Browsing by Subject "Metropolitan city"
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Item Contribution of House and Land Tax to Total Municipal Revenue of Kathmandu Metropolitan City(Department of Management, 2018) Karki, SharmistaNepal is one of the least developed Countries. It is suffering from economic crisis. To increase the government revenue Nepalese government is trying to extract money or valuable contribution from people through taxation. Urban house and land (property) tax is the important resource of government revenue. In Nepal, property tax was introduced by finance act, 1959 A.D. It was implemented under property tax Act in 1960 A.D. Due to ineffectiveness in collecting revenue. It was replaced by urban house and property tax later. Urban house and land tax was introduced in 1962 A.D. for the purpose of collecting revenue from urban house and land property. The interim government of 2047 B.S. again introduced property tax in 1990 A.D. by the finance act in beginning and by property tax act 1990. After the introduction of local self-government act in 1999, property tax is given to local bodies. House and Land tax has been accepted as an important source of government revenue of Nepal. The growing need of resource for the development plans, to operate daily administration, to maintain peace and security and to launch other public welfare activitiescan be met through effective large volume of house and land tax. Through there are number of problems, the contribution of house and land tax is likely to be significant in the future This study will suggested measures to improve the revenue collection system in Kathmandu Metropolitan City. It also helps tax administration to attract the tax payer. It will creates proud and ego for paying property tax towards the property holders (taxpayers), which helps tax administrator to collect revenue easily.Item Domestic Violence Against Married Dalit Women in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Kaski, Nepal(Department of Sociology, 2022) Khatri, Shanta KumariThis study aimed to explore and analyze the forms, causes, consequences, and coping strategies of domestic violence against married Dalit women in Pokhara Metropolitan City (PMC), Kaski, Nepal. This research is guided by feminist standpoint theory, socialist feminism, and power theory. Accordingly, forty-three married Dalit survivor women were selected (Kami, Damai, Sarki, and Gaine) from six wards of PMC aged 15 to 61, who have been suffering from domestic violence. The methodology was based on the use of exploratory and descriptive research design through a purposive sampling method. Accordingly, tools and techniques for data collection used in this study included forty-three in-depth interviews, observation, and fourteen key informant interviews with the identified respondents. The nature of the research was qualitative as well as narrative analysis. The findings revealed that there are mainly three forms of violence found in the survivor woman's life, such as physical, emotional/psychological, and sexual. Accordingly, out of the forty-three survivor women, more than half of them were abused by physical violence, about two-fifths of them were abused by emotional/psychological violence (some of them included under the physical violence category as well), and about one-fourth of them were sexually abused. The main causes of violence are the low economic and educational status of the survivor woman and her husband; alcoholic nature of husband, husband's suspicion towards his wife, sexual dissatisfaction of husband, early marriage, and extra-marital relationship that were the major factors that facilitated the emergence of domestic violence to the married Dalit women's life. Thus, ix the main consequences of survivor women are continued physical injury, gynecological problems, anxiety, mental health problems, panic attacks, suicide attempts, and often the resultant flow of such problems passed down to the children. I found that the majority of the survivor women tried to dismiss and usually ignore the violence. Instead, they persuaded themselves by crying, engaged in housework, wage labor, and taking care of innocent children, and were reluctant to follow the required series of steps including government bills, laws/acts and regulations, and the perpetrators‟ attention to the survivor women. The findings of this study well highlighted the fact that survivor women usually avoid protesting against their husband‟s violence, mainly because they are unaware of their basic rights and legal provisions. Therefore, the findings of this research are considered to be essential for analyzing, comparing, and extracting the overall situation of violence faced by married Dalit women in Pokhara Metrpolitan City, Kaski, which is equally important for proper policy formulation and planning as they vary in nature. For example, the majority of the survivor women kept silent, few women seek for help from neighbors/Tol Development Committee, and also few women reach to maternal home. Moreover, the survivor-woman tries to self-negotiate all kinds of torture instead of defending the perpetrator and filing the case to the concerned authority. The findings of this study have aided sociological studies, particularly those focusing on married Dalit women's issues. The socioeconomic and educational status of women and their perpetrators has a direct