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Item Gastro-Intestinal Parasites In Exotic Avian Fauna Of Central Zoo, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2010-03) Bohara, AshokThe present study was conducted to determine the general prevalence, helminthes and protozoan wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and assess the management practices of 16 species of exotic avian fauna present at Central Zoo, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal. Altogether 100 faecal samples were collected on third week of April, 2017. The qualitative examination of faecal samples were done by iodine wet mount for protozoan and flotation and sedimentation technique for helminthes whereas Microsoft Excel 2013 and “R” version 3.3.1 software package was used for data analysis. Out of total 100 faecal samples examined, 54 fecal samples were positive with overall prevalence of 54%. Total of five species of gastrointestinal parasites were identified that include one genera of protozoa: Eimeria sp. (37%) and four genera of helminthes: Ascaridia sp. (23 %) showed the highest prevalence followed by Trichostrongylus sp. (10 %), Strongyloides sp. (7 %) and Codiostomum sp. (3 %). Although the prevalence rate of protozoan parasites (37 %) was higher than prevalence rate of helminthes parasites (33 %) but statistically the difference in prevalence of helminth and protozoan parasites was found to be insignificant (p = 0.656, χ2 = 0.197). Single infection wasfound to be higher than mixed infection. Statistically, the difference in prevalence of single and mixed infection was found to be significant (p = 0.034, χ2 = 4.481). Among mixed infections, double infection showed the highest infection rate (76.19 %) than multiple infection (23.80 %). Although the study indicates that exotic avain fauna at Central Zoo were infected to gastrointestinal parasites but the maintenance of hygiene and deworming programme is found to be effective because the birds kept inside the cage are active and death rate is very low but the possibility of reappearance of parasitic infection is always there due to stress and also due to closer proximity with other foraging birds that directly transmit parasites.Item Gastro-Intestinal Parasites of Red Panda (Ailurus Fulgens Cuvier, 1825) and Livestocks in Community Forest of Illam, Nepal(Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2015) Shrestha, SajanRed Panda is endangered species of Nepal and its numbers are declining day by day. Present study was conducted to assess the possible parasitic sharing between Red Panda and livestocks population sharing the same pasture land. A total of 55 fresh fecal samples were collected by using line transect method and opportunistically from the elevation range 2200 to 4800m, which includes Red Panda(14), Cow(20) , Buffalo(1) ,Yak(2), Horse(5), Goat(9) and Sheep(4) from Illam Community forest area of Nepal. The collected faecal samples were preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate and microscopically examined using direct smear and concentration methods. Prevalence of protozoan and helminthic parasites were found to be 100% in Red Panda. Among the protozoan, Sporozoa (64.28%) showed highest prevalent followed by Sarcodina (57.14%) and Litostomatea (14.28%). Among the helminth parasites, seven types of nematode were identified in which Oxyuris were reported in all the samples followed by Ascaris (57.14%), Trichostrongylus (50%), Strongyloides (50%), Trichuris (42.8%), Crenosoma (42.85%) and Hook Worm (35.7%). Multiple infection (78.57%) was more common in Red Panda followed by triple infection (21.42%) and double and single infection were absent. In case of livestock, almost equal prevalence of both protozoan (82.92%) and helminth (87.82%) parasites were recorded. Coccidian (60.97%) parasites were more prevalence in livestock followed by Sarcodina (21.95%) and Litostomatea (7.31%). Besides protozoan, eight genera of helminth parasites were recorded which includes; Oxyuris (87.8%), Ascaris (60.97%), Strongyloides (53.65%), Trichostrongylus (41.465), Hook Worm (39.02%) and Trichuris (31.70%), among nematode; Moniezia (14.63%) among cestode and Paraphiostomum (2.43%) among trematode. In case of mixed infection, multiple infections (73.17%) was more prevalence followed by triple (19.51%) and double infection (7.31%). Comparing the morphologically similar parasites, there were not statistically significant differences. However, some parasites were Red Panda specific and some were livestock specific.Item Haemo-Protozoan Parasites of Cattle in Gorkhamunicipality-7,Gorkha, Nepal.