Browsing by Subject "Solar Energy"
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Item Energy Retrofitting of Facade : Curtaining with Building Integrated Photovoltaic(Pulchowk Campus, 2021-10) Shrestha, ShirjanaThe use of renewable resources helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels, improve global energy security, and address environmental challenges, including climate change. Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) is on the rise because it serves the dual purpose of power generation and coordination of the indoor environment. This study demonstrates an analysis of energy innovation by BIPV on the façade of Kathmandu Valley buildings. Research is focused on comparative analysis of placements and types of BIPV in appearance that produce maximum energy. For this purpose, various types of BIPV have been studied and the appropriate type has been used for further calculations. PV sizing is conducted to build a manual calculation case, and for comparison, computer-based energy simulations were also performed using various software. The outcomes show that placing BIPVs at maximum efficiency on the east and south façades of the case building reduces 46.5% of the total monthly consumption units. Exterior energy innovations with BIPV can significantly reduce the building's monthly bills and serve as future energy mixes.Item Impact of Solar Home System to the Users (A Case Study of Belkot VDC of Nuwakot District, Nepal)(Department of Rural Development, 2016) Pandey, BhupendraThis Study entitled “A Impact of Solar Home System to the Users (A Case Study of Belkot VDC of Nuwakot District, Nepal)” was conducted with the objectives of assessing energy scenario and per capita energy consumption, finding socio-economic and other impact of SHS to the users and assess the knowledge and attitude towards SHS in Belkot VDC (specially in ward no: 4, 8 and 9) of Nuwakot District. This study is mainly based in the primary information and the data were collected using the techniques of field survey with the help of questionnaire, field visit, observation. There were 1549 households (HHs) in the VDC. Of the total households, 40 households who have installed and still using Solar Home System and 10 Solar Home System non-users was selected as the sample for the study. During the study it is found that Brahhmin (50%) were the main beneficiaries of SHS, Agriculture (58%) was the main occupation, the average family size of the sample Households were 6.98 persons per family, average literacy rate 66.19%, 60% sample HHs can support expenditure by their income for 8 to 12 months, 52% sample HHs noticed increased study hour of their children by at least a hour after installing SHS. Firewood was the most common sources of energy with highest per capita energy share, 9.46 GJ/ year/person by SHS users and 9.74 GJ/ year/person by SHS non-users. Only 37.5% SHS users uses kerosene while 100% SHS non users uses kerosene. The use of kerosene by SHS shares 0.00445 GJ/year/person in per capita energy consumption which is far less than by SHS non-users which was 0.09227 GJ/year/person. By installing SHS a household have saved at least Rs 1725 annually compared to SHS non users from kerosene. There was almost equality in consumption of LPG between SHS users and non users, 50% sample HHs uses LPG in the study area. The per capita energy consumption of PLG by SHS installed households was 0.09706 GJ/ person/year and by Non users 0.08537 GJ/person/year. Since last Magh of 2069 B.S, this VDC got connected to national grid; all 100% sample HHs has grid electricity. The monthly consumption of electricity varied from 10 to maximally 20 units per month in the study area which comes within the minimum charges of RS 80 for 20 units. The per capita energy share of solar energy is 4.81GJ/person/year. The average Per capita energy consumption of total 50 samples HHs of Belkot VDC was 13.62 GJ /person/years which is slightly less than national per capita energy consumption by 0.58 GJ /person/year. Out of total energy consumption, the Share of traditional energy was 69.85%, commercial energy 1.49% and of solar energy 28.65%. Similarly highest no of SHS 37.5% was installed in the year 2060B.S, most commonly installed system is of 20WP by 37.5% HHs, 92% people has access to radio, 50% HHs have received radio, television and phone facilities, 55% HHs used 5 to 8 no. of bulbs, 40% HHs used CFL and T.L, 50% HHs used SHS for lighting two hours daily and 45% HHs faced the maintenance problem with SHS in the study area. From the study it was found that all the households who are using SHS are getting benefit through white and smokeless light, had saved money from buying kerosene significantly, had started various income generating activities at local level by both men and women resulting gender equality and women empowerment. Their access to energy and to means of communication has increased, local health post are running facilities at night during emergency as well as store vaccines in solar run refrigerator, children study hour has increased significantly, no. of accidental fire hazard because of kerosene lighting has decreased. By the use of SHS, the reduction in emission of CO2 and motivation for entrepreneurship development at local level has helped positively in reduction of poverty and in holistic development of rural areas. All users were very positive towards SHS installation. They suggested that focused should be in easy availability of solar components at low price and skilled technicians at local level as well as clear plans and policies for further promotion and sustainable development of solar home system is most.Item Socio-Economic Impact of Solar Energy: A Case Study of Kharigaira VDC, Dailekh(Department of Rural Development, 2012) Regmi, Rabin KumarSolar energy is the energy from sunlight used for the purpose of electricity,heating water,cooking, charging batteries,heating and cooling houses,businesses or industries.Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical uses. However, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the sun. Solar energy is the vital source of energy for developing countries like Nepal. Solar energy is mainly used for lightening, electric machine, charging mobile batteries and so on mainly in the rural parts of our country. The researcher has analyzed socio-economic impact of solar energy in KharigairaVDC of Dailekh district. For this research, the objectives are: to study the solar energy as an alternative energy to other energy resources, to study the socio-economic impact of solar energy and to study the benefits of solar energy in development. This research is based on primary and secondary data and collected using both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques, which include household survey with the help of questionnaire, key informant interview, field visit and observation, focus group discussion, published and unpublished literature, websites, I/NGOs, other offices and related documents to the studies conducted by other researchers and organizations.The study has found many benefits of solar energy, as it not only provides energy for lighting but also helps in improving health, saving time, easy to work at night, listening cassette players and watching TV, saving money, environmental conservation,comfortable for the children's study etc. Kharigaira VDC lies in the middle part of Dailekh district. In Kharigaira VDC, there are 739 houses. Out of 739 HHs, 25% or 251 HHs were installation to solar home system, which total sample HHs is 15.93%. In the village, the total population is 4607.out of them male population is 2,293 and female population is2,314. In the village there are 9 wards. I was collected data from all wards of my sample method, where 26 respondents were male and 14 respondent were female person. In the study area, there is found that the average HHs family size is 6.23.65%of the Chhetries have solar energy which is more than other castes. In ward no.1, using solar energy is very high than other wards of the VDC. Out of total 40 samples HHs,62.5% HHs have been considering solar energy as more attractive than other renewable energy resources. In the sample HHs, all HHs thought solar energy brighter than other energies. So they used solar energy. When the solar energy was installed, the respondents saved more money. 31 HHs were working in the field of economic activities v out of 40HHs. But all households found were using firewood for cocking fuel. In the field visit, the researcher found that 42.5% responds reported that students were more benefited than other members. All sample households were using solar energy only for lighting purpose. 70% of the total households were satisfied with solar energy and 80%of the households were using the energy for charging mobile phone out of all HHs. In the village, there is a PCO which provides telephone service. In the study area, 75% households were thinking that it increases life standard and prestige goes high after installation of solar energy. But in the village, some of the sample HHsreported some difficulties. They are; high cost of solar energy installation, they did not get loan from micro-finance, not easy availability of mechanics, there was no any institution for solar energies and batteries' problems. When they used solar energy they thought that solar energy was the most important for their lives. Solar energy does not affect to our life. It is renewable source of energy. It helps in development too. The researcher is hopeful that these research findings will help to other researchers, policy makers, GOs, I/NGOs and others for the promotion of the solar energy.Item Socio-Economic Impact of Solar Home System: A Case Study of Gwagha VDC, of Gulmi District(Central Department of Rural Development Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 2010-04) Khatri, LaxmiEnergy is essential for meeting basic human needs. The improvement in quality of poor rural life is one of the most cherished goals of all developing countries. This goal can not be achieved in absence of adequate energy and proper utilization of natural resources that a country possesses. Most of the households in our country from rural area where poverty is deep rooted the main reasons behind the poverty are lack of energy and miss utilization of local resources. Because of lack of knowledge and poor economic condition, peoples living in rural area are compelled to use the traditional type of energy sources that has made the pressure on forest resource. With a per capita energy consumption of about 15 GJ, Nepal is one of the five least energy consuming countries in the world. Solar energy is one of the most important renewable energy in the hilly areas of Nepal. Because Nepal lies in the sunny regions of the world most part of Nepal receive 6.8 Kwh (kilowatt-hour) of solar radiation per square meter per day with 250-300 sunny days a year. Solar energy, experienced by us as heat and light, can be used through two routes: the thermal route uses the required for many purposes in the domestic, agricultural, industrial and commercial sector of the economy such as: heat for water heating, cooking, drying, water purification and other application; the photovoltaic route converts the light in solar energy into electricity using a device made of silicon or other materials, which can then be used for a number of purposes such as lighting, pumping, communication and power supply in un-electrified areas. Energy from the sun has many features, which make it an attractive and sustainable option: global distribution, pollution free nature, and the virtually inexhaustible supply (AET, 2007). This study has analysed socio-economic impact of solar home system of Gwagha VDC of Gulmi district. For this research the objectives are to identify the various uses of SHS in the VDC, to explore the socio-economic status of SHS user community of rural area, to provide a basis of theoretical as well as practical concept and knowledge for further study and research on rural energy SHS. The research is based on primary and secondary data. For collecting the primary data household survey was conducted. The study has found many benefits of SHS, as it not only provide energy for lighting but also helps in improving health, time saving, easy to work at night and comfortable to children’s study. In the study area, economically active