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Item COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND REGENERATION OF Abies spectabilis D. Don IN SHAILUNG, CENTRAL NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-14) JOSHI, ADITYACommunity structure and regeneration of Abies spectabilis (D.Don) was studied in Abies spectabilis forest located in Shailung, Dolakha. Vegetation sampling was done by circular plot (20m diameter) method and the sample plots were located by systematic random sampling method. Two sites, northern and aspect, were selected for the study. Four horizontal transects running parallel to each other of about 200m altitudinal difference were designed for each aspect. Altogether 48 plots, six in each transect were established and the aerial distance between the plot was 50m. Number of woody plant species, number of individuals of each tree species, diameter at breast height (DBH) of each individual tree, number of seedlings and saplings of tree species were recorded in each plot. Various community attributes and population characteristics were analyzed. From each horizontal transect, soil was collected by pairing of plots in each transect from a depth of 30cm and pooled together. Three soil samples of 200 g from each transect were collected and their physicochemical characteristics were analyzed. On the basis of IVI Tsuga dumosa was dominant on lower elevation range on both aspects, while Abies spectabilis, was dominant at elevation range 2650m-2850m and 2850m-3050m, whereas, R. arboreum was dominant at elevation range above 3050m in northern aspect. Similarly, A. spectabilis and T. dumosa showed nearly equal dominance at elevation range 2650m-2850m, while A. spectabilis was dominant at elevation range 2850m-3050m and above 3050m in southern aspect. Altogether 40 plant species (13 tree species and 27 plant species in shrub layer) were found in the study area. The tree density of both sites increased with increase in elevation up to 2850m 3050m and decreased. Similarly, the basal area of tree gradually decreased after elevation range 2650m-2850m in both aspects. Comparatively tree density was higher in northern aspect and basal area was higher in southern aspect. Soil was slightly acidic in nature. The distinct variation in soil parameters were not observed in two sites as well as along altitude. Density-diameter curve of all tree species showed sustainable regeneration. But, density-diameter curve of A. spectabilis in both aspects slightly deviated from reverse J shaped structure and hence did not show sustainable regeneration. Seedling density was higher than sapling density. The distribution of seedlings and saplings were not uniform.Item Ecology and Phytochemistry of Zanthoxylum armatum DC.(Faculty of Botany, 2022) Phuyal, NirmalaAvailable with full textItem Forest Structure and Regeneration of Quercus semecarpifolia in Api-Nampa Conservation area, Nepal(Amrit Campus, 2022-07-19) Joshi, Daya KrishnaHimalayan forest is dominated by different species of Oaks (Quercus spp.) at different altitudes. This work was carried out to study the forest structure and regeneration of Q. semecarpifolia along altitudinal gradient in Api-Nmpa Conservation Area. The vegetation data was collected from a total of 48 number of 20×20 m square quadrat for tree species in which plots were established at lower limit of Q. semecarpifolia i.e. 2489 masl to uppermost limit i.e 3636 masl. The Shrubs and tree saplings including lianas were recorded from the nested plot sized by 25 m2 and herbs and tree seedlings from the quadrat size of 4 m2 . Importance Value Index (IVI) of tree, shrub and herb species, distribution pattern of seedlings and saplings, and soil attributes were analyzed. Regeneration was assessed by density - diameter curve. Fourty eight soil samples were taken for laboratory analysis. A total of 188 species of woody and non woody species belonging to 67 families were recorded. Tree species richness in the forest decreased with increasing elevation. The most frequent and dense tree species in the forest was Q. semecarpifolia with important value index percent of about 19% (IVI=56) and it was present in 80% of the sampling plots. IP of Q. semecarpifolia in the lower elevation range was 8% and in middle and upper range 17% and 41% respectively. Seedling and sapling were present in 30.2% and 75% of sample plot in the forest. The tree density of Q. semecarpifolia in the forest area was 235stem/ha with basal area 42.22 m2 /hectare. Seedling and sapling density of Quercus semecarpifolia in the forest was 4010 stem/ha and 1058 stem/ha. All the tree, sapling and seedling density and basal area of Q. semecarpifolia were higher in the higher elevations. The average maximum DBH of Q. semecarpifolia was 46.72 cm and average maximum height was 18.61 m. Q. semecarpifolia above 2800 m elevation showed sustainable regeneration as evident from reverse J shaped curve. However it below 2800 m elevation showed weak regeneration as evident from bell shaped curve. Altitude was the main factor for unequal distribution of species along the altitude. Soil nutrient such as nitrogen and potassium showed positive but insignificant relationship with seedlings and saplings.Item Forest Structure and Regeneration of Quercus semecarpifolia in Api-Nampa Conservation Area, Nepal(Faculty of Botany, 2020) Joshi, DayakrishnaHimalayan forest is dominated by different species of Oaks (Quercus spp.) at different altitudes. This