impact on the extent and types of violence they face. The findings emphasize the importance of social order and structural approaches to changing norms as well as improving women's status because the coping strategies in place x provided by legal provisions do not appear to be effective. Study findings also supported the fact that patriarchal social structure, established social norms, values and unequal power relation between husband and wife are the reason of domestic violence among married Dalit women.Thus findings of this study are thought imperative in formulating appropriate policies and implementing proper planning.Item Estimation and projection of the fertility: National, Provincial and local level in Nepal(Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences ,Population Studies, 2022) Devkota, Bijaya ManiFertility levels and patterns provide an important demographic information regarding the population change, as well as socio-economic development and human well-being. There are very few specific studies in Nepal that estimate and project fertility among different caste/ethnic groups at the national, provincial and local levels. This study compares the fertility estimation and projection at national and its sub-domains, and verifies and validates in Nepal. National household censuses (2001 and 2011) were carried in 12.5 percent of the total households and (649,476 and 1,091,337) reproductive age group of sample women were identified through analysis respectively. Age sex pyramids and frequency table represent demographic scenario of national and provincial levels. The study was carried out adhering to the Arriaga method and changing P/F ratio method. Algorithm first smoothed local age specific rates (ASFR) using Empirical Bayes method and then applied a new variant of Brass’s P/F parity that is robust under conditions of rapid fertility decline at local level. The small area estimation (SAE) was applied at local level and different caste/ethnicity were selected to estimate the fertility which is the contribution of the study. Total fertility rate (TFR) values will reach at national level using linear interpolation, and extrapolation by 2031, it reaches replacement level. The study showed that the Muslim, Hill Janajati, Madhesi Dalit, Madheshi Other Caste, Hill Dalit and Others Minor Caste will have (2.37, 2.31, 2.32, 2.20, 2.37, 2.51) high fertility rate which is above the replacement level of fertility at the end of 2031. Similarly, the fertility rate of Newar, Tarai Janajiti, Brahman/Chhetri and Madheshi Brahman (1.58, 2.03, 2.09, 1.8) will have below the replacement level of fertility. At the province level, Karnali (3.42), Sudurpashchim (2.59) and Lumbini (2.14) will have high fertility rates; Madhesh Province and Gandaki will reach 2.1; Province 1 (2.05), Bagmati (1.9) will be below the replacement level in the same period. SAE is most useful when the vital registration system is incomplete and small local fertility samples made it difficult to estimate rates reliably; applying 742 (2001) and 753(2011) local levels in household census; mainly standardising the empirical Bayes Brass (EBB) method in Kanda (Smallest), Dhanushadam (middle) and Kathmandu (largest) at rural and urban municipal levels were selected respectively. The fertility of SAE is valuable for analysing demographic change and is important for local planning and programme. Future researchers can study to ward levels for more effective results.Item Livelihood Problem of the Domestic Child Workers: A Case of Pokhara Metropolitan City(Faculty of Sociology, 2021) Lamsal, Keshab RajThis is a study on Livelihood Problem of the Domestic Child Workers: A Case of Pokhara Metropolitan City.The study aimed to find out the cause and problems of child labors in Pokhara Metropolitan city of Kaski district.It also examined the causes and problems of domestic child labor. The research is based on household survey in Pokhara Metropolitan city of Kaski district. Different types of qualitative data and information were collected in the study area. Both primary and secondary sources were applied to collect the required data for the study. The questionnaire schedule and in-depth interviewee are the most important step of data collection. There are 33 wards in Pokhara Metropolitan city however, only the ward number 5 and 6 were selected for study. Fifty domestic child labors were randomly taken randomly as as ample. The data were collected from child labourers. Child labor was the result of poverty, illiteracy, lack of family breakdown, large family, ignorance and social injustice.Economically weak people's children employ to work in order to support the family but they have been deprived of basic necessities suffer from abuse,exploitation, neglect humiliation and diseases. The findings of the study showed that majority of child labours come from migration.Main reason for abandoning home is parents’death, followed by other reason as family problems.Among the child labors, 44 percent child workers are involved in child care. 36 percent respondents are involved in cooking /cloth washing in employers house. 