Browsing by Subject "Rural livelihood"
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Item Benefit potential of ecotourism in Nepal(Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences ,Rural Developmen, 2023) Pasa, Rajan BinayekThis study underscores on the area of benefit potential of ecotourism in the context of Nepal. However, professional background, personal interests, and the gaps in literature review had tremendously motivated the researcher to explore the benefit potential of ecotourism. Moreover, this study applies quantitative approach and cross-sectional survey design. The numerical data were collected from 745 community people (tourism entrepreneurs) belonging to three ecological regions: Mountain, Hill, and Tarai. The researcher has brought theoretical insights from alternative tourism development (i.e. ecotourism, cultural tourism and creative tourism), assets based community development approach, sustainable rural livelihood approach and theory of practice, which are then supported by the empirical findings in the study. Empirically, the study was conducted around Sagarmatha national park (UNESCO Heritage site) located in Pasang Khumbulhamu rural municipality of Solukhumbu district; Annapurna conservation area (Largest conservation area of the country) located in Annapurna rural municipality of Kaski district and Chitwan national park (UNESCO Heritage site) located in Ratnanagar municipality of Chitwan district. The household survey, key informant interview and participant observation techniques were applied from 20 October 2019 to 30 December 2019 for collecting numerical data and generating narrative information. Statistically, social demographic index seems significant for the analysis of family food sufficiency, personal means of transportation, land ownership types and ecology but insignificant for sex group and caste/ethnicity. Ecotourism index seems significant for entrepreneurial skills, beneficiaries’ groups, and ecology and insignificant for types of tourism services. The KAP index seems insignificant for gender, ecology, and caste/ethnicity. Multiple benefits indexes seem significant for number of accommodation room and ecology but insignificant for beneficiaries group, types of tourism services, caste/ethnicity and business investment. Logistic regression model for types of tourism service with respect to social demographic and entrepreneurial characteristics, KAP and economic benefit found significant. Factor analysis model developed two significant explainable factors (government support, marketing, plan; community, culture, and hospitality) from KAP related variables and developed four significantly explainable factors (community building and infrastructure; cultural sentiments and social capital; transformative role of women and hospitality; agro-ecotourism and garbage management) from multiple benefits related variables. Discriminant functions model explained knowledge as stronger predictor than attitude for the educational choice and explained economic benefit and cultural benefit as stronger predictors than social benefit for migration decision. Multiple regressions model for KAP index with respect to social demographic characteristics found significant and the multiple benefit potential index with respect to entrepreneurial characteristics also found significant. Finally, ecotourism is creating economic, social, cultural, environmental, education and health benefits to the community people significantly. Thus, knowledge generated from this study has greater implication on knowledge level (at conceptual, theoretical and methodological), practice level (to the experts and stakeholders who are working for tourism and rural development) and policy level (to the policy makers and planners working in central and local levels).Item Contribution of Micro Hydro in Promoting Rural Livelihood (A Case Study of Bhalayedanda Village, Udayapur, Nepal)(Department of Rural Development, 2019) Shrestha, Shaligram KumarLivelihood covers the activities necessary to protect a person's ability, wealth, income, and living needs, so it is a means of survive. A sustainable livelihood enhance people's well-being and preserve the natural environment or resource base for future generations, and it helps people recover from conflicts and stresses, such as natural disasters, and economic or social upheavals. Micro hydro projects play a major role in sustainable rural livelihood. The facility of electricity has not been fulfilled yet in most of the remote villages of mountain and hill region, which leads to the negative impact in health, education, business, technology and whole economic status of the rural people. Generally when we focus on people in some remote sectors who don’t use heater, light, fan, radio, television, computer because they have no electricity facilities. There are no good hospitals, health canters having no x-ray and other lab facilities which bring difficulties to find out the diseases and where immediate treatment is required is not all possible because there is no electricity. They cut the trees and use woods for their daily cooking which not only invites the environmental degradation but also pollute the air and brings health problem and harms biodiversity. Nepal is rich in water resources which prove to have huge potential in hydropower. Hydro power is an easy available and reliable source of energy needed for human beings. However, there are a lot of possibilities of making the country rich by producing electricity from our innumerable rivers flowing across the country. Nepal has low rate of per capital energy consumption. Energy consumption is considered to be one of the key factors of measuring the development of the country. The remote hilly and mountainous areas of Nepal are suitable for installing Micro Hydro Power Plants. The research work was carried out focusing on the contribution of micro-hydro in promoting rural livelihood. The specific objectives are; to determine the socio-economic impact of micro-hydro in rural communities and to analyze the role of micro-hydro in environmental conservation. The research was carried out on the basis of social research methodology. Primary