Browsing by Subject "National Park"
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Item Socio Economic Impact of Shivapuri National Park on Local Community (A Case Study of Budhanilkantha Area)(Department of Rural Development, 2006) Karki, LaxmiShivapuri National Park and was established in 2002. Earlier Shivapuri was the main source offuelwood, fodder and timber for the local people. In 1975, HMG of Nepal tried to check theproblems of deterioration of Shivapuri ecosystem and established development project on theguidance and supervision of Shivapuri Development Board. Again the area was gazette asShivapuri Watershed and Wildlife Reserve (SWWR) in 1983. In Feb. 2002, the reservewasdeclared as National Park. Hence, the practices of local people foe years and easy access tonatural resources of Shivapuri have been undermined. Keeping in mind the above mentioned situation Budhanilkantha area inside the ShivapuriNational Park wasselected for the study of socio economic impact of local community. The general objective of the study is to assess the socio-economic impact of the ShivapuriNational Park on the livelihoods of the people living nearby.The specific objectivesof the studyare toexamine the socio-economic condition of the local people, to estimate the demand andsupply of firewood in Budhanilkantha Area, to find out the components of conflicts between thelocal people and National park. The descriptive research design has been adopted. Primary andsecondary data have been equally used. The total 103 sample populations have been abstractedthrough a purposive sampling under non-probability sampling design. The questionnaire havebeen constructed as closed and open ended type and administered in Nepali language. It had been concluded that it had been concluded that the majority (93%) of the respondents aresatisfied with the establishment of the Shivapuri National Park but the local people living in andaround the Shivapuri National Park have no legal access in all available natural resources as theirdemand although quality is in good condition and has reasonable distance for resource collection. Livestock rearing is one of the main sources of income of the local people.Although,fodder/grass and grazing have banded by Parks, 62% of the respondents are collect fodder/grassboth from the farm land and park area. The demand of firewood of the people for the energypurpose did not fulfill by the Park. Sometimes, people steal the firewood and the fodder/grassfrom Park. The better way could be the creation of buffer zone which will provide the resources to the localpeople and help to minimize the present conflict. Moreover, the local people should be involvedin all level of conservation strategy.Item Study on physicochemical parameters and benthic macro invertebrates of Panimuhan stream of Shivapuri National Park(Central Department of Zoology, 2008) Rai, AradhanaShivapuri National Park (ShNP) reservoir is a major source of water for Kathmandu Valley providing 35.6 million liter per day. In the present study period of six months from July-December physicochemical parameters like velocity of water, pH, temperature, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), free carbon dioxide (CO2), total alkalinity and total hardness (calcium and magnesium) were assessed and furthermore benthic macro invertebrates were also explored. Among the three sites, the first and second site were inside the ShNP at altitude of 1700 m and 1610 m respectively and the third site was at altitude of 1500 m outside the ShNP. Water velocity and temperature was conducted at the sites whereas other chemical parameters were performed at Natural Products Research Laboratory of Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST). The current of water was measured by surface float method and the highest velocity was 1.0 m/sec at site 2 in July and the maximum temperature was 21 oC at site 3 in August. The pH 7.5 was found at sites 2 in July. TS was determined by residue left after evaporating unfiltered sample water and found value of 1900 mg/l at site 2, TDS was determined by residue left after evaporating filter sample and found average value of 1500 mg/l at site 2 and 3 and TSS determined by difference between the TS and TDS and the average was 400 mg/l at site 2 and 3. Similarly the maximum DO concentration was 9.32 mg/l at site 2 in November. The highest free CO2 concentration was 13.2 mg/l at site 1 in July. The maximum total alkalinity was 70 mg/l at site 2 and 3, the highest total hardness was 34 mg/l at site 3 in December and finally the highest concentration of calcium and magnesium were 10.42 mg/l at and 2.43 mg/ l respectively at site 3. Similarly, the benthic macro invertebrates of Panimuhan stream were identified by using sieve of 500 µ and 20×20cm size quadrate and 54 samples were collected and were preserved in 80% of alcohol. Altogether 32 taxa belonging to 9 orders, 29 families and 28 genera of benthic-macro invertebrates were reported. Among them order Ephemeroptera (28.6%) was highly dominant in all the sites followed by diversified Tricoptera (25.5%), and Placoptera (14.4%). Diptera (13.3%) was followed by Tricladida (6%), Odonata (4.4%), Stylommatophora (2.8%), Neuroptera (2.5) and finally Coleoptera (2.1%) which was least dominant group. And site 3 comprised the higher number of species i.e. 37.05% ( = 1.75) and the values of evenness (e) were 0.52, 0.40 and 0.51 at sites 1, 2 and 3 respectively demonstrated that the species were distributed in similar pattern in all the three sites. During the study period site 3 was found mid pollutant due to domestic wastage where people should be aware of negative impact of natural river water pollution. However, overall physicochemical components and abundance of benthic macro invertebrates depict the non pollutant condition of the Panimuhan stream of Shivapuri National Park in the year 2007.