.12%). The KAP data revealed that the people visiting PCs were found more informative to malaria than those visiting GDH. Age-wise positivity was recorded the highest in the 31-40 years of age-group (4.17%). Male and female positivity ratio was 3:1. The occupation-wise malaria cases were found to be highest among farmers (3.44%) followed by servicemen (2.86%) and housewife (1.78%). Out of total positive cases, 3 cases were from Hindu population and 1 from others. The high rate of malaria infection was recorded during the months of August – October. Government District Hospital should be empowered and mobilized with public participation to eradicate malaria.Item Epidemiological Study of Malaria in Mahendranagar VDC of Sunsari District(Institute of Science and Technology Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University Kathmandu, Nepal, 2006) Shahu, Ram PrasadThe present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of malarial parasites among the people inhabiting the Mahendranagar VDC that lies in tropical region in Eastern Nepal. An active detection was made by collecting 250 blood samples from suspected individuals visiting at Health Post and Janasewa Clinic during the study period, by microscopic examination of thick and thin blood smear preparation. Besides this, structured questionnaire was used to assess the socio-economic status and the environmental aspects in relation to the malaria. Out of 250 blood samples collected, 10 samples were positive for the malaria infection. The slide positivity rate was found to be 4% and the causer organism was found to be Plasmodium vivax only. Age wise data revealed that of the total infected population the highest age specific slide positivity rate was found in 31-40 years age group (7.69%). Similarly in relation to sex, slide positivity rate was 5.33% in males and 2% in females. The prevalence rate of malaria was found to be higher in poor class people (5.15%) and those living in hut houses (7.54%). The malaria infection was common among Hindu people (4.65%) when compared to Muslim(0%) and Buddhist(0%).Likewise , prevalence of malaria was found to be the highest in illiterate (5.31%).Occupation wise prevalence was found to be highest in jobholders (5%) followed by farmer (4.8%) and labours (4.76%). High rate of infection was recorded during four summer months (April, May, July and September) with the largest number of patients during July (14.4%). In relation to environmental aspects and preventive measures malaria infection was common in hand pump users (4.13%) and in those applying no preventive measures (15%). With respect to migration, 80% (8 cases) of the total infected people were permanently inhabiting the area whereas 20% (2 cases) were migrated from India. Based on the present study; biological, physical and socio-economic measures are recommended to eradicate the malaria in the study area where there still needs to be conducted some integrated programmes for the eradication of malaria.Item Epidemiological Study of Malariain Mahendranagar VDC of Sunsari District(Department of Zoology, 2006) Shahu, Ram PrasadThe present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of malarial parasites among the people inhabiting the Mahendranagar VDC that lies in tropical region in Eastern Nepal. An active detection was made by collecting 250 blood samples from suspected individuals visiting at Health Post and Janasewa Clinic during the study period, by microscopic examination of thick and thin blood smear preparation. Besides this,structured questionnaire was used to assess the socio-economic status and the environmental aspects in relation to the malaria. Out of 250 blood samples collected,10 samples were positive for the malaria infection. The slide positivity rate was foundto be 4% and the causer organism was found to be Plasmodium vivaxonly. Age wisedata revealed that of the total infected population the highest age specific slide positivity rate was found in 31-40 years age group (7.69%). Similarly in relation to sex, slide positivity rate was 5.33% in males and 2% in females. The prevalence rateof malaria was found to be higher in poor class people (5.15%) and those living in hut houses (7.54%). The malaria infection was common among Hindu people (4.65%) when compared to Muslim(0%) and Buddhist(0%). Likewise , prevalence of malaria was found to be the highest in illiterate (5.31%). Occupation wise prevalence was found to be highest in jobholders (5%) followed by farmer (4.8%) and labours(4.76%). High rate of infection was recorded during four summer months (April,May, July and September) with the largest number of patients during July (14.4%). In relation to environmental aspects and preventive measures malaria infection was common in hand pump users (4.13%) and in those applying no preventive measures(15%). With respect to migration, 80% (8 cases) of the total infected people were permanently inhabiting the area whereas 20% (2 cases) were migrated from India.Based on the present study; biological, physical and socio-economic measures are recommended to eradicate the malaria in the study area where there still needs to be conducted some integrated programmes for the eradication of malaria.Item "Malaria Situation in Tharu and Yadav Communities of Kapilvastu District"(Department of Zoology, 2007) Chaturvedi, Binaya KumarThe present study entitled “Malaria situation and it’s control in Tharu and Yadav community of Kapilvastu district” was conducted to determine knowledge, attitudes and practices of people regarding malaria using structured questionnaire and blood film preparation in Gugauli VDC of Kapilvastu district. A total of 360 blood samples were collected from three different wards in the month of April-May, June-July and Aug.