Browsing by Subject "Shorea robusta"
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Item Carbon Stock and Regeneration Status of Two Community Forests of Dhangadhi, Nepal(Faculty of Boatany, 2020) Joshi, GyanuIn Nepal, Shorea robusta dominates the vegetation of the Terai region. This species plays an important role in abating global warming and climate change through conserving atmospheric CO2 . Hence, this study is intended to assess the carbon stock and regeneration status of two community forests having different soil moisture condition of Dhangadhi, Nepal. SCF was comparatively dry than MCF. To assess IVI, species diversity, regeneration and carbon stock altogether 40 sample plots (20 plots in each forest) of 20m radii were studied for trees applying stratified random sampling. Within the 20m radii plots, 2 subplots of 5m radii for shrubs and 3 subplots of 2m radii for herbs was laid. Tree biomass was estimated using equation of Chavel et al., (2005) and regeneration was estimated by calculating the density of each species in seedling, sapling and tree phases. Soil samples were collected from the surface up to 20cm depth. Carbon stock of MCF was found higher (92.99t/ha) than in SCF (51.94t/ha) and it increased with increasing soil organic carbon and soil moisture but soil bulk density was found higher in dry SCF (1.43%) than in MCF (1.34%). Similarly, total species diversity was found higher in moist MCF but herbs species diversity was found higher in dry SCF. The index of similarity of shrubs and trees between two forests was found to be quite high. SCF had very good regeneration status with 150625 seedling /ha, 13090 sapling /ha and 649 tree/ha in comparison to MCF. Open canopy of SCF might have favored the regeneration of greater number of seedling, sapling. These result revealed that the ground vegetation and regeneration was high in less dense canopy forest and moist forest had highest carbon stock than dry forest. Key words: Sequestration, Shorea robusta, seedling, sapling, soil moistureItem Carbon Stock and Regeneration Status of Two Community Forests of Dhangadhi, Nepal(Amrit Campus, 2022-07-19) Joshi, GyanuIn Nepal, Shorea robusta dominates the vegetation of the Terai region. This species plays an important role in abating global warming and climate change through conserving atmospheric CO2. Hence, this study is intended to assess the carbon stock and regeneration status of two community forests having different soil moisture condition of Dhangadhi, Nepal. SCF was comparatively dry than MCF. To assess IVI, species diversity, regeneration and carbon stock altogether 40 sample plots (20 plots in each forest) of 20m radii were studied for trees applying stratified random sampling. Within the 20m radii plots, 2 subplots of 5m radii for shrubs and 3 subplots of 2m radii for herbs was laid. Tree biomass was estimated using equation of Chavel et al., (2005) and regeneration was estimated by calculating the density of each species in seedling, sapling and tree phases. Soil samples were collected from the surface up to 20cm depth. Carbon stock of MCF was found higher (92.99t/ha) than in SCF (51.94t/ha) and it increased with increasing soil organic carbon and soil moisture but soil bulk density was found higher in dry SCF (1.43%) than in MCF (1.34%). Similarly, total species diversity was found higher in moist MCF but herbs species diversity was found higher in dry SCF. The index of similarity of shrubs and trees between two forests was found to be quite high. SCF had very good regeneration status with 150625 seedling /ha, 13090 sapling /ha and 649 tree/ha in comparison to MCF. Open canopy of SCF might have favored the regeneration of greater number of seedling, sapling. These result revealed that the ground vegetation and regeneration was high in less dense canopy forest and moist forest had highest carbon stock than dry forest.Item Carbon Stock of Selected Tree Species in A Community Managed Tropical Forest of Rupandehi District, Western Nepal(Department of Botany, 2012) Shrish, OkmayaForest ecosystems play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, sequestering CO2 through photosynthesis and storing carbon in plant biomass and in soil organic matter. So, forests have asignificant potential to capture carbon and thus could play important role in climate change mitigation. Tropical forest also plays a significant role in carbon stock and climate change. For the present study four forest sites (1,2.3 and 5) was selected out of the seven sites of the community forest,(1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7) , sites 1 and 2 were dominated by Dalbergia sissoo and sites 3 and 5 were dominated by Shorea robusta. The forest sites 1 and 2 was collectively taken as the Dalbergia sissoo dominated sites, similarly site 3 and 5 was collectively taken as Shorearobusta dominated sites. For this study about 32 Quadrats of size 10×10 m were laid randomly.Altogether biomass and soil carbon stock of 16 Quadtrats of each dominated site were compared.The biomass was converted to carbon stock. Soil was sampled from the depth of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm in each site. Total of 64 soil samples were collected. The sampled soils were air dried and brought to the laboratory for the further analysis. Bulk density and soil carbon stock were calculated at different horizontal depth of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. Then, biomass carbon and soilcarbon were summed up to get total carbon stock.The mean biomass, biomass carbon stock and soil