36 percent respondents are working 10 to 12 hours per day. 40 percent and 24 percent respondents have been working 12 hours and above and 6-10 hours per day respectively.Only 28 percent respondents have been working at very low salary other respondents have been working unpaid 48 percent.Out of the 50 respondents the 56 percent child workers have good health condition. Likewise, 28 percent and 16 percent respondent have normal and other health condition.24 percent respondents get enough rest when they fall sick. 50 percent got in sufficient rest and 26 percent respondents did not get rest even in sickness.Item Municipality Finance in Nepal:A case study of Janakpur Municipality(Department of Economics, 2014-06) Jha, Janak KumarNot availableItem Problems Faced by Female Mathematics Teachers Belonging to Ethnic Groups(Faculty of Mathematics Education, 2020) Bashyal, Yuba KumariThe purpose of this study was to explore the problems being faced by Female Mathematics Teachers Belonging to Ethnic Groups of Pokhara Metropolitan city and to compare those arising problems in community and institutional schools. This study was survey type, analytic descriptive and comparative in nature. The population for the study was the female mathematics teachers belonging to ethnic groups who teach mathematics at basic level of Pokhara Metropolitan city. Ten ethnic female teachers were chosen from the population as a purposive sampling. In which, 5 were from community and 5 were from institutional schools of Pokhara Metropolitan city. One ethnic female teacher from each selected school was taken for the convenience of the study. Among them, eight teachers were well trained and remaining were untrained. Questionnaire consisting six main topics and forty subtopics were developed by the investigator solicit the opinion of the ethnic female teachers. A classroom observation form was used for check to them. For the analysis of data, statistical tools like mean weightage and t-test were used. While comparing those problems between community ethnic female teachers and institutional ethnic female teachers, it was found that there is no significance difference between problems felt by community schools’ and institutional schools’ ethnic female teachers. Almost in all units, the researcher found that the prescribed curriculum, the existing textbooks and the teachers’ guide books were not well planned, not sequential and not related to students’ daily life. Students’ evaluation techniques, mathematics instruction, physical facilities and problems related to the ethnic female teachers were found as major problems which are kept in order.Item Situation of Domestic Child Labour in Nepal A Case Study of Kathmandu Metropolitan City(Department of Sociology, 2009) Rai, SomeeThis study based on Situation of Domestic Child Labour in Nepal: A Case Study of Kathmandu Metropolitan City is mainly based on primary data collected from the area of study. The data were obtained through the use of structured questionnaires, field observation, and interview as major tools. Altogether, 100 respondents of different walk of life were sampled by using the simple random sampling under the probability sampling. They were the child labourers of different districts of the nation. The main objectives of this study were to find out the socio-economic condition, family background,general working condition and root causes of the prevalence of domestic child labourers of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. This study reveled that the maximum (48%) respondents are of 12–14 years of age. The main castes of domestic child labour are Chhetri, Brahmin, Tharu, Tamang, Magar, Newar, Bhote/Sherpa, Thakali and Gurung. Among them, the highest number is of Chhetri (25%) in the study area. The educational level of domestic child labour is 56 percent literate and 44 percent illiterate. The majority (82.2%) has the knowledge of primary level education. The main cause of drop-out of school of them is poor economic condition of their family. The maximum (39%) child labour in Kathmandu Metropolitan City are from surrounding districts; Nuwakot, Dhading, Kavreplanchowk,Sindhupalchowk and Dolakha. The family size of domestic child labour is 7–10 (47%),10 and above (41%), 4 percent have no family members in the family rest of them are 4–6 family members in the family. Out of total 43 percent domestic child labours haveeither father only or mother only in the family. The study further reveals that the familyliteracy of domestic child labour is only 25 percent. Family occupation and land holding are themain factors of position and condition of thefamily in Nepalese context. The family occupation of domestic child labour shows 30percent agriculture, 55 percent wage labour and rest of them others. The land holdingstatus of their family is (63%) having own land and (37%) having no land. Theinsufficiency of food because of less agricultural land, poor housing status and burden ofdebt are the push factors to domestic child labour of the respondents. The parents ofdomestic child labour are themselves oncompulsion of their children’s labour because of viii the hand to mouth problem in the family. The majority (51%) children work more than 10hours in a day, they have to do all the works of the home that ordered by their employer.The monthly earning ratio of domestic child labour is very less, majority of them earn401–800 per month. Only 55 percent of them are found that they are getting the chanceof study. In total 85 percent are satisfied with current job and rest of them are notsatisfied, the main reason of not satisfied with current job is too much work. The relationof domestic child labour with