(Central Department of Zoology, 2018) Khankhawash, GopalHaemo protozoan infections are very common in cattle and cause devastating losses to the livestock industry. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of haemo-protozoan parasites in Gorkha municipality-7. A total of 80 blood samples were collected during the month of May-July, 2017 from the jugular vein of the cattle. All the samples were examin edmic roscopically under the high power magnification (100x) withthe help of immersion oil at the central veterinary lab Tripureswar, Kathmandu. Theprevalence of haemo-protozoan parasites was found to be 16.25%. The most common haemo-protozoan parasites encountered were Babesiasp., Anaplasmasp.andThe ileriasp. with prevalence rate 6.25%, 8.75% and 1.25% The prevalence of various haemo-protozoan parasitic infection in cattle were found statistically insignificant (χ2= 4.5544,P>0.1026). Among the identified blood protozoan parasites, prevalence was higher inabove the five years cattle (11.25%) than the less than five years cattle (5%). Maximummale cattle (11.25%) with poor body condition were susceptible for the haemo-protozoanparasitic infection. Likewise, haemo-protozoan parasitic infection was higher in above thethree herd size. Statistically, there was insignificance difference between age (χ2=0.8144,P>0.05), sex (χ2=2.5649e-31, P>0.05) and herd size (χ2= 2.87, P>0.05).Whereas, theprevalence of haemo-protozoan disease in body condition of the cattle were sign ificantdifference (χ2=32.348, P<0.05). However, no any activities on health care of cattle with rergarding the haemo-protozoan parasites were found. Thus, these indicate a high erprevalence of babesiosis in the cattle of Gorkha municipality-7.Item Helminthes Parasites among the People in Mithuawa VDC of Rauthat, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2009) Sah, Rita KumariThe present study was carried out with prepared questionnaires to determine knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding intestinal helminth parasites in people of Mithuawa VDC of different age groups Altogether 450 stool samples was collected from randomly selected people of Mithuwawa VDC with different occupation including 240 males and 210 females. Present study showed that intestinal helminth infections among people in Mithuwa VDC of Rauthat, characterized by higher prevalence of soil transmitted helminth parasites. Out of 203 positive stool samples the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides (18.44%) is the highest of all the parasites followed by Ancylostoma duodenale (14.67%), Trichuris trichiura (10.2%), Hymenolepis nana (8.67%) and the lowest prevalence of parasite were Strongyloides stercoralis (2.89%) were found. The prevalence rate of intestinal helminth parasite infecti male (50%) was found to be slightly higher than female (39.52%). The prevalence of helminth parasites was significantly higher (x2=8.57, p>0.05) in male than in female. Positivity of the intestinal parasitic infection is dependent on age factor. Hence the highest prevalence was found in 60 above age group people (51.85%) where as the minimum prevalence observed in people of age group 30-40 (41.57%) years. Out of 203 positive samples, (65.02%) showed single infection, (22.66%) showed double infection and (12.3%) showed multiple infection. The maximum prevalence of intestinal parasites were in, people of ward no. 6 who were mostly illiterate lack of knowledge about parasites and their effect, field defecation, occupation, sanitary condition, used of contaminated water and poor personal hygiene.Item Intestinal Helminth Parasites of Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann) from Pashupati (Kathmandu District) and Nilbarahi Area (Bhaktapur District) of Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2007) Malla (Gurung), VarshaA total of 202 faecel samples from Macaca mulatta (Rato bandar) from Pashupati and Nilbarahi areas were microscopically examined to identify the prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminth parasites. Faecel smears were prepared from fresh faecel samples and microscopically examined. About 3 gm of the dropping was also preserved separately in clean properly labelled vials containing 10% formalin. The specimens were microscopically examined after concentration for ova of intestinal helminth parasites. Out of total 202 samples, 124 (61.38%) samples were found positive for one or mixed infection of more than