Browsing by Subject "Socio economics"
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Item Cooperatives and the Changes in the Lives of Women (A Case Study of Women Members from Sworaj Agriculture Cooperative Ltd., Kirtipur, Kathmandu)(Central Department of Sociology, 2019) Kunwar, KabitaNot AvailableItem Educational Scenario between Girls and Boys (A Case Study of Dhapasi Vdc, Kathmandu District)(Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Prithivi Narayan Campus Pokhara, 2012) Gurung, ShantiThis is a report of a study done to fulfil partial requirement for the Master's Degree in Sociology from T U, PNC Pokhara. This study has been done in Dhapasi VDC of Kathmandu focusing on educational disparity between school going aged boys and girls. The organization and presentation of the chapters laid out in this study report is as per the format made available by the University. In this perspective, this report, in its first chapter, starts with the introduction to the concept of educational disparity and the existing situation in general in Nepalese context leading to a micro level observation of a small community. In the second chapter, some of the relevant literatures have been reviewed to diagnose the educational disparity at national and international levels. In the third chapter, the research methodology and its details adopted in this study are depicted. Following this, the fourth chapter is presented with the pictorial description of the VDC in totality supported by necessary tables and charts. The fifth chapter contains socio-economic status of the sampled area. The sixth chapter entails with the analysis on the main theme of the study, so to say, the educational disparity of the sampled area, which is followed by the conclusion and recommendation in its final chapter, chapter seven. The report refers various noteworthy factors related to the disparity concept. An increasing awareness has to be developed in the studied area on the importance of education with no gender discrimination. But surprisingly this attitude, in most of the responses, is found to be limited only up to making education available to the primary level, which, when gone beyond this level of education seems to have a considerable gender biasness. The practice of the families in the studied area, which contribute to gender biasness in education does not seem to be influenced by the general socio - economic factors, such as family background, economic status, their physical assets and possessions, castes and ethnicities, religions, languages, etc. However, when it comes to the question of selection of the schools for the boys and girls in between a private and a public school, some kind of gender biasness is seen here. Because most of the families seem to choose private schools more than the public schools for the boys compared to girls. In general, educational awareness seems to have been much increased, but the need and importance of starting education to children on time has not yet been conceived well by the people in the studied area. The report shows this fact with the evidence of having children not enrolled in schools at their Proper age. There are many children who are enrolled either below or above the age specific to a grade recommended by The Government of Nepal. The children enrolled above the appropriate age i.e., overage children are more in schools compared to the children who are enrolled below the appropriate age i.e., underage. And this fact is truer with the girls, which is a strong sign of gender biasness as well. In the studied area, in general it is also found that once the children are in the education system, girls seem to be more stable in schools compared to the boys owing to the fact that the boys have more dropouts from the school system. The major reason for the boys' dropout is related to financial factors. And the prominent reason for any cases of girls' dropout found in the studied area is because of their early marriage. With all these possible in depth observation of the educational circumstances in the studied area, the researcher has come to the concluding point that there is a great need of educational awareness programmes. The awareness programmes in the studied area require focusing on the need and importance of imparting education to the children on time and continuing it irrespective of the gender. Awareness programmes also need to be emphasized in bringing the change in the attitude of the people in the studied area in making conductive environment for the children, which is the key in reducing gender disparity.Item Livelihood Pattern of Street Food Vendors Inlalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City(Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 2014) Bhattarai, YashodaNot AvailableItem “The Role of Co-Operatives for Socio-Economic Change” (A Sociological Study on Saving and Credit Co-Operative in Chabhil-7,Kathmandu).(Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tri-Chandra College, 2012) Limbu, RajendraNot AvailableItem Situational Analysis of Street Children In Kathmandu(Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 2013) K.C., PrayashaNot AvailableItem Social Inclusion and Issues of Livelihood: A Case Study of Badi Community(Central Department of Rural Development, 2011) Awasthi, MahadevThe title of the study, “Social inclusion and issues of livelihood" A cast study of Badi community of Dododhara VDC 7 Kailali. Nepal a country of unity in diversity consists 104 caste and ethnic groups as well as 61 indigenous groups. Most of these groups are economically poor and marginalized as well as under the crisis of extinction due to insurmountable influence of westernization and modernization.. In this study analyzes examines and reveals the social inclusion and its importance for livelihood and impacts of Dalit community. As well as identifies constraint and opportunities to promote and empower the Dalit community (especially Badi community) in sector of rural development and National development of Nepal, including significant meaning of to development experts and planners. The problems and prostitution profession which is seen in Badi