work was carried out to study the forest structure and regeneration of Q. semecarpifolia along altitudinal gradient in Api-Nampa Conservation Area. The vegetation data was collected from a total of 48 number of 20×20 m square quadrat for tree species in which plots were established at lower limit of Q. semecarpifolia i.e. 2489 masl to uppermost limit i.e 3636 masl. The Shrubs and tree saplings including lianas were recorded from the nested plot sized by 25 m 2 and herbs and tree seedlings from the quadrat size of 4 m 2 . Importance Value Index (IVI) of tree, shrub and herb species, distribution pattern of seedlings and saplings, and soil attributes were analyzed. Regeneration was assessed by density - diameter curve. Fourty-eight soil samples were taken for laboratory analysis. A total of 188 species of woody and non-woody species belonging to 67 families were recorded. Tree species richness in the forest decreased with increasing elevation. The most frequent and dense tree species in the forest was Q. semecarpifolia with important value index percent of about 19% (IVI=56) and it was present in 80% of the sampling plots. IP of Q. semecarpifolia in the lower elevation range was 8% and in middle and upper range 17% and 41% respectively. Seedling and sapling were present in 30.2% and 75% of sample plot in the forest. The tree density of Q. semecarpifolia in the forest area was 235stem/ha with basal area 42.22 m 2 /hectare. Seedling and sapling density of Quercus semecarpifolia in the forest was 4010 stem/ha and 1058 stem/ha. All the tree, sapling and seedling density and basal area of Q. semecarpifolia were higher in the higher elevations. The average maximum DBH of Q. semecarpifolia was 46.72 cm and average maximum height was 18.61 m. Q. semecarpifolia above 2800 m elevation showed sustainable regeneration as evident from reverse J shaped curve. However it below 2800 m elevation showed weak regeneration as evident from bell shaped curve. Altitude was the main factor for unequal distribution of species along the altitude. Soil nutrient such as nitrogen and potassium showed positive but insignificant relationship with seedlings and saplings.Item Habitat characteristics, population structure, and vegetative and reproductive traits of Juniperus indica Bertol. along elevation gradient in Manang, Nepal(Department of Botany, 2014) Chapagain, ArjunElevation gradients are complex involving different co-varying factors that influence plant population structure and in traits related to life history. Studies pertaining to variation in such traits along the gradient provide opportunities to examine performance of plant populations under a range of environmental conditions. This study aims to assess variations in population structure and vegetative and reproductive traits of Juniperus indica Bertol. along elevation gradient in Manang, north-central Nepal. The whole of its distribution range was divided into lower- (3350-3580 m), mid- (3650-3880 m) and higher- (3950-4250 m) elevation bands, where populations were sampled in a total of 54 plots (18 plots per band) of 10 m x 10 m size. In each plot, we recorded habitat characteristics; number of individuals of J. indica classified into seedling, juvenile and adult; and vegetative (plant height, trunk diameter, canopy radius and leaf biomass) and reproductive (number of fruits per plant) traits of its adult individuals. J. indica preferred dry, rocky habitats in SE- to SW-facing slopes, along with Rosa-Berberis-Juniper shrubland, subalpine and alpine grasslands, and open forests. Altogether, 88 plant species, associated with J. indica, were identified. Plots in the lower- and mid-elevation bands mostly comprised woody shrubs, whereas herbaceous species dominated the higher-elevation band. Mid-elevation band tended to show highest density of seedlings and juveniles, but adult density was high in the plots at lower-elevation band. J. indica exhibited almost similar population structure in three bands, with high contribution of juveniles than seedlings and adults. However, proportion of adult was high in lower-elevation, whereas proportions of seedling and juvenile tended to be high in mid- and higher-elevations. Density-diameter (d-d) curve for adult J. indica was reverse J-shaped, indicating continuous regeneration. Most of the individuals were of moderate to small size. Mean leaf dry biomass was 28.98 kg per ha. The number of fruits per plant ranged 10-1040 (mean 202.9). J. indica showed higher values of all studied traits in lower-elevation than in mid- and higher-elevation bands. Trunk diameter, leaf dry weight and fruits set parameters spatially varied within the same elevation band. Regression analysis showed that the canopy area was the strongest allometric variable for predicting total leaf biomass. Population density of J. Indica and its vegetative and reproductive traits are influenced differently by the variations in elevation. It is concluded that J. indica in Manang exhibits successful regeneration despite harsh ecological conditions. Higher regeneration at mid- and higher-elevation bands indicates plants ability to tolerate adverse environmental conditions as well as a tendency for expansion of its distribution niche towards cooler habitat of high elevation. The use of outer canopy area is the best option for nondestructively estimating above ground biomass of J. indica. Key words: biomass, population density, regeneration, reproductive trait, vegetative trait.Item