one helminthes and 78 (38.61%) samples were found to be negative for any helminthes. Eggs of 18 helminth species (16 nematodes, 1 trematode and 1 acanthacephala) were identified. Regarding classwise prevalence rate, out of 202 samples, the nematodes were the most prevalent with prevalence percentage 89.51% and trematode was the least prevalent with prevalence percentage 4.83%. The prevalence percentage of acanthocephala was 5.64%. Only one species of trematode that is Dicrocoelium sp. with 4.83% was found. Likewise only one species of acanthocephala that is Prosthenorchis elegans with 5.64% was found. Among nematodes Strongyloides fulleborni was found to be the most prevalent with 51.61% whereas prevalence with nematode Toxocara canis with 0.80% and Cooperia sp. with 0.80%were found to be the least prevalent. The prevalence rate of other species of nematodes were as follows : Oxyuris sp. – 11.29%, Ascaris lumbricoides – 10.48%, Dictyocaulus sp. – 7.25%, Chabertia sp. – 6.45%, Toxascaris leonina – 6.45 %, Ostertagia sp. – 6.45%, Trichurs ovis – 6.45%, Trichuris trichura – 5.64%, Trichostrongylus sp. –4.83%, Capillaria sp. – 4.03%, Oesophagostomum sp. – 4.03 %, Ancylostoma duodenale – 2.41%, Haemonchus contortus – 2.41 %. Cooperia sp. – 0.80 % and Toxocara canis – 0.80 %. Comparatively. the prevalence percentage of intestinal helminth parasites from Rhesus monkey were found to be 64.70% in Pashupati area and 58% in Nilbarahi area. Out of all observed helminthes, one trematode Dicrocoelium sp. and ten nematodes namely Strongyloides fulleborni, Oesophagostomum sp., Capillaria sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia sp., Ostertagia sp. and Toxocara canis were zoonotically infective. All the Genus and Species of intestinal helminth parasites observed in the Rhesus monkey are reported here for the first time from Nepal. Whereas, Prosthenorchis elegans is reported for the first time in Nepal.Item Prevalence Of Exto-parasites Among Domestic Animals Of Phedikhola Rural Municipality Syangja, District, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2018-05) Gautam, SabinaDomestic animals are especially tamed because of their usefulness as work animals, food sources etc. Main ecto-parasites found in domestic animals are fleas, mites, lice, ticks. They may harm the animals in many ways and cause significant loss in production. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of ecto-parasites of domestic animals of ward no. 2 and 3 of Phedi khola rural municipality, Syangja district, Nepal. Ecto-parasites were collected from 300 domestic animals by random sampling method. They were collected by hand picking and brushing method in June 2017. They were preserved in vials containing 70% alcohol and slides were prepared and identified by using different identification keys. Analysis of the result was done by using MS-Excel 2010 and “R” version 3.3.1 software packages. Among 300 animals examined, 156 (52%) animals were found infested with ecto-parasites like lice, ticks and fleas. The overall prevalence of lice, ticks and fleas were 42.33%, 16.66% and 5.66% respectively. Identification was done up to species level. Out of 142 goats examined 81 (57.04%) were found infested with louse (Damalinia caprea), tick (Boophilus microplus) and flea(Ctenocephalides canis) and their prevalence was 49.29%, 3.52% and 4.22% respectively. Among 123 examined buffaloes 60 (48.78%) were found to be infested by louse (Haematopinus tuberculatus) and tick (Boophilus microplus) the prevalence rate of 43.90% and 12.19%. Out of 10 cows were examined 6 (60%) were found to be infested with tick (Boophilus microplus), similarly among 19 Oxen examined 9 ( 47.36%) were found to be infested with tick (Boophilus microplus). The distribution of all ecto-parasites on all animals was found insignificant. Domestic animals are commercially important to farmers so more studies should be done to understand dynamics of ecto-parasitism.Item Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasites in Ruminants at Central Zoo, Kathmandu, Nepal(Central Department of Zoology, 2018) Pun, TejabThe present study was done in Central Zoo of Nepal to find out the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and basic management practice in present ruminant species. Zoo is the special place where wild animals are kept for exhibition which plays crucial role in recreation, relaxation, education, research and so on. Ruminants are herbivores with four chambered stomach. They are also get infected frequently by parasites. So, present