Browsing by Subject "Parasitic infection"
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Item Comparative study of gastrointestinal parasites of wild ruminants and chauris in Langtang National Park, Rasuwa, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2016) Achhami, BishnuThe study was conducted from May to June 2014 in Langtang National Park to show the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild ruminants and chauris and compare the gastrointestinal parasites between wild ruminants and chauris. A total of 71 fecal samples including 16 from Himalayan Tahr, 31 from Barking Deer, 9 from Musk Deer and 15 from Chauri were collected. Fecal samples were preserved in a 50 ml vial with 10% ethylalcohol and analyzed by concentration method in the laboratory of Central Development of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu. Result revealed that the overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 85.92%. Seven species of parasites wereidentified with one protozoan (Eimeria sp.), four nematodes (Ascaris sp., strongyle,Strongyloides sp. andTrichuris sp.), one cestodes (Moniezia sp.) and one trematode(Paramphistomumsp.). Statistically it was found that the parasites of wild ruminants and chauri had no significance difference i.e. the parasites found in both ruminants were same. It was found that the parasites can transmit from wild ruminants to Chauri and viceversa. Contaminating the grazing land of wild ruminants by chauri was found to be one of the main reasons for presence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild ruminants. Besides these,presence of vectors or intermediate host may play the important role in transmitting the gastrointestinal parasites where moist and shady condition of Langtang National Park favoured the parasites viability. Controlling or restricting the grazing of domestic ruminants in the habitat of chauri is must to control the parasitic infection in wild ruminants and vice versa.Item An Integrated Approach to the Control and Prevention of Intestinal Parasitic Infection(Department of Zoology, 2007) Shakya, MeenuParasitic infection to human has been found increasing and recognized as an important public health problem in Chovar area of Kirtipur Municipality. A community based study on intestinal parasites was carried out in ward no. 13 and 14. A household survey was carried out to determine knowledge, attitude and practice regarding intestinal parasites by means of structural questionnaire in children of age group of 3-12 years in 2006. A total of 179 stool samples were collected and examined by fecal smear method. Among them 40.78%were found infected by different kinds of intestinal parasites. Among the positive samples prevalence rate in male children was 54.79% and 45.21% in female children. There was no significant difference in prevalence in two sexes. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was found to be 50.82%, Trichuris trichiura 9.83%, Hookworm 4.91% and Strongyloide stercoralis 8.33%in helminthes while Giardia lamblia 22.95%, Entamoeba histolytica 9.83% and Cyclospora sp. 1.64% in protozoan parasites. Out of 73 positive samples 83.56% were found with prevalence of single species infection where Ascaris lumbricoides and Giardia lamblia were found to be most dominant helminthes and protozoan parasites respectively. Similarly, 16.43% were found with prevalence of double species infection but no triple or further multiple infections was found. Regarding the age group, high prevalence was found in 9-10 years age (69.56%) in male children where as 10-12 years age-group in female children (36.36%). There was no significant difference in prevalence in different age groups (χ2=10.02, P>0.05). In case of ethnic group, the prevalence in children of Newar community was found to be high with51% infection rate while 30.64% in Chhetri and 17.64% in Brahmin. The finding of survey study revealed that 179 children, higher prevalence was noted from non-vegetarians (44.09%) than that of vegetarians (11.11%). There was significant difference in prevalence in relation to food habit. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was found highest (66.67%) among them who defecate at open places, drink direct tap water (89.04%), do not cut nails regularly (100%) and do not wash hands with soap water before eating food and after playing outdoor games (90.47%) . The survey had shown that 64.24% households contain domestic birds/animals and there was significant difference in prevalence on the basis of types of domestic birds/animals with them (χ2=30.32, P<0.05). Only a few used to examine the stool and take anti-helminthes drugs at certain interval of time. The survey had shown that the high prevalence of intestinal parasites was found in those respondents who believe in traditional methods of treatment for abdominal discomforts (77.78%). The survey had also shown that very few respondents know about medicinal plants used against intestinal parasitic diseases and there was no significant difference in prevalence on the basis of knowledge about medicinal plants (χ2=9.96, P<0.05).Item Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among the Children of Ganesh Secondary School of Bhaktapur District(Department of Zoology, 2006) Manandhar, PunamIn Nepal, some of the places are still away from the light of development. Among them, Sipadol VDC of Bhaktapur district also consists of such type of people who are illiterate, ignorant and poor. Their houses have poor hygienic condition, lack of toilet and no safe drinking water supply. The present study was conducted with respect to drinking and feeding habits and people of different caste groups as well as environmental sanitation. This dissertation entitled “Intestinal Parasitic Infections among the Children of Ganesh Secondary School of Bhaktapur District” was carried out during December 2005 to November 2006. Out of 248 children of Ganesh Secondary School of Sipadol VDC, a total of 224 stool samples were collected and examined under microscope. Out of these 75 (33.48%) samples were found positive for the intestinal parasitic infection with single or mixed species of parasite. The intestinal parasites observed during the study were 62% Ascaris, 6.66% Trichuris, 6.66% Hookworm, 1.33% Hymenolepsis, 6.66% Giardia, 10.66% Entamoeba, 2.66% Cyclospora and 2.66% Cryptosporidium. Infection by more than single parasite was 25.53%. The parasitic infections were found generally higher in males (38.46%) in comparisons to females (30.07%). Difference in the prevalence of intestinal parasites in between two sexes was found to be insignificant (χ2= 1.708, P> 0.05). The age-wise distribution of parasitic infections was found to be maximum (42.14%) in the age group 10-15 years and minimum 12.50%) in the age group 0-5 years. However, statistically no significant difference was found in infection rate among different age groups of children (χ2= 11.168, P> 0.05). Such a remarkable prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among children of Sipadol VDC were found to be directly associated with unhygienic feeding habit, lack of knowledge, poor sanitation and poverty.Item Population Status and Threats to Survival of Rhesus Monkey Macaca Mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) in Bajrabarahi Area, Lalitpur Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2020) Sapkota, BikramThe Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are well-known Old-World non-human primates which are commonly found to inhabit various religious sites and cities in Nepal. There are several types of threats found in them. The parasite and human monkey conflict are the major types of threats. This study was carried out in Bajrabarahi area Lalitpur to find the population status and possible threats of Rhesus monkey. Direct observation methods were used for population count, questionnaire survey was used for human monkey conflict and direct wet mount, sedimentation, floatation, and acid-fast staining techniques were used for the parasitic assessment. The collected data were analyzed with the use of Chi square test and MS EXCEL 2010 and data were presented in charts, Table, graphs and bar diagrams were used to present the data in a simplified and understandable form. The estimated population was 46 individuals. The human monkey conflict was increasing order. Total 80 respondents were part icipated in the survey the age from 15-60 years. Most of the respondents said that the human monkey conflict was due increasing the population and scarcity of the foods. Furthermore, cent percent prevalence with 12 varied species of the gut parasites were detected like Ascarid spp., Balantidium coli, Cryptosporidium sp., Eimeria sp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba spp., Giardia sp., hookworm, Strongyloides sp., Strongylid spp., Trichomonas sp., and Trichuris sp. suggesting parasitic infection as a major threat for the survival of these urban macaques.Item Prevalance of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Domestic Pig ( Sus Scorfa Domesticus Carl Linnaeus, 1758) in Two Farms of Pokhara Valley(Department of Zoology, 2018) Poudel, SaralaParasitic infection in pig is a common global burden causing loss of production and several parasitic diseases to them. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites (GI) of domestic pigs in two farms viz. Phursekhola pig farm and Saaru pig farm of Pokhara. A total of 120 faecal samples were collected by opportunistic random faecal sampling method. Iodine wet mount and different concentration technique (floatation and sedimentation) were used for faecal qualitative tests and verbally administered questionnaires for interview. Out of 120 faecal samples examined, 73 faecal samples were positive with 60.83% prevalence of parasitic infection. Total of eight GI parasites that includes protozoan: Isospora sp. (8.33%), Eimeria sp. (5.33%) and B.coli (25%) and helminths: Ascaris sp. (10.83%), Trichuris sp. (20.83%), Strongyloides sp. (8.33%), Trichostrongylus sp. (10.83%), and Fasciolopsis sp. (1.67%) were identified. Statistically, the difference in GI parasitic infection in specific parasites were found to be insignificant (χ²=38.083, P>0.05). The prevalence rate of protozoan parasites (39.17%) were higher than helminthes parasites (21.67%). Statistically, the difference in prevalence of GI parasitic infection among Protozoans and Helminthes parasites were found to be insignificant (χ²= 3.505, P>0.05). The higher prevalence of GI parasites was in Saaru pig farm (71.67%) and the lowest was in Phursekhola pig farm (50%). Statistically, the difference in prevalence of GI parasitic infection among study area was found to be insignificant (χ²= 1.11, P>0.05). Whereas the difference in prevalence of single infection (64.38%) and mixed infections (35.61%) were insignificant (χ²=3.50, P>0.05).Item Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Blackbuck ( Antelope cervicapra Linnaeus, 1758) of Blackbuck Conservation Area, Khairapur, Bardia, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2023) Thapa MunaBlackbuck is a species of antelope native to the Indian subcontinent. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, diversity, and concurrency of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in the blackbuck population of the Blackbuck Conservation Area in Nepal. A total of 150 fecal samples of blackbuck were collected and examined using the iodine wet mount and concentration technique. The results revealed an overall prevalence of 96% for GI parasites, with females having a higher prevalence than males. Ten different genera of parasites belonging to protozoa, cestode, trematode, and nematode groups were identified with Paramphistomum sp. (55.33%) having the highest prevalence followed by Strongyloides sp. (52%), Fasciola sp. (36%), Haemonchus sp. (26%), Moniezia sp. (24%), Trichostrongylus sp. (21.33%), Eimeria sp. (19.33%), Entamoeba sp. (15.33%), Ascaris sp. (8.67%) and Trichuris sp. (7.33%). The study also revealed mixed infection with one to six genera in each sample, with triple infections being the most prevalent. Most of the blackbucks exhibited light infection, while five specific parasite types showed heavy infection levels. These findings suggest a significant threat to the health and survival of the blackbuck population, highlighting the need for effective parasite control measures to prevent the spread of infection and improve overall health.Item Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic pigs (Sus Scrofa domesticus, Carl Linnaeus, 1758) of Jalthal VDC, Jhapa, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2018) Shah, SugandhaAvailable with full textItem prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Barn Swallow (Hirundo Sp. Linnaeus 1785) in the Tansen Palpa, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2021) Resmi, DolmaThe barn swallow (Hirundo sp.) belongs to the Hirundinidae family and is the most widespread species of swallows in the world. The barn swallows are migratory birds found on all continents of the world except Antarctica. The present study was conducted for the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of barn swallow in Tansen, Palpa. Total 120 fecal samples were collected by random sampling method from March 5 to May 25, 2019. The qualitative examination of fecal samples was done by direct microscopic examination, floatation technique and sedimentation technique whereas Microsoft Excel 2016 was used for data analysis. Out of 120 fecal samples examined, 105 fecal samples were positive with 87.5% prevalence of parasitic infection. Total six gastrointestinal parasites were encountered including one protozoan: Isopora sp. (35.23%) and five genera of helminths: Ascaridia sp. (48.57%), Echinostoma sp. (35.23%), Heterakis sp. (19.05%), Strongyle sp. (11.43%) and Trichostrongylus sp. (9.52%). The prevalence rate of helminths (93.33%) was higher than protozoan parasites (35.24%). The higher prevalence of GI parasites was in Bus park and Batase dada (95%). Statistically, the difference in prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among study area was found to be insignificant (χ²=0.662, P>0.05) whereas the difference in prevalence of single infection (50.47%), double (37.14) and triple infections (13.33%) were significant (χ² =23.547), P<0.05). The intensity of heavy of Ascaridia sp. was seen in only one sample, moderate infection of Ascaridia sp. and Ehinostoma sp. was seen in six and seven samples respectively. The study indicated that barn swallows of Tansen, Palpa were highly susceptible to gastrointestinal parasites due to improper management of waste products and improper handle of fecal sample of certain domestic animal. In order to minimize the GI infestation in barn swallow, first intermediate host should be identified and should be controlled by using different pesticides.Item Prevalence of intestinal parasites among Chepang people in Shaktikhor area, Chitwan, Nepal(Department of Zoology, 2018) Adhikari, SrijanaParasitic infection is one of the most important public health problem that have been suffered by most of the tropical and subtropical countries due to the humid climate, unsanitary practices, poor socio-economic status, unhealthy and unhygienic habit of living. The main motive of this study was to stumble on the prevalence of intestinal parasites among Chepang community living in Shaktikhor Area of Chitwan district. Questionnaire was prepared to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding intestinal parasites among Chepang people. Total 125 samples were selected randomly collected. Then these stool samples were examined by direct smear method and concentration methods. Out of 125 sample, 52% were found to be positive with one or more parasites. The prevalence rate of parasitic infection in male was 53.96% and in female was 50%. It showed that the rate of prevalence was higher among male than in female (p= 0.791). The highest existence of prevalence was among the age above 21 years and lowest was the age 2-10 years (p= 0.045). Altogether, seven different parasites were found with Ascaris lumbricoides as the dominant helminthic parasites (72.30%) and Entamoeba coli as the protozoan parasites (13.85%). This study showed that single infection was 83.07%, double infection was 15.38% and that of multiple infections was 1.53%. Hence, this study revealed the higher prevalence of parasitic infection which may be the result of contaminated food and water and poor personal prophylaxis. This study showed people drinking direct river water (61.17%) are found infected more than those using tap water (32.5%) (p= 0.005). Significant difference was obtained in terms of handwashing wise (p = 0.03), level of knowledge (p =0.03) and sources of drinking water (p=0.005). While there was no significant difference found in case of food-habit wise (p=0.933), occupation wise (p= 0.123), livestock and domestic animals presence wise (p=0.63), defecation (p= 0.12) and treatment-wise (p=0.16). The level of awareness is less regarding this prospectus so for minimizing the parasitic infection, awareness programmes, sanitary improvements, administration of drugs etc. are crucial.