-Sept. 2006 and examined. Out of 360 blood samples examined for malaria parasites, 21 positive cases were detected. Out of 360 blood samples examined for malaria, a total of 220 blood samples of Tharu community were examined. Out of this, 8 (3.63%) slides were found to be positive for malaria parasites. Out of 360 blood samples were examined species-wise only infected by P. vivax. A total of 140 blood samples of Yadav community were examined. Out of this, 13 (9.28%) samples were found to be positive for malaria parasites. The prevalence of malaria infections was higher in Yadav community (9.28%) than that of Tharu community (3.63%). Regarding sex-wise distribution of malaria parasites, Yadav males (6.42%) were found to be more infected than Tharu males (2.72%) while Yadav females (2.85%) were more infected than Tharu females (1.36%). The prevalence rates of malaria infection in males of both the communities were found to be higher (3.88%) than females (1.94%) in both Yadav and Tharu community. According to age-wise distributions of malaria infections the highest positivity was recorded in the age-group 11-30 years in both the communities, whereas the lowest positivity was encountered in the age group below 10 years and 51+ years in both the communities. The prevalence of malaria infections was found to be highest among people who do not use bed-nets and are not aware of knowledge about this disease. During the study period it has been noted that people of both the communities often use smoke of dung cake, khar, leaf of Sekhuwa and black berry to avoid mosquito biting.Item Study of Toxic Chemicals Present in Mosquito Repellants(Department of Chemistry, 2012) Shrestha, Khem RajHousehold pests such as mosquitoes, houseflies, cockroaches etc are important vectors for communicable diseases like malaria, dengue etc. The mosquito repellants are widely used as the insecticides to control the mosquitoes in households. The active ingredients of the mosquito coil are pyrethroid previously called as pyrethrins. This dissertatione valuated the practice of use of different types of mosquito repellants in the selected population and analyzed the chemical constituents present in mosquito repellants with aneffort to propose a standard protocol. Altogether 120 respondents were selected randomly for the survey. A semi-structured questionnaire was prepared. In the chemical analysis, a total of six solid forms of repellants and three liquid forms of mosquito repellants were included. The solid repellants were extracted by using soxlet extraction and shaking extraction method. For soxlet extraction 95%ethanol was used as solvent where as for shakingextr action method mixture of solution of formic acid and toluene in the ratio of 5:1 was used as solvent. The crude extractsobtained after the extraction was subjected to thin layer chromatography followed by column chromatography with aview to identify the compounds present in them. Gas generated by burning the coil of mosquito repellants was also analyzed. Gaschromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was conducted only for the residual solution obtained from smoke after burning the coil. The carbonyl content of the Suryamosquito coil and Octagon Good Knightmosquitocoil samples after burning the respective mosquito coils were analyzed by dinitro-salisylic acid (DNS) method. Among the respondents, 76% respondents were found to use the chemical agent as the mosquito repellants and rest of them usesnet.Among the chemical repellant users, liquid was used by 70%, coil by 22%, mat by 6% and cream by 2% of respondent. In carbonyl compound analysis,Octagon Good KnightandSuryamosquitocoil were found to contain4.44mg/mLand 4.78 mg/mLof carbonyl compoundsrespectively. The GC-MS analysisshows that the residual solution of gas collected after burning the Suryamosquitocoil and Octagon Good Knightmosquitocoil samples were found to containallethrin, palmiticacid, acridine, cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)-,2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(2,4-pentadienyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl ester, stearic acid, decanoic acid(carpic acid), octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, n-heptadecanol-1,3-pentanol-2,3-dimethyl, benzyl benzoate, anthraquinone-2-methyl and cholestadiene.