study was conducted to find the parasitic infections in ruminants. A total of 104 fecal samples were collected from ruminants available at zoo in two different seasons' viz. winter (56) and summer (48) with the help of zookeeper. Fecal samples were preserved in 2.5% Potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O ) in 25ml sterile vial and transported safely to laboratory of Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal for microscopic observation. Concentration method (flotation and sedimentation) were employed to recover helminth eggs whereas iodine smear method was employed to recover protozoan cysts. Gastro-intestinal parasites were identified by microscopic examination. Results revealed overall prevalence of 59% parasitic infection whereas seasonal were 55% and 62% in winter and summer respectively. Only one protozoan, Eimeria sp. (Eimeria without micropyle (26%) and Eimeria with micropyle (15%)) was found and three helminth, nematode eggs were recorded with highly prevalent Trichostrongylus sp. (39%) followed by Haemonchus sp. (4%) and Strongyloides sp. (2%). No cestode and trematode were found during study period. Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaur), Himalayan Goral (Naemorhedus goral) and Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor) were found to be highly infected with intestinal parasites whereas Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak) showed lowest. Through interview and observation, management practice was found to be quite systematic but still care and deworming practice should be more effective. 7Item Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasites of Horses (Equus Caballus Linnaeus, 1758) in Seven Vdcs of Rukum District, Nepal(Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2016) Oli, NareshHorse has been a loyal friend and trusted partner of human being. Horses are prone to infestation with both internal and external parasites. Present study was conducted in eastern seven VDCs of Rukum district to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in horses. The study was carried out from March 2016 to November 2016. A total of 105 faecal samples of horses (79 males and 26 females) were collected by using opportunistic random method during the month of April 2016. The collected faecal samples were preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate and microscopically examined using concentration techniques. The overall prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites was 84.76% (89/105). The total numbers of genera observed during faecal examination were 12 in numbers. Among them, the Strongylus sp. showed the highest prevalence (51.42%) followed by Eimeria sp. (20%), Trichostrongylus sp. (14.28%), Trichonema sp. (13.33%), Parascaris equorum (10.47%), Balantidium sp. (9.52%), Dictyocaulus sp. (8.57%), Triodontophorus sp. (7.61%), Gastrodiscus sp. (6.66%), Oxyuris equi (4.76%), Entamoeba sp. (3.80%), Shistosoma sp. (1.90%) and unidentified nematode larvae (7.61%). Three genera of parasites: Shistosoma sp., Triodontophorus sp. and Dictyocaulus sp. have been reported first time for Nepal in horses. Present study showed higher infection rate in females (92.30%) than in male horses (82.27%). No significant associations were observed between the prevalence of parasite rate with VDC-wise (χ2 = 5.7161; p>0.05) and prevalence rate with sex-wise (χ2 = 0.3346; p>0.05). But a significant association was observed between the infection status and study area (χ2 = 84.277; p<0.05)Item Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Pigeon (Columba Sp. Linnaeus, 1758) In Three Temples of Pokhara Valley(Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2016) Gurung, AmritThe present study was conducted to determine the general prevalence, identification, compare area-wise as well as infection-wise prevalence and find out activities on health care of pigeon (Columba sp.) in three temples viz. Bhadrakali temple, Bindhyabasini temple and Tal Barahi temple of Pokhara valley. A total of 120 faecal samples were collected by opportunistic random faecal sampling method on 16, 17 and 19 March, 2016 A.D. Iodine wet mount and different concentration technique (floatation and sedimentation) were used for faecal qualitative tests and verbally administered questionnaires for interview whereas Microsoft Excel 2007 and “R”, version 3.3.1 software packages were used in analyzing data. Out of 120 faecal samples examined, 83 faecal samples were positive with 69.16% prevalence of parasitic infection. Total