Browsing by Subject "Multidrug resistant"
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Item Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infected Patients Attending Bir Hospital(Department of Microbiology, 2012) Sharma, Amit RajAntibiotic resistance among uropathogens is emerging public health problem. Bacteria may be innately resistant or may acquire resistance to antibiotics. Culture and antibiotics susceptibility testing of urine is important tool for diagnosis of infection and monitoring antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogen. The objective of this study was to assess antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and to describe MDR pattern of E. coli. This study was conducted in Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, among suspected UTI patients during January to March, 2011. Altogether, 739 urine samples were analyzed by semi-quantitative culture method and uropathogens were identified by conventional methods. A total of 109 E. coli were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines. Out of 739 samples, 27.3% gave significant growth while 3.1% and 29.2% samples gave mixed and non-significant growth, respectively. The distribution of UTI is the most common among age group 16-49 years. E. coli was found to be most predominant isolate (54.0%) followed by Cogulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (21.3%) and Enterococcus fecalis (7.3%). Nitrofurantoin was found to be the most effective antibiotic followed by ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin while cephalexin was least effective. Out of 109 E. coli isolates, 90.8% were MDR strains. E. coli showed higher rate of resistance towards commony used oral antibiotics. However, nitrofurantoin still active against E. coli. Thus, nitrofurantoin could be the choice for empirical therapy of UTI.Item Bacteriology of Surgical Site Infection and Study of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern among the Patients Visiting Shree Birendra Hospital(Department of Microbiology, 2012) Maharjan, ShrijanaThe present study was carried out in Shree Birendra Hospital, Chhauni, with a view to observe the pattern of bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern from the infected surgical wounds of patients for the period of 7 months (October 2010 to May 2011).Altogether 200 wound specimens were collected and processed as per the standard protocol. Male patients were found to be more vulnerable to Surgical Site Infection constituting 61% (n=122) of the total patients than females 39% (n=78). The patients of working age groups 16-40 years were found to be highly affected with a significant difference in the incidence of SSI among males and females of different age groups. Most of the samples were collected from patients with orthopedic surgery (24.5%) followed by GI surgery (11%). Growth was found in 78% (n=156) pus specimens, out of which 83.3% (n=130) showed the growth of single bacteria and 16.7 % (n=26) showed the presence of multiple isolates. A total of 183 bacteria of 12 different species were isolated which included 4 species of Gram positive bacteria and 8 species of Gram negative bacteria. Out of 183 bacterial isolates 54.1% (n=99) were Gram positive bacteria and 45.9% (n=84) were Gram negative bacteria. Different types of organisms were isolated from different types of surgical sites. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate (n=49, 26.78%) followed by CONS (n=43, 23.5%), Escherichia coli (n=39, 21.31%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=17, 9.29%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (n=14, 7.65%). Other isolates were Klebsiella oxytoca, Morganella morganii, Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter fruendii, β-haemolytic streptococci and non-haemolytic streptococci. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolated organisms showed Polymixin B (78.14%) as the most effective drug followed by Amikacin (77.60%), Gentamicin (61.20%) and Pefloxacin (60.66%). Most of the bacteria were resistant to Cloxacillin (79.24%), Amoxicillin (49.73%), Cefepime (49.73%) and Ciprofloxacin (40.44%). Out of 49 isolates of S. aureus, 18.37 % (n=9) were MRSA and all of them were sensitive to Vancomycin. A significant number of isolates (75.96%) were found to be multi-drug resistant with 84.62% (n=33) of E. coli and 74.42% (n=32) of CONS, 78.57% (n=11) of K. pneumonia and 70.59% (n=12) of P. aeruginosa. Hence, SSI was found to be a predominant cause of morbidity for the surgical patients with male patients being affected more than the female patients. Therefore routine microbial analysis of surgical site infections and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates is recommended so as to guide clinician for the treatment of surgical site infections.Item Screening and Characterization of Bioactive Actinomycetes and Their Products From Nepal Against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria and Fungi(Department of Microbiology, 2020) Lekhak, BinodActinomycetes are versatile producers of diverse secondary metabolites including antibiotics. New therapeutics of microbial origin is essential to combat multidrug resistant human pathogens. This descriptive study was conducted to isolate, screen and characterize bioactive actinomycetes and their anti-microbial product along with optimization of cultural conditions for better metabolite production. A total of 240 soil and 48 water samples were collected from different parts of Nepal and actinomycetes were selectively isolated, primarily screened by perpendicular streak method and secondary screening was performed by agar well diffusion technique against selected bacteria and fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethyl acetate extract was carried out by tube dilution method. The screened actinomycetes strains were characterized by cultural, morphological, biochemical and 16SrRNA sequencing. Optimization of fermentation was carried out by cultivating the screened strains separately at different nutritional and cultural conditions. Characterization of ethyl acetate extract was performed by FT IR and LC-MS method. Out of 320 actinomycetes isolates, 120 (37.5%) were found bioactive against one or more test microbes. Among them only 4(3.3%) were inhibitory against all test organisms. In secondary screening, the most potent strain A3 showed highest activity against C. albicans with zone of inhibition of 41.33± 1.5mm and lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.5mg/ml against C. albicans and E. coli. Phenotypic characteristics predicted that strains A 3, D 2 , P 4 and J 1 were Nocardiosis prasina, Streptomyces violarus, S. krainskii and S. tsusimaensis respectively and the most potent strain A 3 was genotypically characterized as N. prasina. Optimization study revealed that starch, casein and potassium nitrate supported maximum bio mass and metabolite production in A 3 , P 4 and J 1 strains. Likewise, incubation temperature of 30 v 0 with pH 7-8 for 7-8days incubation time were found optimum for all screened strains. FT-IR and LC-MS analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate extracts of all the strains contained diverse functional groups and compounds having molecular mass (m/z) ranging from 106 to 986. Key words: Antibiotics, Multidrug Resistant, FT-IR, LC-MS, Actinomycetes.