community in very long time and relation with livelihood could be interesting with for rural development research work. Thus this study reveals the pristine scenario on the changing pattern and trend of living status of Badi community of Dododhara VDC in Kailali In the study the general objectives are examine the socio economic and cultural status of Badi community. Analysis’ there living standard, family size, situation of settlement and related sector which are current issues of Badi community and their present profession. As for research methodology for this study, mainly descriptive research design and explanatory research design, has been used to gather both qualitative and quantitative data on Badis profession and livelihood and problems of women, children and their housing style in settlement. Find observation and study Badi community has so many problems. In current time their burning issues of food, accommodation ,cloth .etc directly and indirectly depended their long time other problems are as untouchability ,commercial sex work ,exploitation of sexually transmitted dieses ,citizenship ,health ,education permanent settlement ,employment and social integration etc .Mainly family do not have food security and low age girls have psychology pressure about their future .Item Socio Economic and Demographic Impact on Fertility (A Case Study of Mahadevsthan VDC of Rai Community in Khotang District)(Department of Population, 2007) Rai, Tambar KumarThis study deals with the "Socio-economic and Demographic Impact on Fertility" (A Case Study of Mahadevsthan VDC of Rai Community in Khotang district) in Mahadevsthan VDC of Khotang district. It based on primary data which are collected from randomly selected (lottery method) of Rai community of the VDC. The main objectives are: to examine the socio-economic, demographic characteristics of Rai community, to examine the impact of socio-economic and demographic variables in fertility, to identify the level of knowledge and use of contraceptives among married women of reproductive ages 15-49 years of that community. The sample size of this study was 120 households taken from 6 wards. Out of the total population, 349 were males and 338 were females. Among the total population 636 aged 5 years and above, 491 (77.2 percent) were literate and 145 (22.8 percent) were illiterate. The analysis and interpretation of data were carried out by using frequency tables, cross tabulation, mean CEB with selected dependent and independent variables. The study included 120 ever married women of reproductive age group from the same no. of households. Out of the total population, 50.8 percent males and 49.2 percent females are found with the sex ratio of 103.25. Likewise, among the total population aged 10 years and above 40.3 percent people are found married against the 57.1 percent are found unmarried and 2.7 percent are found widow/widower. Total number of children ever born among married women aged 15-49 years is found 2.9. Occupational status and use of contraception were found negatively associated with fertility. Among the total number of respondents 59 percent are found illiterate. They were totally unknown regarding the overall situation i.e. political, social as well as the economic condition of the country.Item Socio Economic Structure and Conflict in Nepal(Department of Rural Development, 2006) Paudel, NabinNepal is situated in South Asian region having multi- religious, multi-ethnic, multi-linguistic and multi-cultural people. Anthropologically, the ethnic groups belong to Aryans, Monglos, Dravidians and Aaustroloids. Nepal is facing basic problems of corruption in revenue collection and administration, political upheavals, instability of the government and also disparity in distribution of economic opportunities. The research work entitled "Socio Economic Structure and Conflict in Nepal" has been done as a case study. The study analyzes the causes of conflicts and socio- economic impact of conflict between the periods of 2052-2062. The researcher has used field survey method and primary data have been collected through interview, schedule press conference, INSEC, CWIN, Nepal Army, Police, DFID, NHRC etc. The collected data have been analyzed by using simple statistical methods. Nepalese people have always suffered in the politics from autocratic activities of the kings, Ranas and political party members. The Royal power always played vital role for making the people puppet. The Maoist insurgency in Nepal in the beginning that started in 1996, from the western mountain districts of Rolpa, Rukum and Jajarkot has spread its activities and influenced almost all the 75 districts by 2005. The discriminating provisions in the constitution and other laws, crisis of commitment and weaknesses of the political leadership and dishonesty among the political leaders, lack of fair and proportional representation in parties, frustration among the general people with the behaviors of the security forces during operations, fragmentation and party splitting culture, politicization and failure of educational system, territorial and international border issues aggravated the insurgency. These points and issues were raised in the 40/42 points demand put forward by the CPN (Maoist). Conflicts have had various kinds of impact on human civilization because of the diverse nature of war, insurgency, and terrorism of guerrilla warfare. Conflicts arose the name of religion of different tribes for the territorial expansion of ambitious kings and the military as well as politically strong armies. The Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC) reports that, altogether 13, 259 people were killed during 11 years of Maoist insurgency and counter insurgency. About 3,011 cases of robbery and approximately Rs. 22, 185 in lakhs (cash and kind) were looted. During the Maoist insurgency and counter insurgency more than 8,338 Maoist insurgents are believed to have died. Similarly, the Nepal Army has lost more than 905 men and approximately 1,162 soldiers were wounded. Nepal Police lost almost 1,480 men and more than 2,143 policemen were wounded. The outcome of the conflict has both positive