population is 56.65percent. the education status is higher than national i.e. 89.24% where higher education level is 5.18% is very low. It is also found that the average household size is 7.30. The main income source of the study area is pension which is 52.77%. Most of the SHS users are reported to have sufficient panel’s capacity. It is also found that 11.11 percent HHs are involving in income V generating work (PCOs) by using SHS. Consumption of kerosene and dry cell batteries has been reduced. Study analyzed that; poor people cannot afford it easily. Majority of people are benefited from the SHS are higher class ethnic groups than lower class ethnic groups. In the VDC there is lack of linkage between income generating activities and SHS electrification and also training and skill development programme. During the field visit it was found that the SHS is very much popular in Gwagha VDC. The SHS has replaced the kerosene lamps in this VDC. In some parts of the (study area) VDC, the grid line for a few (1/2) wards has been extended, with only few households wiring but due to it’s irregular the villagers feel that solar is more reliable than grid line. However the occurrence of certain problems is some of the components (eg. Charge controller, bulbs, distilled water etc) made the users to by pass charge controller and frequent change of bulbs time after time. After the installation of SHS, about 2-5 liters of kerosene consumption has reduced per month per households. But the dry cell batteries are still in use to operate torch lights and tukimara. For the rapid development and promotion of SHS, the area should be identified and local capability should be built up at village level. Simple and transparent procedures for loan sanctioning should be developed and institutionalized. Subsidy policy for SHS should be made consistent. There is a need to integrated SHS technology with income generating activities and proper evaluation and supervision should be doneItem Socio-Economic Impact On Solar Home System To The Users In Sipadole And Katunje Area, Bhaktapur District(Central Department of Rural Development Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 2017-04) Dhonju, Hari RatnaNot availableItem Status of Solar Home System in Rural Community: A Case Study of Phoimahadev Vdc, Kalikot, Nepal(Department of Rural Development, 2016) Pandey, Lokendra PrasadDue to the remoteness and lack of adequate infrastructure development, most places of Karnali zone and adjoining districts have poor access to electricity. Moreover, extension of grid electricity in those areas is very expensive. Besides, the people living in these areas have very low income.Therefore, they could not afford for Solar Home System(SHS) and MicroHydro Power (MHP)making them bound mainly to rely on the kerosene lamp, “Jharo”(Pine wood rich in latex) and dry cell for lighting. Those traditional lighting systems affect environment surrounding them as well as their health adversely. Some organizations have been involved in disseminating different kinds of “Tuki” (Tuki in Nepali means lamp) running from the dry cell which were not tested and not guaranteed to run. Also, there is no assurance of the after sales services. This present research has made an attempt to find out the status of SHS in PhoimahadevVDC, interest of people to install SHS, types of benefits that they are gaining their socio-economic status and operational status of SHS. Likewise, annual income of SHS users and non-users, income sources of SHS users and non-users, various uses of SHS and energy consumption analysis of Phoimahadev VDC has also been studied. The data for the research have been collected from primary sources and secondary sources. There are 617 Households in Phoimahadev VDC and 149 households in ward no. 8 & 9. In the study area, 102 households have been benefited from solar energy. Among them fifty households were selected from users and 10 households from non-users as a sample using simple random sampling method. Altogether 60 respondents were selected for the study purpose.Structured questionnaires, semi-structured interview, observation and focus group discussion methods were used as tools for the data collection. On the basis of the collected qualitative and quantitative data, the analysis and interpretation is done. The finding shows that larger proportions of the respondents are male Brahman, Chhetri Thakuri and Dalit (users and non-users of SHS). Agriculture is predominant occupation of respondents but not the sufficient one in terms of income. Besides agriculture, labor, government job, small industry, business, service are the other occupation followed by the respondents. Almost half of the respondents could not meet the SHS cost from their annual savings. This indicates financial support package should be launched with SHS extension programs. Children are the main beneficiaries and improvement in study environment is the major gain. Better lighting has provided longer study time and facilitated guardians in coaching their school going children at night. SHS has also increased female members’ ability to accomplish more household chores because of better lighting and longer working hours. SHS has created the rural employment opportunity to the local community in repairing and maintaining SHS sets. Around half of the respondents perceive that local people are capable to run SHS repairing workshop in the village.“Jharo” and “Tuki”were commonly used lighting devices before installation of SHS. The study revealed that majority of the respondents have installed SHS for the sake of better lighting followed by kerosene expenditure saving and social prestige. Access to information is another important impact of SHS. Easy access to audio visual devices such as radio/cassettes, mobiles and TV have made the households better informed and enhanced their knowledge and skills.Installation of SHS has also improved indoor environment for most of the respondents. Smoke free environment has brought better health condition especially by reducing respiratory and eye related problems. However, few incidences of acid burning has emerged causing minor problems to family members, properties and their belongings.