carbon stock of the selected sites of Community Forest of Karahiya VDC were 436.60 Mg/ha, 205.12 C Mg/ha, 66.21 C Mg/ha. From the research it was found that the total mean biomass carbon stock was not significantly different in sites dominated by Dalbergia sissoo and Shorea robusta. The total mean biomass carbon stock were 221.70 C Mg/ha and 188.55 Mg/ha in the Dalbergia sissoo and Shorearobusta dominated sites.The mean soil carbon stock in Shorearobusta dominated sites of the forest was significantly higher (81.40 Mg/ha) than in the Dalbergia sissoo dominated sites(51.00Mg/ha). Soil carbon stock and soil bulk density were not significantly different with depth. The bulk density at different depth were not significantly different 0.935 gm/cm at 0-10 cm and 0.944 gm/cm 3 at 10-20cm. The total mean bulk density in Dalbergia sissoo and Shorea robusta dominated site were not significantly different 0.957 gm/cm 3 .Keywords: Tropical Community forest, Dalbergia sissoo, Shorea robusta, Biomass carbon stock, Soil carbon stock.Item CORROSION INHIBITION BY SHOREA ROBUSTA (SAAL) BARK EXTRACT FOR MILD STEEL CORROSION IN 1 M H2SO4 SOLUTION(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) BAJGAI, AJAY KUMARA novel corrosion inhibitor for mild steel (MS) corrosion has been extracted in methanol solvent from Shorea robusta bark. Qualitative chemical tests, VU, and FTIR measurements were carried out to confirm phytochemicals in the extract. The inhibition efficiency of extract has been studied by using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization methods. The weight loss measurement has been adopted for the study of inhibitor concentration effect as well as variation of inhibition efficiency for time and temperature. Weight loss measurement reveals the maximum efficiency of 71.47% at ½ hours immersion time in 1000 ppm inhibitor concentration at 18 oC. The 1000 ppm inhibitor can work up to a temperature of 55 oC with 50% efficiency. The open-circuit potential (OCP) measurement reveals the extract as a mixed type of inhibitor. From the potentiodynamic polarization measurement results, the inhibition efficiency of the extract for MS was 93.73% and 75% in the 1000 ppm of inhibitor concentration for as-immersed and immersed conditions respectively. The adsorption isotherm and thermodynamic parameters support that the process is spontaneous and endothermic.Item EFFECT OF DISTURBANCE ON PLANT SPECIES DIVERSITY, FOREST STRUCTURE AND REGENERATION IN COMMUNITY FORESTS OF DEUKHURI, DANG, NEPAL(Amrit Campus, 2024-01-28) Khatri, RitaDisturbance are the major drivers of forest ecosystem. Disturbance both natural and human disturbances affect forest characteristics and biodiversity of the local area. This study investigated the effect of disturbance in plant species diversity, forest structure and regeneration in Durga community forest (undisturbed) and Mahadewa community forest (disturbed) of Deukhuri, Dang Nepal. Disturbance was estimated by visual observation of the study area on the basis of different disturbance parameters. Altogether 60 plots were laid for the study. Each of 30 quadrats of 20m×20m for tree, 2 sub plots of 5m×5m for shrubs and 3 sub plots of 2m×2m for herbs within each tree plot were laid in disturbed and undisturbed forest. A total of 106 plant species under 44 families were recorded from study area. Among the recorded species, 69 plant species under 35 families were found in undisturbed forest and 81 plant species under 35 families were found in disturbed forest. Whereas, 44 species under 26 families were common to both. Fabaceae was the richest family in undisturbed forest while Poaceae dominated in disturbed forest. Shorea robusta was the dominant tree species in both forests with higher IVI value (i.e, 212.127 in undisturbed and 256.201 in disturbed). The grasses like Cynodon dctylon Eragrostis sp., Cyperus rotundus, Imperata cylindrica etc. dominated disturbed forest while Hemidesmus indicus, Dioscorea alata, Cynodon dactylon etc were found more in undisturbed forest. Some of the herb and shrub species were added up during rainy season. Shrub Clerodendrum infortunatum dominated both forest types. The overall plant biodiversity was higher in disturbed forest. The herb density (per hectare) was higher in disturbed forest while the tree and shrub density was higher in undisturbed forest during both (rainy and dry) season. The Diameter- density relation was reverse J shape i.e, with increase in diameter the number of trees decreases which show that trees are at intermediate stage of growth. Similarly, the height class distribution showed that in disturbed forest highest frequency was at 20-25m with very few young trees while in undisturbed forest there were more frequency at 15-20m height. The regeneration pattern in undisturbed forest was comparatively good as the number of seedlings were higher followed by number of saplings and trees. Whereas, in disturbed forest there were more trees than seedlings and saplings. Shorea robusta had the higher regeneration compared to other species in both forest.Item Impact of Fire on Plant Diversity, Regeneration, and Carbon Stock in Community Forests at Lamahi, Dang, Nepal(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-14) Pokhrel, SitaThis study investigated the effects of fire on plant species diversity, biomass, and regeneration at Bakena and Sundabari Community Forests, Lamahi, Dang, Nepal. Altogether 30 quadrats that experienced burnt (Sundabari CF) and 30 quadrats that were not exposed to fire (Bakena CF) were laid for the study. A