and negative impacts on the development and progress of human civilization. Awareness of Human rights equality, fraternity and democracy can be regarded as positive impacts whereas political instability, economic degradation, destruction of infrastructures, threat to human life are combined as negative impacts. Conflict created political instability; frequent "bandhas" and strikes have affected industry, tourism, education and economy of the country and all other sectors. We can finally enumerate the causes of conflict and its solution social economical, social, geographical, psychological, international causes, which helped to raise the recent conflict in Nepal. We should restructure and bring in amendment the socio-economy system and constitution for the sustainable development of the country.Item Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact of Bio-Gas Plant (A case study of Ghorahi Municipality-2 of Dang District)(Central Department of Rural Development, 2011) Majgaiyan, PradeepNepal is one of the lowest energy consuming countries in the world. More than 85 percent of its total energy comes from traditional biomass energy such as from forests, agricultural residues, and by-products from crops which lead to environmental degradation and ecological imbalance and adverse human health impacts too. Beside the carbon revenue, other quantifiable tangible benefits are also associated with the technology. The main objective of the study was to study about the socio-economic and environmental impacts of biogas. The present study was based mainly on primary data. They were used to estimate and analyze the socio-economic and environmental impact of biogas on the surveyed households. The household survey, informal meeting, focus group discussion, key informant interview and observations. The study entailed biogas was used only for cooking purpose whereas almost all the Non-Biogas Households dependent on fuel wood for regular cooking purpose. Each biogas. Biogas contributed in improved sanitation, reduction in smoke and significant reduction in respiratory and eye related disease. Biogas plants, one of the best options for meeting the growing need of fuel in the rural as well as in the urban areas, is being popular in the recent years in Nepal. Since, Nepal is an agricultural country, each and every household rear buffaloes, cattle and dung of them is the best source of raw material for biogas plants. It is clean energy used especially for cooking and in some extent, for lightening. Since, it uses the locally available resources, it is gaining high popularity. Thus, installation of biogas plants has been increasing rapidly. Realizing the existing problem of energy, Government of Nepal, Different NGOs and INGOs have been incorporating in the installation of the biogas plants. The major advantage the bio-gas plant brought is the reduction of smoke free environment smoke in kitchen are other advantage is that the prevalence of insect has become very low than it was before installation of plant. This smoke free environment in the kitchen improves air quality ultimately leading to improvement in health condition of women because they have to always work in kitchen. Adversely, the installation of biogas plant has significantly increased the problem of mosquitoes. The development of the biogas energy can significantly cut down the use of firewood, animal dung, agricultural residue, kerosene, LPG. In the study area, biogas was mainly used for cooking foods. Biogas technology has primarily reduced the use of fuel wood.Item Socio-Economic Status of the Harijan Community (A Case Study of Panchanagar VDC, Nawalparasi District)(Central Department of Rural Development, 2011) Subedi, RitaNepal is an in independent nation full of ancient glories bearing testimony. It is a country of multilingual, multicultural, multi-religious and multi ethnic society i.e. it is composed of different castes, tribes and ethnic group having their own beliefs, customs and traditions among them Harijan are inhabit in western terrain belt of Nepal. They originally came from India and mostly found in Nawalparasi, Rupendehi, Siraha, Kapilbastu, Bara, Dhanusha, Saptari, Parsa, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Mahotari, Banke districts of Nepal. Their traditional occupation is skinning the dead animals and making shoes, and other kind of labor associated with farming. Harijan are those people who have been almost isolated and neglected by the government. Harijans are basically agriculture waged labour. The settlement of Harijan in Panchanagar, Nawalparasi district is in considerable number with comparison to that of the other districts. As seen by the study, the Harijan’s socio-economic condition in Panchanagar has been found as illiterate, oppressed and backwarded. They have been adopting different professions like agriculture labour, carpentry, cleaner, factory labour and vivid daily waged labour. From the ancient period they have developed their own customs, arts, morals, beliefs and socio-economic institutions. The present study entitled “Socio-economic Condition of Harijan Community: A Case Study of Panchanagar VDC” was conducted aiming to analyze the socio-economic condition and their livelihood aspects of Harijan of Panchanagar, Nawalparasi. To be specific, the objective of the study were to explore the economic condition of Harijan in the study area and to describe the socio-cultural practice of Harijan in order to trace out the factors of socio-cultural and economic changes of Harijan community. Both the primary and the secondary sources of data were used of the study. Primary data were collected through interview, key information survey and observation of the field while the secondary data were collected from VDC office, private agencies, government offices and various published and unpublished books and reports. Out of the total, only 26 households were selected following purposive sampling method and descriptive cum exploratory research design had been applied in the study. The Harijan started to observe Hindu festivals such as Dashain and Tihar giving more priority rather than their own festivals. The way of