data are collected with the help of users' questionnaire, field survey, key informant interview, and observation, focusing on group discussion whereas the secondary data were collected from different documents or literature from individuals, experts and organization which is related to micro hydropower etc. For details of data analysis the help of computer program was taken and simple statistical tools were used. The research indicates increasing of self-employment, improvement of health condition of the people, work load reduction, forest conservation, community development, economical progress and fulfilling the expectation of the rural people after installing the micro hydropower.Item Economic impact of eco-tourism around Rara National Park(Department of Rural Development, 2019) Shahi, Chintan KumarAvailable with full textItem Impact of Climate Change in Agriculture: A Case Study of Chhtedhunga VDC in Terhathum, District(Faculty of Rural Development, 2016) Kandangwa, Devi PrasadThis Study Mainly Concentrated about Impact of Climate change in agriculture of chhatedhunga VDC of Terhatum. The life style of the inhabitants of Terhathum is agrarian way. Paddy wheat, maize, rice are the major food crops and cardamom, ginger, broom, Potato and are the major cash crops of Terhathum. Agriculture is the dominant sector of chhatedhunga VDC of Terhathum. It plays an important role in providing opportunity for people and to solve the unemployment problems to some extent. However, there are also expected to be positive climate change induced effects on the health status of certain populations in this VDC. In the chhatedhunga VDC, the most of the respondents the impact of climate change is positive They said. According to respondents of VDC, Farmers are growing new vegetables such as Cauliflower, Cabbage, Chili, Tomato and Cucumber which used to need greenhouse to survive. Local fruits have better sizes and tastes. New plants that only used to grow at lower altitudes can now be found. Many note that the fact that their district is greener than it was a few decades ago. Local residents say this is because of the changing climate rather than technological inputs or improved seed varieties. Now various studies have been conducted covering almost all the aspect of impact of climate change on agriculture but till now there has not been any study regarding the climate change and its effect on agriculture. This study mainly has consent rated on agricultural in chhatedhunga VDC of Terhathum district. The present study is based on filed survey in order to fulfill the specific objectives of the study and exploratory research design is applied. A combination of purposive sampling method has been adopted. In this study, only 40 percent respondents were selected for interview both primary and secondary data are used for this study. The method of primary data collected for the questionnaire, unstructured interview, observation and check list. Secondary data has been collected from the available literature such as, records, reports, publication of different related offices and possible resources. Data have been analyzed descriptively. This study both qualitative and quantitative data have been collected. Qualitative information has been tried to interpreted and demonstrated by the means of percentage and graphs. There are castes/ethnics; age groups participated in the study area. There are no organization working on climate change and how to adopt to its impacts, are there adopt to its impacts, neither are there organizations working on public education on the issue. Awareness raising, education, capacity building and advocacy programmes on climate change and its impact on indigenous livelihoods are needed in chhatedhunga communities. While the effects of climate change on agriculture and its associated hazards have been well assessed, there is paucity of information on its effects on vegetation, as well as plant succession on recently deglaciated soils. Communities are highly dependent on natural resources for the ecosystem services that the perform provisioning services as genetic resources, food, fiber fresh water etc. Regulating services as regulation of climate water and human diseases, supporting services as productivity, soil, fertility and nutrient cycling. Therefore understanding the effects of climate change on soil and vegetation dynamics is important for assessing impacts on chhatedhunga Livelihoods, as well as for implementing effective conservation strategies. Attractive greenery environmental development, tourism industry employment creation and ender development reflect that positive sign of climate change in local development.Item Micro Hydro Interconnected Mini Grid (MHIMG) for Rural Livelihood (A Case Study of Urja Upatyaka Mini Grid of Baglung District)(Department of Rural Development, Dhankuta Multiple Campus, 2017) Pathak, BasantaDue to difficult geographic terrain from high hills to low plain of terai and vastly scattered settlements, the extension of national grid line is very sluggish in Nepal. To fulfil the electricity(especially lighting) needs of those far settled rural people, renewable energy technologies like MHS, SHS, gasifiers, etc. are in use through nodal government agency-AEPC and other agencies. In most cases, MHS are widely used as a source of electricity in rural are as. Duringinitial stages, the electricity consumption was limited to lighting only with allocation of 100 to 200 watts per HHs. However, with increase in use of various electrical appliances, which now became essential parts of life like TV, mobile, computer, fridge, etc. for domestic use and agroprocessing mills, poultry farming, shops, etc. as productive end uses for commercial use, the electricity is demand is very high in those rural areas, too. But their supply is often limited to certain hours of the day when demand at its peak.Furthermore, stand-alone MHS are suffering more due low load factor, reliability, quality and availability, abandonment after national grid line extension, etc. To address this constraint, AEPC/UNDP/REDP come up with testing a new approach to rural electrification connecting two or more plants in a