employer is found normal (54%), good (30%), bad (15%)and worst (1%). The wake up time of them is before 6 a.m. for the work and sleepingafter 10 p.m., theirsleeping place is primarily floor than other places. The health status of domestic child labour is poor because they were found suffered fromeither cough, cold, fever, chest problem, breathing problem, diarrhea, headaches or earinfection while this study surveyed them. The main message of them was “Don’t Make Other Children Work like Us.” The present study has found the way of relief of them by raising the income level of their family, for this purpose the activities or programmes related to awareness and raising income level such as; goat farming, chicken farming,commercial vegetable farming etc are essential.Item Striving for Livelihood and Urban Space A Study of Street Vendors of Pokhara(Faculty of Anthropology, 2018) Khawas, NamrataThis study was undertaken with the general objective of assessing the living condition of street vendors of Pokhara metropolitan City and the contribution of street vending in making their livelihood. The specific objectives were to examine the reasons for these people being engaged in street vending in Pokhara City and to investigate the vendors’ striving for getting subsistence livelihoods in the context of increased rigidness of local authorities towards them. Embedded with the thematic notions of urban anthropology conceptually, theoretically and methodologically, this study was guided by the concepts like livelihood and informal sector. Right to the city has been used as the main theoretical guideline. Literatures related to these conceptual and theoretical bases as well as others, which were undertaken on and about street vending in and out of Nepal have been reviewed during this study. Methodologically, this study was carried out in main market centers of Pokhara Metropolitan City, namely Mahendra pool, Chipledhunga, and Prithivi Chowk including Buspark. These areas were purposefully selected for the data collection of this study. This is a study based on qualitative research tradition. Within this tradition, this study made use of the basic elements of ethnographic research. In terms of research design, this study is based on exploratory and descriptive research designs. There have been no documented /official records on the total number of street vendors in Pokhara Metropolitan City as the metropolis authority has classified this activity as an illegal act. However, street vending is quite a common practice in the major market centers of Pokhara and all those street vendors formed the universe of this study. Thus, for the qualitative research, I had selected 11 woman street vendors as the main informants of this study by adopting purposive sampling procedure. Besides, four informants were chosen purposively for case studies and additional two informants for key-informants interview. Basically, this research has been based on primary types of qualitative data collected from the ethnographic fieldwork undertaken mainly by making use of the techniques of in-depth interviewing with the informants, key-informants and participant observation. To be precise, fruits selling women as street vendors in Pokhara were main sources of primary data. Some important secondary data were also gathered through the review of published and unpublished documents available in libraries, official records of Pokhara Metropolis office, and personal collections. Data analysis followed a kind of cyclical pattern of data collection, recording, analyzing, and returning to the field to collect more data. During data analysis, at first I collected data from participant observation and interviews. After that I transcribed all of those recorded data in Nepali by using computer software named VLC media player. Then each of the transcripts was translated into English and the translated data ware coded in English to generate themes and categories. Finally, those themes and categories were analyzed descriptively. There are several reasons for which the women street vendors have been engaged in street vending in Pokhara. The most important reason that has been discovered is that street vending can be started with much lower investment. Besides this, lack of appropriate alternative, lack of educational qualification, more personal freedom etc. are other reasons. Therefore, street vending can be a good option to avoid business insecurities. Metropolis authority has been trying to prevent them from appearing on the streets but they are not in a mood to give up. In the streets, they have to strive against a number challenges which are posed by metropolis authority and their police, their customers and other shop keepers. As evident in their stories, they have been continually striving against these challenges for generating income. Their incessant striving for some of the urban space for undertaking vending practices has been going on and on. Such tireless engagement of the street vendors in coping with the adversities created by the local authority, local entrepreneurs, businesspersons and their associations also gives an unspoken or indirect message that the vendors have been claiming their right over urban space.Item Women’s Educational Status and Their Decision Making Power (A Case Study of Kathmandu Metropolitan City Ward No. 14)(Department of Sociology, 2009) Parajuli, Mahalaxminot available