Impact of Biogas Plant on Forest Community and Carbon Stock in Western Nepal(Amrit Campus, 2024-01-28) Pandey, ShantiIn Nepal, the rural residential sector is highly dependent on firewood energy, which is the major cause of deforestation. Biogas is one of those and has become an important alternative energy source that reduces rural dependence on fuel-wood consumption and helps in forest conservation. These forests play an important role in reducing global warming and climate change by conserving atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of the biogas plant on fuel consumption in the Kaligandaki rural municipality, Gulmi district, Nepal. Two different community forests users’ groups (CFUGs) were selected for the study namely, Harsa Community Forest (HCF) users’ and Sarsa Community Forest (SCF) users’ group. To assess the Important Value Index (IVI), species diversity, regeneration, and carbon stock, in total 40 sample plots (20 plots in each forest) of 10m radius were sampled using systematic random sampling method. Within the 10m radius plots, 2 subplots of 5m radius were laid for shrubs and 3 subplots of 2m radius for herbs. Tree biomass was estimated using an allometric equation, and regeneration was estimated by calculating the density of each species in seedling, sapling, and tree phases. To know about biogas plant, data were collected from field observation and personal interview. Of 40 households, 20 were selected for each forest user group in the Kaligandaki rural municipality. The carbon stock of HCF was found to be slightly higher (38.46 t/ha) than in SCF (34.46 t/ha) and increased with increasing use of a larger number of biogas plant users’ group. Similarly, total species diversity was found to be higher in HCF, but the diversity of herbs species was higher in SCF. HCF had a very good regeneration status with 12715 seedlings/ha, 6025 saplings/ha and 1230 trees/ha compared to SCF. The open canopy of HCF might have favoured the regeneration of a larger number of seedlings and saplings. This result revealed that the ground vegetation and regeneration was high in the less dense canopy forest and the installation of biogas plants helped in forest conservation.Item Plant diversity and free carbon stock in Swyambhu and Dakshinkali........(Amrit Campus, 2022-08-29) Budhathoki, SamritaSpecies diversity is the combination of species evenness and species richness. Sacred groves play significant role in conservation of rare and endemic species due to taboos and prohibitions. Nepal has centuries old traditions of establishing sacred groves of various size devoted to a particular deity. The relationship of tree diversity and carbon stock, an important concern of climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation has been less studied in sacred groves of Nepal. This study aimed to assess the plant diversity and carbon stock in Swayambhu sacred grove (SSG) and Dakshinkali sacred grove (DSG) of Kathmandu district. To study diversity, IVI, regeneration, tree and soil carbon stock, altogether 77 plots were sampled in 9 parallel transects in SSG (30 plots) and 10 parallel transects in DSG (47 plots) by using systematic random sampling method. Circular plot of 10 m radius was laid for trees and within it, one concentric plot of 5 m radii for shrubs and 3 subplots of 1 m radius for herbs was laid. Soil samples were collected from surface upto 15 cm depth using core sampler (volume 356.5179 cm3 ) from the plot centre for estimation of bulk density and composite soil sample (one in the plot centre while other four in N, E, W and S directions) for estimation of soil organic carbon. Regeneration was assessed by using Density-Diameter (D-D) curve and calculating density of each tree species in seedling, sapling and tree phases. Tree biomass was calculated using allometric equation developed for moist forest and later converted into carbon stock using default factor. Altogether 115 species belonging to 57 families and 104 genera were recorded in the SSG and in DSG total 184 species belonging to 77 families and 159 genera were recorded. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H) of plant species was found to be higher in DSG (H = 3.975) than in SSG (H = 3.213). The D-D curve showed reverse J shaped size class distribution in DSG. Density of seedling, sapling and tree was higher in DSG than that of SSG. Tree carbon stock (113.76 t/ha) and soil carbon stock (18.31 t/ha) of SSG (113.76 t/ha) was found higher than tree carbon stock (79.87 t/ha) and soil carbon stock (17.93 t/ha) of DSG. Tree carbon stock showed non-signicant weak positive correlation with species richness (r = 0.290, p = 0.120) and diversity index (r = 0.219, p = 0.246) in SSG but it showed non-significant weak negative correlation with species richness (r = - 0.077, p = 0.607) and diversity index (r = - 0.201, p = 0.177) in DSG. The findings of this study will be helpful to direct implication for the management and policies related to sacred groves for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation.Item Plant Diversity, Regeneration and Carbon Stock ofThree Community Managed Forests, Kailali, Western Nepal(Amrit Campus, 2024-01-28) Bhatta, BimalaForest is an integral component of majority of people ofNepal. Community forestry program has been involved as a potential solution to the problem of deforestation. This study is intended to assess the status of plant diversity, regeneration and carbon stock of three