of seven GI parasites that includes one subclass of protozoan: Coccidia 23 (19.16%) and six genera of helminths: Capillaria sp. 38 (31.67%), Ascaridia sp. 26 (21.66%), Echinostoma sp. 9 (7.50%), Syangamus sp. 7 (5.83%), Hymenolepis sp. 4 (3.33%) and Hetarakis sp. 3 (2.50%) were identified and reported first time in Nepal. The prevalence rate of helminths 66 (55%) were higher than protozoan parasites 23 (19.16%). The higher prevalence of GI parasites was in Bhadrakali temple 31 (77.50%) followed by Tal Barahi temple 29 (72.50%) and the lowest was in Bindhyabasini temple 23 (57.50). Statistically, the difference in prevalence of GI parasitic infection among study area was found to be insignificant (χ²=0.76328, P>0.05) whereas the difference in prevalence of single infection 52 (43.83%) and mixed infections 31 (25.83%) were insignificant (χ²=3.4728, P>0.05). No any activities on health care of pigeon regarding the GI parasites were found. The study indicated that pigeons in three temples of Pokhara valley were highly susceptible to GI parasites. Therefore sustainable ways for controlling the parasitic infection and further studies need to be designed for the health and conservation of pigeons.Item Prevalence of Intestinal Hetminths Parasites Among the Children in Chools in Devedaha Municipality of Rupandehi Distric, Nepal(Central Department of Zoology, 2019) Gaire, Krishna PrasadThe intestinal parasitic infection is more common in developing countries living under low socio-economic profile, with poor hygiene and sanitary condition. This study was carried out to measure the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among the children of Public and Private schools of Devdaha Rupandehi. Total 150 stool sample were collected randomly from different public school (n=75) and private schools (n=75) and examined by direct smear method. Out of 150 samples of children 28 (18.667%) were found to be infected with one or more intestinal parasites. Among them A. lumbricoides (42.10% vs. 41.66%), Trichuris trichiura (26.31% vs. 25%) Hookworm (17.14% vs. 15.38%) and Taenia sp. (15.78% vs. 8.33%) were identified. The prevalence of infection were found higher in public school children (22.667%) as compared to private school (14.667%) where public school boys were (24.24%) were slightly more infected than girls (21.42%) while in private school girls (15.38%) were slightly more infected than boys (13.88%). The prevalence of parasite on the basis of age group (3-7) years in both public (25%) and private (18.42%) school is more than other age groups. The observed data were statistically analyzed with the help of Ms. Excel 2007, Chai square test was performed for the analysis of data, statistically no significant difference (P>0.05) was noticed in prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among children of both public and private schools children. Children should be discouraged from activities such as finger sucking defecating on open place, nail biting habits, walking by bare foot, use of dirty drinking water etc. Basic health education program about intestinal parasitic infections should be conducted time to time, proper management of toilet, Pure and safe drinking water should be made easily accessible, which is important to overcome parasitic infection in school children.Item Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among Students of Ananda Bhairab Lower Secondary School of Mulpani, Kathmandu(Department of Zoology, 2008) Karki, RajanMany people of Mulpani VDC of Kathmandu district are still illiterate and poor. Many houses still lack toilets and safe drinking water supply. The present study entitled "Prevalence of Intestinal parasites among students of Ananda Bhairab Lower Secondary School of Mulpani, Kathmandu" was carried out during July 2006 to October 2007 to determine the intestinal parasitic infection rate among the children. Out of 245 students of Ananda Bhairab Lower Secondary School of Mulpani VDC, a total of 232 stool samples were collected and examined under microscope. Out of these, 62 (26.72%) were found positive for the intestinal parasites. The intestinal parasites observed during the study were 43.48% Ascaris lumbricoides, 26.09%. Entamoeba histolytica, 14.49% Giardia intestinalis, 8.70% Cyclospora sps., 5.80% Trichuris trichiura and 1.45% Hymenolepis nana. Infection by more than single parasite was 11.29%. The parasitic infections were found generally higher in males (29.41%) in comparison to females (24.62%). Statistically the difference in the prevalence