total of 69 plant species, under 32 families, were recorded in this study from the unburnt Bakena Community forest (BCF), whereas 52 plant species, under 27 families were recorded from burnt Sundabari Community forest (SCF). Among these recorded species, 35 species were herbs, 20 species were trees and 14 species were shrubs in the unburnt forest (BCF), whereas in SCF that experienced fire every year had 22 species of herbs, 16 species of shrubs, and 14 species of trees. Tree species like Bombax ceiba, Ficus benjamina, Ficus racemosa, Madhuca longifolia, Mallotus philippenis, Phyllanthu emblica, etc were not recorded in the SCF that were having a fire every year. Similarly, the shrubs like Jasmine sp. Senna occidental, Smilax sp. and Thysanolaena latifolia and herbs like Acmella paniculata, Acorus sp., Ageratum houstonianum, Anaphalis sp., Asplenium sp., etc were not recorded from the SCF (burnt forest). Some of the shrubs and herbs recorded in burnt forest (BF) but absent at unburnt forest (UBF) were Asparagus racemosa, Dioscorea deltoidea, Phyllanthus sp., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Adiantum sp., Digitaria sanguinalis, Eulaliopsis binate, Galinsoga sp., etc. The Shannon Weiner diversity index and Simpson diversity index were higher in the non-fire forest (BCF). In the present study, the total density of seedlings, saplings, and trees of all species in UBF were 474.167, 694.167, and 559.167 individuals/ha, respectively whereas in BF seedlings, saplings, and trees were found to be 552.5, 565.83, and 341.667 individuals/ha, respectively. The density of seedlings of Shorea robusta, saplings of Melia azedarach, and trees of Acacia catechu, were found to be higher than other species in BCF i.e unburnt forest. But at SCF, that experience fire every year had the higher density of Acacia catechu seedlings, saplings, and trees than other species. Total Carbon stock in UBF was much higher than at the BF. The total carbon stock in trees of UBF and BF was calculated to be 123.690 t/ha, and 23.133 t/ha respectively. Shorea robusta had the highest biomass in both above and below ground in both forests i.e 72.293 t/ha in above ground and 14.459 t/ha in below ground in NFF (BCF) and 20.439 t/ha above ground and 4.088 t/ha below ground in FF (SCF). Soil organic carbon decreased after a fire. The % of mineralizable N, available P, and extractable K decreased at FF (i.e SCF) but the bulk density increased at the FF (at SCF).Item PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Shorea robusta (SAAL) BARK BASED ACTIVATED CARBON AND STUDY OF ITS ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) JOSHI, KULDIPIn this work, activated carbon (AC) was prepared in the laboratory using Shorea robusta (Saal) bark by charring with conc. sulphuric acid followed by phosphoric acid activation with different ratios of precursor to an activating agent at a different temperature on a fixed time. As-prepared activated carbon was characterized by methylene blue number (MBN) and Iodine number (IN) method. The methylene blue number was found to be 193.8802 mg/g whereas iodine number was found to be 2108.2 mg/g. AC-15 at 600 °C for 3 hours had the highest value of methylene blue number which indicated the presence of micropore as well as mesopore in the prepared material. The phase state of the sample was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique which indicates a predominantly amorphous nature of the prepared material. The surface functionality of the sample was examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) which showed the presence of O-H, aromatic C C, C-O, and aromatic compounds. Further electrochemical characterization of prepared materials AC-400 and AC-500 were carried out by cyclic voltammetry at a scan rate of 3 mV/s. Specific capacitance of the as-synthesized material was calculated from the measurement of absolute area of cyclic voltammetry curve. The specific capacitance recorded in this work is 76.67 Farad/g. This value shows that AC-500 could be used for electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) applications.Item PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SHOREA ROBUSTA BARK BASED BIOSORBENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF Cr(VI) IN DRINKING WATER(Amrit Campus, 2023-08-17) REGMI, POOJAActivated carbons have been used in the removal of heavy metal. High surface area and porosity of activated carbon materials support in the removal of heavy metal ions. In this work, biochar has been synthesized from Shorea robusta bark. Excellent removal efficiency from methylene blue and iodine number can be seen in S. robusta treated with Zinc chloride. Due to the pHzpc of activated carbon and biochar having 6.16 and 4.62, respectively, this sorbent may effectively remove cationic Cr(VI) contaminants from alkaline aqueous solutions. Using the batch adsorption approach, the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions on biochar and chemically modified biochar of S. robusta has been examined in this study. The outcome demonstrates that all the factors that affected the removal of Cr(VI) by adsorption were discovered at pH 2, starting concentration of 50 ppm, equilibrium period of 120 minutes, and adsorbent dose of 50 mg. Kinetic data are presented after the pseudo second order kinetic model. By using FTIR and XRD, sample characteristics was examined. The experimental findings suggest that S. robusta can be used as a low-cost commercial alternative adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) from wastewater