Browsing by Subject "Metabolism"
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Item Effects of Dichlorvos on Freshwater Fish Rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton,1822)(Department of Zoology, 2021) Sapkota, BhawaniPesticides are applied to control the pests indoor and outdoor; however, their remarkable amount reaches the aquatic system through various routes like run-off, leaching, spray-drift, and effluent from factories. These pesticides are reported to have a negative metabolic impact on different non-target aquatic organisms like fishes. Thus, the present study was aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of commonly used organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos to the freshwater fish Rohu (Labeo rohita). The experimental setup was designed to test the acute toxicity, advanced behaviour, and some haematological as well as biochemical analysis for a period of 96h. The LC₅₀ values for dichlorvos after 96hr treatment was found to be 11.36 mg/L. In treated fish, alterations in various behavioural patterns respiratory metabolism, opercular beat rate, and blood parameters were examined for sub-lethal end-points following 1h, 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, and 96 hr exposure. Accelerated opercular beat rate (P < 0.05) was recorded in pesticide-exposed groups in comparison to control. Though the respiratory metabolism was not significantly affected, an increment in oxygen consumption rate was recorded. The pesticide stress caused a significant elevation in haemoglobin (P < 0.01) whereas total protein content was significantly dropped (P < 0.05). Glucose content was found to be increased (P > 0.05) in the pesticide group, compared to the control. Some general behavioural changes such as erratic movement, gulping, schooling, mucus secretion, equilibrium, aggregating behavior, and paleness in the body were observed in pesticide-exposed fish. The acute toxicity data reported in this study can be used to assess the tolerance level of Rohu to insecticide dichlorvos.Item Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Infections Among Patients Attending Endoscopy Unit of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of the Isolates to Contemporary Antibiotics(Department of Microbiology, 2011) Dangol, AnjuABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a flagellate gram negative rod, infects over half of the world’s population and plays a pivotal role in the etiology of a number of gastroduodenal diseases and development of gastric malignancy. The total of 300 gastric biopsy specimens (3 samples from each subject) and 100 serum samples of the patients attending endoscopy unit of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital were collected from May to October, 2009. Biopsy specimens were processed for rapid urease test, histology and culture respectively. Serum samples were used for detecting H. pylori IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies using commercially available kit (HEXAGON H. PYLORI, Germany). Bacterial isolates were identified by standard microbiological techniques and biochemical tests. The confirmed H. pylori isolates were subcultured and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test by disk diffusion method. Of them 32 (32%) subjects were positive by rapid urease test, 47 (47%) by histology and 32 (32%) by culture. The prevalence of H. pylori infection among 100 subjects was 36 (36%) considering at least two of the three tests gave positive results and the seroprevalence was 63%. Statistically serological test was associated with other diagnostic tests. The male to female ratio for H. pylori infection was 1.22:1. H. pylori infection rate was higher in the age group of 20-29 years and the infection rate was higher in duodenal ulcer cases. Among 32 culture positive cases, only 30 of the bacterial isolates were subcultured and further processed for antibiotic susceptibility test. Among them 16 bacterial isolates (53.3%) were resistant to metronidazole, 8 bacterial isolates (26.6%) were resistant to amoxycillin, 4 bacterial isolates (13.3%) were resistant to clarithromycin and 2 bacterial isolates (6.6%) were resistant to tetracycline while resistant to levofloxacin was not observed. Five bacterial isolates (16.6%) were resistant to both amoxycillin and metronidazole, 2 bacterial isolates (6.6%) were resistant to both clarithromycin and metronidazole while 2 bacterial isolates (6.6%) were resistant to amoxycillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole and tetracycline. In this way the H. pylori infections assessed by four diagnostic tests revealed the prevalence to be 36%, taking at least two of the three diagnostic tests (rapid urease test, culture and histology) positive while seroprevalence was 63 % among the 100 patients. Prevalence of resistance was optimal for metronidazole, followed by amoxycillin, clarithromycin and tetracycline. Few multi drug resistant cases were also noticed. Levofloxacin was found to be sensitive in all cases.