of intestinal parasites between the two sexes was found to be insignificant (χ2 = 0.671, P> 0.05). The age-wise distribution of parasitic infections was found to be maximum (38.88%) in the age group 15 and above and minimum (26.32%) in the age group 10-15 years. However, statistically no significant difference was found in infection rate among different age groups of children (χ2 = 2.22, P> 0.05). Such a remarkable prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among children of Mulpani VDC were found to be directly associated with unhygienic feeding habit, lack of knowledge, poor sanitation and poverty.Item Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Tharu Community of Pawannagar Vdcs of Dang District in Relation to their Socio-Economic Status(Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2016) Oli, Khim BahadurIntestinal parasitosis is becoming a common problem among people of least developing countries living under low socio-economic profile. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Tharu people of Pawannagar VDCs of Dang district in relation to their socio-economic status. The study was carried out with prepared questionnaire method to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices between March to November, 2016. Altogether 200 stool samples were randomly collected from different age groups and sexes and were preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. These stool samples were examined by direct smear method in the Parasitology Laboratory of Central Department of Zoology, Kirtipur, Kathmandu. Out of 200 peoples, 59 (29.5%) were found to be infected with one or more intestinal parasites among them the prevalence rate of parasitic infection in males were 34 (31.19%), whereas females were 25 (27.47%) (χ²=0.18017). Finding of the study showed that, highest prevalence rate was in the age group above 41 years was 33.33%, where lowest was 28.67% (χ²=0.10876) in the age group 20-40 years. Altogether, five species of intestinal parasites were detected. Entamoeba histolytica was most predominant among protozoa whereas Ascaris lumbricoides was detected among helminth parasites. The distribution of helminthic infection 51 (86.44%) were higher than the protozoan infection 8 (13.55%). The prevalence of A. lumbricoides 27 (45.76%) was the highest whereas Enteriobius vermicularis 2 (3.38%) was the lowest parasites. But the study showed that single 52(88.13%), double 5 (8.47%) and multiple 2 (3.38%) parasitic infections in the Tharu communities. Tharu people were interviewed on the basis of parasitic infection, knowledge of the transmission, control and prevention of the parasites. Most 141 (70.5%) people were unaware and 59 (29.5%) people were aware about the intestinal parasitic worms. Female were more 31 (34.06%) aware than male 28 (25.68%). Thus, the wide parasitic infection among Tharu people are attributed to poor hygienic condition, contaminated water, unhygienic food, poor sanitary disposal condition and low socio-economic status of these communities help to increase the high prevalence rate.Item Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Wild Buffalo (Bubalus Arnee, Kerr, 1792) of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal.(Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2017) Gupta, SushmaWild buffalo (Bubalus arnee) is endangered species which are conserved in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), located in Sunsari, Saptari and Udayapur district of Eastern Terai Region of Nepal. In order to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites of wild buffalo in KTWR, total of 160 fresh dung samples were collected by random faecal sampling method in March, 2016 and examined by floatation, sedimentation and Stool’s counting technique using Lugol’s Iodine mount following standard technique. Out of 160 dung samples examined, 76 (47.50%) dung samples were found positive for different parasitic infections. Nematode infection was found comparatively more (38.75%) than the protozoan (35%) infection. Seven different parasite species were revealed with one coccidian parasite: Eimeria 56 (35%) whereas six helminthes, including one species of trematode: Paramphistomum 37 (23%) and five species of nematode: Trichostrongylus 56 (35%), Haemonchus 47 (29.37%), Toxocara 39 (26.25%), Strongyloides 38 (23.75%) and Oxyuris 35 (21.88) were identified. The prevalence of various intestinal parasitic infection in wild buffaloes were found statistically insignificant (χ² = 0.15, P>0.05). Among, identified