community managed riverine forest (Gasisamaigi, Laxmi and Shiva Parbati) of Kailali Western Nepal. All these forest were riverine forest with different management period. To asses Important Value Index (IVI), species diversity, regeneration and carbon stock altogether 90 sample plots (30 plots in each forest) of size 10m×10m were established for tree applying stratified random sampling method. Within the 10 m× 10 m 3 sub plots of 5m×5m for shrubs and 3 subplots of 2m×2m for herbs was laidonJanuary (2020). Tree biomass was estimated using equation of Chavel et al., (2005) and regeneration was estimated by calculating the density of each species in seedling, sapling and tree phases. Carbon stock of Gwasisamaigi Community Forest was found higher (146.58t/ha) than in Laxmi Community Forest (69.10t/ha) and Shiva Parbati Community Forest (59.2t/ha) and it increased with increasing management period of community forest. Similarly total species diversity was found higher in GCF but herbs species diversity was found higher in SCF.SCF had good regeneration statusopen canopy of SCF might have favored the regeneration of forest. This result revealed that species diversity and carbon stock increases with increase in management period of community managed riverine forest.Item Status of Community Structure and Regeneration of Quercus semecarpifolia S.M. in Forest of Chandragiri Hills, Central Nepal(Faculty of Boatany, 2020) Shrestha, HasinaPlants grow in community and community is none other than a naturally occurring, mutually sustaining and interacting assemblage of plants and animals living in the same environment and fixing, utilizing and transferring energy in some manner. To sustain the forest ecology, the role of regeneration is very crucial and good regeneration is the symbol of the healthy forest. The higher elevation of the Chandragiri Hills is mainly dominated by Q. semecarpifolia and this forest was heavily degraded due to over exploitation and fire in the past but now the forest of is protected and managed by the local communities under community forestry program of Nepal. At present, the forest is assumed to be re-growing but its regeneration abilities are unknown. So, this study aimed to explore the community structure and regeneration status of Q. semecarpifolia in four aspects of forest i.e. northern, southern, eastern and western along with effects of microsite conditions such as canopy cover, herb cover, litter thickness and soil attributes on the regeneration of Q. semecarpifolia. The methods used in this study were data collection by systematic random sampling, herbarium preparation and identification, soil collection, soil test and data analysis using some statistical tools like Excel 16, R version and SPSS 25. Altogether, 24 tree species and 98 herb species were recorded. Q. semecarpifolia was dominant tree. The northern aspect was found to be the highest tree species diversity holding aspect while southern aspect was the lowest tree species diversity holding aspect. Regeneration of all tree species and Q. semecarpifolia was good in all aspects of forest but regeneration of Q. semecarpifolia in lower elevation of study area was poor. The microsite conditions had no significant relation with regeneration i.e. seedling and sapling density of Q. semecarpifolia except soil phosphorus which had significant relation with sapling density. Canopy cover and litter thickness had positive correlation to both seedling and sapling density while soil nitrogen, soil potassium and organic carbon had negative correlation. Soil phosphorus and herb cover had negative correlation to seedling but positive correlation to sapling while pH had positive correlation to seedling but negative correlation to sapling. There were no significant differences of microsite conditions among the four aspects of the forest and in between the uppermost site and the lowermost site except soil potassium and soil organic carbon. Key Words: Regeneration, Q. semecarpifolia, microsite conditions, canopy cover, NepalItem Vegetation Composition and Regeneration of Shorea Robusta Gaertn. in Community Managed and Protected Forests of Surkhet District(Department of Botany, 2009) Shrestha, TulsiVegetation composition and regeneration of Shorea robusta (sal) was studied in community managed forest (Neware Community Forest) and protected forest (Kankrebihar Protected Forest) in Surkhet district. Systematic random sampling was used for vegetation sampling. Fifty quadrats of 10m×10m were sampled in each forest for vegetation study. Soil was collected from each quadrat and it was analyzed for pH, Nitrogen and Carbon. For regeneration study, seedling and saplings were counted and size class diagram was analyzed. There were 68 and 80 vascular plant species in the Neware community forest and Kankrebihar protected forest respectively. There was significant (p 0.01) difference in tree species richness, total species richness and total tree basal area between the studied forests. Soil pH was significantly higher (p 0.05) in the community forest than in protected forest. Tree species diversity was higher in Neware Community Forest than in Kankrebihar Protected Forest. Regeneration of Sal was high in both forests. In community forest priority has been given for the conservation of Sal in expense of low quality and non-timber plants during thinning process. Both the forests were found to be monodominant Sal forest since the IVI of Sal constituted more than 70%.