worshipping their village deities, believe in spirits, typical dress pattern, and cluster types of settlements distinctly differ from other ethnic groups. On the one hand due to the domination from high class castes and ‘Pahadiyas’ they are losing their native culture, philosophy of lifestyle, self-confidence about their own traditions, languages and on the other hand; due to the influence of hill people and other high castes people some significant changes have been seen in education, health sector, sanitations, economic activities and way of life style of Harijan community in Panchanagar VDC. Based upon the findings the paper suggests some recommendations to increase and to improve socio-economic condition of Harijan in Panchanagar. It mainly highlights for the low literacy rate of Harijan people so there should be special trend in incentive to the children of this tribe for education. They were not trained in any vocational guidance so proper training for mobilization of internal resources is required.Item Socioeconomic Condition of Hotel Child Labour (working at Small Hotels/Restaurant and Teashop in Janakpur)(Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Sindhuli Multiple Campus, 2012) Mandal, DhanrajNot AvailableItem Study on Socio-Economic Condition of Dalit Community of Nepal (A Case Study of Kami Community of Syuja VDC, Dang District)(Central Departmental of Rural Development, 2011) Kalathoki, NumakantThe socio- economic condition of Dalit 'Kami' is the subject matter of being concern because no doubt that Nepal has very diverse form of various caste, ethnicity and language. Such diversification has been a glory to a country. Every caste has its socio-economic and occupational aspect. Socio-cultural and occupation of any community affect the economy level. Thus, the study of socio-economic status of Dalit 'Kami' gives general information about overall Dalit. Dalit 'Kami' people are almost interdependent with other caste people. The socio-economic condition of 'Kami' is poor than other caste/ethnic groups. Caste based discrimination and discrimination among religion is gradually decreasing in the society. The socio-economic condition of 'Kami' community (A Case Study of Kami Community of Syuja VDC Dang District) has been carried out using primary data sources obtained from Dalit 'Kami' settlement area of Syuja VDC Dang District. 'Kami' people who live in Syuja VDC have faced untouchability long history as emergence of Nepalese society. 'Kami' became untouchable since caste division flourished in several intervals. Caste division originated from Hindu orthodoxy. Researchers applied various data collection technique i.e. observation, household survey, key informants etc. to explore historical impact over 'Kami' people of Syuja VDC by intermix of social milieu, by which they are obliged to survive under the fragile situation from socio-economic point of view, by the social creation of superiority and inferiority among people resulted towards the constant discrimination over specific caste groups like 'Kami' 'Damai' etc. In Syuja VDC total households of 'Kami' settlements reveals 184 among them 60 households was randomly sampled for conduct of study. People of 'Kami' community are in favour of nuclear family. Most of all 'Kami' of Syuja VDC comprises the Hindu. They could not adopt the full celebration of Hindu ceremonies. Educational status of the Kami is low. Most of them are illiterate. However, female illiteracy rate is quite miserable condition than male. It is mainly causes of prominent female discrimination. On the question of reason for hindrance of getting education, they believed that poverty is main cause to get education by 'Kami.' Similarly, social discrimination is another cause of back-draw of get education by 'Kami' of Syuja VDC. Economic status of 'Kami' comprises at Syuja VDC is very pathetic situation. Main income source of 'Kami' of this VDC are live stocks, landholding, wage labour and traditional occupation. Majority of landholding size by 'Kami comprises less. This data reflects real determination that they are surviving under lack of food sufficiency and lack of excess of landholding size because exploitation and discrimination against 'Kami' by high caste. Yearly, 'Kami' people of this VDC produce less quantity. So, they most have obligations to survive on trembling situation of poverty and malnutrition problem. Most of 'Kami' people receive loan from landholders in high interest to solve their household problems. In the study area, the number of people following traditional occupation i.e. blacksmith/goldsmith for the economic point of view is decreasing. However, the decrease in the adaptation of traditional occupation in favour of 'Kami' leads to imitate or copy, adopt another valuable profession in order to ameliorate the present socio-economic status by perpetual repercussion of the liberal thinking and development endeavours. By the time being everything in the world is constantly changing better off, the prominent example of socio-cultural and occupational change in Syuja VDC by the influence of various internal and external factors. At this VDC, after introduction and establishment of different development oriented activities by various sources made whole 'Kami' people divert into and adopted modern way of life. They are changing their occupation, their traditional belief in 'Kami' community several institutions such as tradition, marriage system, occupation etc. virtually altered in modern way of tradition. Marriage system in 'Kami' community at this VDC is mostly organized by indigenous form. In the study area, researcher has found the major problems of discrimination against the 'Kami' reveal main factor of undermine into plight socio-economic status. Unprecendently imposed social discrimination private as well as public places against the 'Kami' such as prohibition to enter into temple, house discrimination. Similarly, economic discrimination is another rift against 'Kami's' opportunities of economic point of view. 'Kami' castes people are considered second rank of people. So, they are socially economically marginalized from the access of opportunities.