protozoan parasites, Eimeria without micropile and with micropile showed insignificant distribution (χ²=0.83, P<0.05) whereas, the prevalence of parasites among protozoa (35%), trematode (11.87%) and nematode (38.75%) were significantly different (χ²=12.48, P<0.05). Similarly, prevalence of mixed parasitic infections in wild buffaloes (χ² =11.806, P<0.05) also showed statistically significant different. However, no any activities on health care of wild buffalo regarding the intestinal parasites were found. Thus, this study indicated a higher prevalence of intestinal parasite in wild buffalo of KTWR.Item Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Inpeople Consumingand Non-Consuming Alcohol Ofmushar Community, Chandralalpur-6, Siraha(Department of Zoology, 2010) Yadav, Binod KumarIn the present study the base line household survey was carried out in the Mushar Community of Chandralalpur-6, Siraha with prepared questionnaire todetermine knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the prevalence of intestinalparasites in people consuming and non-consuming alcohol in different age groupsabove 10 years. The study duration was during the months ofApril to September,2009.Altogether 300 stool samples of different agegroups and sexes were collectedand examined by fecal smear preparation method.The stool samples were collectedon the basis of amountof alcohol consumedor not. They were categorized into heavydrunker, moderate drunker, rare drunker and non-drunker of alcohol. Out of 300 stool samples, 113 (37.66%) samples were recorded as positive.The prevalence rate of intestinal parasites was found to be most in non-alcoholic andgradually decreased from rare drunker to heavy drunker. The prevalence percentageof intestinal parasites was 0% in heavy drunker, 38 (31.66%) in moderate drunker, 35(70%) in rare drunker and 40 (88.88%) in non-drunkerof alcohol.Regarding the sex-wise, the total prevalence percentage of intestinal parasites in males was 31 (27.43%)and in females 82 (72.56%). Males were less infected by intestinal parasites incomparison to females. The prevalence percentage of intestinal parasites was 12.5%in males and 19.16% in females of moderate drunker, 16% in males and 54% infemales of rare drunker and 17.77% in males and 71.11% in females of non-drunkerof alcohol respectively. Among the protozoan infections,Entamoeba histolyticaandGiardia lambliawere found in the people of Mushar community. The prevalence percentage ofEntamoeba histolyticawas 0% in heavy drunker, 12 (31.57%) in moderate drunker, 7(20%) in rare drunker and 6 (15%) in non-drunker of alcohol whereas the prevalencepercentage of Giardia lambliawas 0% in heavy drunker 23 (31.75%) in moderatedrunker, 22 (62.85%) in rare drunker and 31 (77.5%) in non-drunker of alcoholrespectively. The prevalence percentage of helminth infections was 9 (7.96%)Ancylostomaduodenale12 (10.61%)Ascaris lumbricoides, 8 (7.07%)S. stercoralis,14 (12.38%) T. solium,14(12.38%)H. nanaand 2 (1.76%),T. trichiurarespectively. Regarding sex wise, prevalence of intestinal parasites in males was 31(16.23%) and in females was 82(75.22%). The present study shows that females weremore infected by the intestinal parasites in comparison to males.The prevalence ofintestinal parasites was found to be high because of their non-vegetarian, non-alcoholic feeding habit as well as their open air defecation practice and lack ofawareness. The prevalence percentage ofTaenia soliumwas found to be high becauseof heavy eating ofuncookedpork. Out of 300 respondents, only 4 (1.33%) malesrespondents were literate (able to read and write) and remaining all males and femalesrespondents were illiterate (not able to read and write).Most of the people i.e. 268(89.33%) respondents were non-vegetarian and 32 (10.66%) respondents werevegetarian. The rate of infections of intestinal parasites were found more in non-vegetarian than the vegetarian. Out of 113 (37.66%) positive samples 35.39% showedsingle infection, 52.21% showed double infection and 12.38% showed triple infection.The alcohol consuming behaviour in Mushar community was found to bevery high.Economic status of Mushar community seems to be extremely poor. Thus, in Mushar community people, public health awareness educationalprogramme should be launched along with poverty alleviation programme providingland with technical trainingas soon as possible to accommodate them in mainstreamof country development.Item A Study Of Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Domesticated Duck (Anas Platyrhyn chos Linnaeus, 1758) In Chandragiri Municipality, Kahmandu, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2018-05) Shreshtha, DipeshDucks (Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758) are under order of Anseriformes ( water fowl) of family Anatidae which contains 146 species and 43 genera. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine prevalence and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal parasites of ducks reared in three different locations (Bishnu-Devi, Kanchan-Basti and Balambu) of Chandragiri Municipality from November to February, 2017 using opportunistic random method. A total of 120 ducks were sampled to assess and identify different genera of gastrointestinal parasites of ducks (40 samples from each three location). The collected faecal samples were examined by differentiation floatation technique and sedimentation techniques for isolation of parasitic eggs and/or oocysts. Among 120 samples collected from the field, 81.67% samples were found to be positive with one or more than one gastro-intestinal parasites. Among 120 samples the highest occurrence was 80% nematodes followed by 21.67% of protozoan and 10.83% cestodes. Among seven different genera of gastro-intestinal parasites one genera of protozoa, five genera of nematodes, one genera of cestodes were observed where Ascaridia sp. (21.67%) followed by Capillaria sp. 16.67%, Hetarakis sp.15.00%, Tetrameres sp. 14.16% and Strongyloides sp. 12.50%. Only species of cestode was Raillietina sp. 10.83% and only genera of protozoa was Eimeria sp. 21.67%. The study also revealed that, out of 120 ducks examined, 20 (16.67%) and 78(65.00%) ducks were found to harbour mixed and single infections respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that location (χ2 = 5.55; p<0.05) were significantly and insignificantly associated with the infection of gastrointestinal tract parasites in the study area . This study revealed that duck's gastrointestinal tract parasites were the major biological constraints contributing to the low productivity of ducks and decreases the economic benefits obtained from the sector. Therefore, further detailed investigations are needed to formulate appropriate and cost effective strategies for the control of gastrointestinal parasites in duck farms in Chandragiri municipality.Item Study on helminth parasites in general and liver fluke (Fasciolo sp.) in particular on cattle of Mukundapur VDC-02, Nawalparasi(Department of Zoology, 2011) Dhakal, Yadav PrasadCattle (Bos indicus) being an important source of milk and as draft animals in the rural areas of Nepal has been considered in the present thesis. The outcomes from this species is badly affected by the helminth parasites. The current study was carried out to observe the seasonal prevalence of helminth parasites in general and liver fluke (Fasciola sp.) in particular which is considered as a major aspect of productivity loss. Two different techniques were used during the detection of helminth parasites. These were simple floatation and sedimentation technique. There were 100 samples collected during each month of September and January. The seasonal prevalence of helminth parasites during September and January were 70% and 60% respectively. During September 82.85% of infection were caused by trematodes, 12.86% by cestodes and 41.42% by nematodes. Likewise 65%, 11.67% and 50% of infections were caused by trematodes, cestodes and nematodes respectively during January. Cestode genera Anoplocephala was reported for the first time in cattle from Nepal. Among the total positive samples 49.43% were found to have single infection and rest 50.77% have mixed infection by 2-4 different genera. Most of the single and mixed infections were due to Fasciola sp. The overall prevalence percentage follows as: Trematodes: Fasciola sp. (55.38%), Schistosoma sp. (37.69%), Dicrocoelium sp. (1.54%), Paramphistomum sp. (3.85%), Ornithobilharzia sp. (0.77%), Cestodes: Dipylidium sp. (7.69%), Taenia sp. (4.62%), Moniezia sp. (1.54%), Anoplocephala sp. (0.77%). Nematodes: Trychostryngylus sp.(10.77%), Strongyloides sp. (9.23%), Chabertia sp. (5.38%), Toxocara sp. (1.54%), Ostertagia sp. (4.62%), Bunostomum sp. (1.54%), Dictyocaulus sp.(9.23%), Haemonchus sp. (0.77%), Ascaris sp. (4.62%), Capillaria sp. (2.31%), Cooperia sp. (3.85%), Oesophagostomum sp. (0.77%), Trichuris sp. (3.08%). The difference in prevalence of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica during two seasons were found statistically significant. (χ2 = 12.86, P<0.05, d.f. = 1).