locally-controlled distribution system, known as Micro Hydro Interconnected Mini Grid System. With the view that this decentralized network can improve the quality, reliability and availability of electricity produced by isolated plants and selling surplus energy, and buy deficit energy to/from the grid, to increase the income of MHS and entrepreneurs, sizable capacity to connect to national grid to avoid abandonment after national grid extension, further improving the living standard of rural people through job opportunities and reducing dependency on traditional energy sources, AEPC/UNDP/REDP hasstarted a pilot project with cost of around two crore to connect 6 MHPs totaling 107 kW power in Baglung district through 8km long 11 kV transmission line forming Mini Grid operated and managed by local community as Urja Upatyaka Mini Grid Co-operative. As being a pilot project, there are several difficulties as technical, managerial, economic and social issues from construction phase to till date which now in defunct for running around one and a half year only. This research paper will explore all the benefits, issues, challenges, revival activities and future planning through techno-socio-economic study of this project so that it could pave way forward for its revival and replication of another such project in upcoming daysItem People's Participation in Community Forestry (A Case Study of Jal Binayak Community Forest User Group of Chobhar, Kirtipur-14, Kathmandu District)(Central Department of Sociology, 2016) Shakya, RasnaThis research entitled “People’s Participation in Community Forestry; A case study of Jal Binayak Community Forest User Group of Chobhar, Kirtipur-14 of Kathmandu District” was conducted in Jal Binayak, Mathilo Guth, Taalo Guth, Kamitar, Ikhatole of Chobhar area. This study has been conducted to find out People’s Participation in Community Forest Management viz: decision-making, Implementation, Benefit Sharing and Evaluation/Monitoring in the study area from socio-economic perspective. The study was based on a sample of 40 household as selected by using simple random sampling method. Both Primary and Secondary data were used for the research. The study has shown that Newar was the dominant caste in the study area. The age group 15-39 has domination in the study area. Education was very good. It was found that majority of respondents had agriculture as their main occupation. The average family size of sampled household was 5.05 and most of them continue joint family. Most of the respondent attendant the general and monthly meeting of this community forestry only for attendance, participation level decreases as the responsibilities of the task increases. At the level of decision making only a few members were participatory. People’s participation during implementation (Ban Godne) was very good. Participation of respondents during benefits sharing and evaluation/monitoring was very low. The FUG has been playing role for the development of local human resource and also enhance the rural livelihood. It has also empowered people towards team building, group dynamism as well as self- motivation in community development. The direct and indirect benefits from the community forestry have played the greater role in the social life of the people in the study area. Based on the fact of the present study, it can be said that Jal Binayak Community Forest User Group was one of the model users groups, which was utilizing its own local resources for betterment.Item Role of remittance in improvement of rural livelihood in Nepal(Department of Sociology, 2023) Khatiwada, Bhim PrasadThis study entitled "Role of Remittance in Improvement of Rural Livelihood in Nepal" (A case study of Bardagoriya Rural Municipality - 1 kattipur village Kailali District, Nepal) is conducted with the objectives of analyze the impact of remittance in rural livelihood, access the contribution of remittance in poverty reduction in rural area and analyze the factors related to the use of remittance in Bardagoriya Rural Municipality - 1 kattipur of Kailali District. This study is mainly based in the primary information and the data were collected using the techniques of household survey with the help of questionnaire and interview. There were 345 households in this Kattipur village. Out of total households 150 households were receiving remittance money. Among them 30 households were selected as the sample for the study. In the study area it was found that Tharu, Brahmin, Chhetri, Damai, Thakuri, Magar, and others were the major ethnic group in the study area. Remittance was the main occupation of this study area. Out of 30 respondents, 40% has gone to foreign labour migration due to unemployment, 26.7% family debt,6.7% conflict, 3.35 for entertainment and 23.3% for others. And from this data we can explain that the major problem of our country is unemployment which is major cause of brain drain of Nepalese intellectual and technical as well as man power. After receiving the remittance the numbers of households receiving higher closed variables are increasing that is 9 households’ falls under Rs.500000 to Rs.700000 annual income and above Rs.700000 annual income 12 households’ falls respectively. After receiving remittance concrete houses are highly increased to 70%and Thatch houses decreased to 6.7%. From the study area we can conclude that all the households who were receiving remittance are getting benefit. Their access to health and education and economy has increased. Likewise it also helps in net saving. The remittance is not using properly in productive sector if the households properly invest in productive sector it will help to develop rapidly which helps in rural development. All households were very positive towards remittance income. The living standard of the people is gradually changing. People are now getting the proper health facilities and their educational status is also gradually increasing. Some recommendation from our side like the income coming from remittance should be utilized in productive sector like business, agriculture, etc. there should be some vocational training institution in the local area for their skill development and so on